Plant responses to nodulation factors

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 483-489

  Downie, J Allan ^a   Walker, Simon A ^a  

^a JOHN INNES CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033485843     PISSN: 13695266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00018-7     Document Type: Review

References (53)

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13. Geurts R., Heidstra R., Hadri A.E., Downie J.A., Franssen H., van Kammen A., Bisseling T. Sym2 of pea is involved in a nodulation factor-perception mechanism that controls the infection process in the epidermis. Plant Physiol. 115:1997;351-359.
14. Schultze M., Staehelin C., Brunner F., Genetet I., Legrand M., Fritig B., Kondorosi E., Kondorosi A. Plant chitinase/lysozyme isoforms show distinct substrate specificity and cleavage site preference towards lipochitooligosaccharide Nod signals. Plant J. 16:1998;571-580.
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25. + efflux. These latter ion movements can explain the Nod-factor induced depolarisation of the root hair plasma membrane.
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30. Gehring C.A., Irving H.R., Kabbara A.A., Parish R.W., Boukli N.M., Broughton W.J. Rapid, plateau-like increases in intracellular free calcium are associated with nod-factor-induced root-hair deformation. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:1997;791-802.
31. 2+ and accumulation of a spectrin-like antigen. The results indicate that the root hairs respond to Nod factors by recovering cytoplasmic polarity and exocytosis.
32. Cárdenas L., Vidali L., Domínguez J., Pérez H., Sánchez F., Hepler P.K., Quinto C. Rearrangement of actin microfilaments in plant root hairs responding to Rhizobium etli nodulation signals. Plant Physiol. 116:1998;871-877. In this paper, researchers describe fragmentation of the Phaseolus vulgaris root hair actin cytoskeleton upon exposure to Rhizobium etli Nod factors. This was observed 5-10 minutes after Nod factor application which could correlate the response to observed changes in intracellular calcium. This work indicates that Nod factors alter the organisation of actin microfilaments in root hairs.
33. Miller D.D., de Ruijter N.C.A., Bisseling T., Emons A.M.C. The role of actin in root hair morphogenesis: studies with lipochito-oligosaccharide as a growth stimulator and cytochalasin as an actin perturbing drug. Plant J. 17:1999;141-154. The authors propose a model for root hair morphogenesis whereby actin filaments co-ordinate growth by releasing Golgi vesicles to a vesicle-rich region of the growing root hair tip. The model relies on the influence of Nod factors on root hair growth and the interference of cytochalasin D with actin function.
34. Yang W.C., Deblank C., Meskiene I., Hirt H., Bakker J., van Kammen A., Franssen H., Bisseling T. Rhizobium Nod factors reactivate the cell-cycle during infection and nodule primordium formation, but the cycle is only completed in primordium formation. Plant Cell. 6:1994;1415-1426.
35. Pingret J.L., Journet E.P., Barker D.G. Rhizobium Nod factor signaling: evidence for a G protein-mediated transduction mechanism. Plant Cell. 10:1998;659-671. Using a GUS reporter system to reflect early nodulin gene induction this work describes the use of various agonists and antagonists to provide indirect evidence for a G-protein-mediated signalling pathway operating downstream of the Nod factor receptor.
36. Bono J.J., Riond J., Nicolaou K.C., Bockovich N.J., Estevez V.A., Cullimore J.V., Ranjeva R. Characterization of a binding-site for chemically synthesized lipo-oligosaccharidic NodRm factors in particulate fractions prepared from roots. Plant J. 7:1995;253-260.
37. Gressent F., Drouillard S., Mantegazza N., Samain E., Geremia R.A., Canut H., Niebel A., Driguez H., Ranjeva R., Cullimore J., Bono J.J. Ligand specificity of a high-affinity binding site for lipo-chitooligosaccharidic Nod factors in Medicago cell suspension cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;4704-4709. This work demonstrates that a high affinity binding protein copurifies with the plasma-membrane fraction from Medicago cell suspension cultures. Binding of LCOs with different substitutions is analysed and the presence of a sulphate group, that is essential for nodulation, has no effect on binding affinity. Therefore there is some question as to whether the partially purified protein is a Nod factor membrane receptor or some other protein that happens to bind LCOs.
