Inexpensive optical tweezers for undergraduate laboratories

American Journal of Physics

Volumn 67, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 26-35

  Smith, Stephen P ^a   Bhalotra, Sameer R ^a   Brody, Anne L ^a   Brown, Benjamin L ^a   Boyda, Edward K ^a   Prentiss, Mara ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033479117     PISSN: 00029505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1119/1.19187     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm, and Steven Chu, "Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles," Opt. Lett. 11 (5), 288-291 (1986).
2. A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, and T. Yamane, "Optical trapping and manipulation of single cells using infrared laser beams," Nature (London) 330, 769-771 (1987).
3. A. Ashkin and J. M. Dziedzic, "Optical trapping and manipulation of viruses and bacteria," Science 235, 1517-1520 (1987).
4. S. M. Block, D. F. Blair, and H. C. Berg, "Compliance of baterial flagella measured using optical tweezers," Nature (London) 338, 514-518 (1989).
5. M. W. Berns, W. H. Wright, B. J. Tramberg, G. A. Profeta, J. J. Andrews, and R. J. Walters, "Use of a laser-induced force trap to study chromosome movement on the mitotic spindle," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 4539-4543 (1989).
6. A. Ashkin and J. M. Dziedzic, "Internal cell manipulation using infrared laser traps," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7914-7918 (1989).
7. Karel Svoboda and Steven M. Block, "Optical Trapping of Metallic Rayleigh Particles," Opt. Lett. 19 (13), 930-932 (1994).
8. Steven Chu, "Laser manipulation of atoms and particles," Science 252, 861-866 (1991).
9. Karel Svoboda and Steven M. Block, "Biological Applications of Optical Forces," Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struc. 23, 247-285 (1994).
10. J. C. Crocker and D. G. Grier, "Microscopic measurement of the pair interaction potential of charge-stabilized colloid," Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 352-355 (1994).
11. W. H. Wright, G. J. Sonek, and M. W. Berns, "Parametric study of the force on a microsphere held by optical tweezers," Appl. Opt. 33 (9), 1735-1748 (1994).
12. If the index of refraction of the object is smaller than the index of the surrounding medium, then the refraction would result in a force that ejects the particle from the trap.
13. A. Ashkin, "Forces of a single-beam gradient laser trap on a dielectric sphere in the ray optics regime," Biophys. J. 61, 569-582 (1992).
14. A more detailed version of this derivation can be found on our web site at http://atomsun.harvard.edu/~tweezer.
15. Edward M. Purcell, Electricity and Magnetism (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985), pp. 348-370.
16. John David Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1975), pp. 269-298.
17. For more information of Gaussian optics please see Chap. 2 in A. Yariv, Optical Electronics (Wiley, New York, 1985), 3rd ed.
18. Frederick Reif, Statistical Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967).
19. A. Ashkin, "Forces of a single-beam gradient laser trap on a dielectric sphere in the ray optics regime," Biophys. J. 61, 569-582 (1992).
20. obj/2.
21. An anamorphic prism uses a pair of glass prisms to compress or expand an optical beam along one axis. For example, see Melles-Griot part number 06 GPA 004.
22. American National Standards Institute, American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers: ANSI Z 136.1 (1993), Laser Institute of America, New York, NY (1993). There are also a number of websites with information, for example, http://www.osha-slc.gov/ by OSHA and http:// www.creol.ucf.edu/lia/ from the Laser Institute of America.
23. 2 should be changed until the collimated output of the telescope has a half-width of 0.75 cm.
24. G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics (Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, 1991).
25. Y. Tadir, W. H. Wright, O. Vafa, T. Ord, R. H. Asch, and M. W. Berns, "Force generation by human sperm correlated to velocity and determined using a laser generated optical trap," Fertil. Steril. 53, 944-947 (1989).
26. P. J. H. Bronkhorst, G. J. Streekstra, J. Grimbergen, E. J. Nijhof, J. J. Sixma, and G. J. Brakenhoff, "A New Method to Study Shape Recovery of Red Blood Cells Using Multiple Optical Trapping," Biophys. J. 69, 1666-1673 (1995).
27. Christofer S. Chen, Milan Mrksich, Sui Huang, George M. Whitesides, and Donald E. Ingber, "Geometric control of cell life and death," Science 276, 5317 (1997).
28. Mathai Mammen, Kristian Helmerson, Rani Kishore, Seok-Ki Choi, William D. Phillips, and George M. Whitesides, "Optically controlled collisions of biological objects to evaluate potent polyvalent inhibitors of virus-cell adhesion," Chem. Biol. 3, 757-763 (1996).
29. Koen Visscher, Steven P. Gross, and Steven M. Block, "Construction of Multiple-Beam Optical Traps with Nanometer-Resolution Position Sensing," J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 2 (4), 1066-1075 (1996).
30. Erik Fällman and Ove Axner, "Design for Fully Steerable Dual Trap Optical Tweezers," Appl. Opt. 36 (10), 2107-2113 (1997).
31. K. Svoboda, C. F. Schmidt, B. J. Schnapp, and S. M. Block, "Direct observation of kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry," Nature (London) 365, 721-27 (1993).