Sexual dimorphism in neonate and adult snakes

Journal of Zoology

Volumn 247, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 19-28

  King, R B ^a   Bittner, T D ^a   Queral Regil, A ^a   Cline, J H ^a  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NERODIA SIPEDON; SERPENTES; STORERIA DEKAYI; THAMNOPHIS RADIX; THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS;

EID: 0033477805     PISSN: 09528369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0952836999001028     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Andrews, R. M. (1982). Patterns of growth in reptiles. In Biology of the Reptilia: 13: 273-320. Gans. C. & Pough. F. H. (Eds). New York: Academic Press.
2. Arnold, S. J. (1993). Foraging theory and prey-size predator-size relations in snakes. In Snakes: ecology and behavior: 87-115. Seigel, R. A. & Collins, J. T. (Eds). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3. Arnold, S. J. & Peterson, C. R. (1989). A test for temperature effects on the ontogeny of shape in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Physiol. Zool. 62: 1316-1333.
4. Beaupre, S. J., Duvall, D. & O'Leile, J. (1998). Ontogenetic variation in growth and sexual size dimorphism in a central Arizona population of western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). Copeia 1998: 40-47.
5. Bishop, L. A., Farrell, T. M. & May, P. G. (1996). Sexual dimorphism in a Florida population of the rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius. Herpetologica 52: 360-364.
6. Branson, B. A. & Baker, E. C. (1974). An ecological study of the queen snake, Regina septemvitata (Say) in Kentucky. Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 18: 153-171.
7. Brodie, E. D., III & Garland, T., Jr (1993). Quantitative genetics of snake populations. In Snakes: ecology and behavior: 315-362. Seigel, R. A. & Collins, J. T. (Eds). New York: McGraw-Hill.
8. Clark, D. R., Jr (1970). Ecological study of the worm snake Carphophis vermis (Kennicott). Univ. Kanas. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 19: 85-194.
9. Clark, D. R., Jr & Pendleton, G. W. (1995). Texas rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri) eggs and hatchlings from a communal nest. Southwest. Nat. 40: 203-207.
10. Conant, R. & Clay, W. (1937). A new subspecies of watersnake from the islands in Lake Erie. Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 346: 1-9.
11. Cooper, W. E. & Vitt, L. J. (1989). Sexual dimorphism of head and body size in an iguanid lizard: paradoxical results. Am. Nat. 133: 729-735.
12. Crews, D., Diamond, M. A., Whittier, J. & Mason, R. (1985). Small body size in garter snake depends on testes. Am. J. Physiol. 249: R62-R66.
13. Dunlap, K. D. & Lang, J. W. (1990). Offspring sex ratio varies with maternal size in the common garter snake. Thamnophis sirtalis. Copeia 1990: 568-570.
14. Fitch, H. S. (1975). A demographic study of the ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus) in Kansas. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 62: 1-53.
15. Fitch, H. S. (1981). Sexual size differences in reptiles. Univ. Kanas. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 70: 1-72.
16. Forsman, A. (1996a). Body size and net energy gain in gape-limited predators: a model. J. Herpetol. 30: 307-319.
17. Forsman, A. (1996b). An experimental test for food effects on head size allometry in juvenile snakes. Evolution 50: 2536-2542.
18. Forsman, A. & Lindell, L. E. (1993). The advantage of a big head: swallowing performance in the adder. Vipera berus (L.). Funct. Ecol. 7: 183-189.
19. Funk, R. & Tucker, J. S. (1978). Variation in a large brood of lined snakes. Tropidoclonion lineatum (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). J. Herpetol. 12: 115-117.
20. Gregory, P. T. (1977). Life-history parameters of the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) in an extreme environment, the Interlake region of Manitoba. Natl Mus. Can. Publ. Zool. 13: 1-44.
21. Gregory, P. T. & Prelypehan, C. J. (1994). Analysis of variance of first-year growth in captive garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) by family and sex. J. Zool. (Lond.) 232: 313-322.