38. Etzler M.E., Kalsi G., Ewing N.N., Roberts N.J., Day R.B., Murphy J.B. A Nod factor binding lectin with apyrase activity from legume roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;5856-5861. Isolation of a chitin-binding protein fortuitously led to the identification of this novel type of lectin that has both a high affinity for Nod factors and an apyrase activity. It is structurally distinct from the large family of legume lectins previously described [39,40] and a potential signalling receptor.
39. Brewin N.J., Kardailsky I.V. Legume lectins and nodulation by Rhizobium. Trends Plant Sci. 2:1997;92-98.
40. Kijne J.W., Bauchrowitz M.A., Diaz C.L. Root lectins and Rhizobia. Plant Physiol. 115:1997;869-873.
41. van Eijsden R.R., Díaz C.L., de Pater B.S., Kijne J.W. Sugar-binding activity of pea (Pisum sativum) lectin is essential for heterologous infection of transgenic white dover hairy roots by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae. Plant Mol Biol. 29:1995;431-439.
42. van Rhijn P., Goldberg R.B., Hirsch A.M. Lotus corniculatus nodulation specificity is changed by the presence of a soybean lectin gene. Plant Cell. 10:1998;1233-1249. Transfer of a soybean lectin gene enables B. japonicum to induce uninfected nodules on Lotus corniculatus. A model is proposed suggesting that lectins enhance bacterial attachment to root hairs thereby enhancing Nod factor signalling by increasing localised concentration.
43. Albrecht C., Geurts R., Bisseling T. Legume nodulation and mycorrhizae formation; two extremes in host specificity meet. EMBO J. 18:1999;281-288.
44. Albrecht C., Geurts R., Lapeyrie F., Bisseling T. Endomycorrhizae and rhizobial Nod factors both require SYM8 to induce the expression of the early nodulin genes PsENOD5 and PsENOD12A. Plant J. 15:1998;605-614. The authors find that the same plant early nodulation genes are induced by rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. Gene induction by both endosymbionts is blocked in a nodulation mutant of pea.
45. Schneider A., Walker S.A., Poyser S., Sagan M., Ellis T.H.N., Downie J.A. Genetic mapping and functional analysis of a nodulation-defective mutant (sym19) of pea (Pisum sativum L). Mol Gen Genet. 262:1999;1-11.
46. Kouchi H., Takane K., So R.B., Ladha J.K., Reddy P.M. Rice ENOD40: isolation and expression analysis in rice and transgenic soybean root nodules. Plant J. 18:1999;121-129. The authors of this paper describe the cloning of a rice gene homologous to the early nodulin ENOD40. A promoter-GUS fusion study indicated the rice gene may play a similar role in vascular differentiation.
47. Fang Y.W., Hirsch A.M. Studying early nodulin gene ENOD40 expression and induction by nodulation factor and cytokinin in transgenic alfalfa. Plant Physiol. 116:1998;53-68.
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49. Reddy P.M., Ladha J.K., Ramos M.C., Maillet F., Hernandez R.J., Torrizo L.B., Oliva N.P., Datta S.K., Datta K. Rhizobial lipochitooligosaccharide nodulation factors activate expression of the legume early nodulin gene ENOD12 in rice. Plant J. 14:1998;693-702. One of the very few papers describing activation of a legume nodulation gene by Nod factors in a transgenic non-legume.
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51. Nam Y.W., Penmetsa R.V., Endre G., Uribe P., Kim D., Cook D.R. Construction of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of Medicago truncatula and identification of clones containing ethylene-response genes. Theor Appl Genet. 98:1999;638-646.
52. Covitz P.A., Smith L.S., Long S.R. Expressed sequence tags from a root-hair-enriched Medicago truncatula cDNA library. Plant Physiol. 117:1998;1325-1332. An expressed sequence tag (EST) library of root hair genes has been established and is growing rapidly. This paper describes many genes that are expressed in root hairs.
53. Schauser L., Roussis A., Stiller J., Stougaard J. A plant regulator controlling development of symbiotic root nodules. Nature. 1999;. in press. The first paper to describe cloning of a gene essential for some of the earliest stages in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Transposon-tagged mutants of Lotus japonicus led to the isolation of a gene required for both bacterial entry into the host plant and the establishment of the nodule primordium. The encoded protein contains transcription factor-like domains and could define a new class of developmental regulators.