22. Johnston, R. R. (1987). Reproduction and growth in captive death adders Acanthophis antarcticus (Squamata: Elapidae). Trans. R. Soc. South Aust. 111: 123-125.
23. King, R. B. (1986). Population ecology of the Lake Erie water snake. Nerodia sipedon insularum. Copeia 1986: 757-772.
24. King, R. B. (1988). Polymorphic populations of the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis near Lake Erie. Herpetologica 44: 451-458.
25. King, R. B. (1989). Sexual dimorphism in snake tail length: sexual selection, natural selection, or morphological constraint? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 38: 133-154.
26. King, R. B. (1993). Determinants of offspring number and size in the brown snake. Storeria dekayi. J. Herpetol. 27: 175-185.
27. King, R. B. (1997). Variation in brown snake (Storeria dekayi) morphology and scalation: sex, family, and microgeographic differences. J. Herpetol. 31: 335-346.
28. King, R. B. & Turmo, J. (1997). The effects of ecdysis on feeding frequency and behavior of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis). J. Herpetol. 31: 310-312.
29. Klauber, L. M. (1943). Tail-length differences in snakes with notes on sexual dimorphism and the coefficient of divergence. Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego 18: 5-60.
30. Lessells, C. M. & Boag, P. T. (1987). Unrepeatable repeatabilities: a common mistake. Auk 104: 116-121.
31. Luiselli, L. (1996). Individual success in mating balls of the grass snakes, Natrix natrix: size is important. J. Zool. (Lond.) 239: 731-740.
32. Luiselli, L., Capula, M. & Shine, R. (1996). Reproductive output, costs of reproduction, and ecology of the smooth snake, Coronella austriaca, in the eastern Italian alps. Occologia (Berl.) 106: 100-110.
33. Lyman-Henly, L. P. & Burghardt, G. M. (1995). Diet, litter, and sex effects on chemical prey preference, growth, and site selection in two sympatric species of Thamnophis. Herpetol. Monog. 9: 140-160.
34. Madsen, T. & Shine, R. (1992). Sexual competition among brothers may influence offspring sex ratio in snakes. Evolution 46: 1549-1552.
35. Macartney, J. M. & Gregory, P. T. (1988). Reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) in British Columbia. Copeia 1988: 47-57.
36. Mouton, P. 1e F. N. & van Wyk, J. H. (1993). Sexual dimorphism in cordylid lizards: a case study of the Drakensberg crag lizard, Pseudocordylus melanotus. Can. J. Zool. 71: 1715-1723.
37. Nishimura, M. & Kamura T. (1993). Sex ratio and body size among hatchlings of habu, Trimeresurus flavoviridis, from the Okinawa Islands, Japan. Amphib. Reptil. 14: 275-283.
38. Plummer, M. V. (1984). Female reproduction in an Arkansas population of rough green snakes (Opheodrys aestivus). In Vertebrate ecology and systematics: a tribute to Henry S. Fitch: 105-113. Seigel, R. A., Hunt, L. E., Knight, J. L., Malaret, L. & Zuschlag, N. L. (Eds). Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Special Publication.
39. Queral-Regil, A. & King, R. (1998). Evidence for phenotypic plasticity in snake body size and relative head dimensions in response to amount and size of prey. Copeia 1998: 423-429.
40. Scudder-Davis, R. M. & Burghardt, G. (1996). Ontogenetic changes in growth efficiency in laboratory-reared water snakes of the genus Nerodia. Snake 27: 75-84.
41. Seigel, R. A. (1992). Ecology of a specialized predator: Regina grahami in Missouri. J. Herpetol. 26: 32-37.
42. Seigel, R. A. & Ford, N. B. (1987). Reproductive ecology. In Snakes: ecology and evolutionary biology: 210-252. Seigel, R. A., Collins, J. T. & Novak, S. S. (Eds). New York: McGraw-Hill.
43. Seigel R. A., Loraine, R. K. & Gibbons, J. W. (1995). Reproductive cycles and temporal variation in fecundity in the black swamp snake, Seminatrix pygaea. Am. Midl. Nat. 134: 371-377.
44. Shine, R. (1978). Sexual size dimorphism and male combat in snakes. Oecologia (Berl.) 33: 269-277.
45. Shine, R. (1986). Sexual differences in morphology and niche utilization in an aquatic snake, Acrochordus arafurae. Oecologia (Berl.) 69: 260-267.
46. Shine, R. (1991). Intersexual dietary divergence and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in snakes. Am. Nat. 138: 103-122.
47. Shine, R. (1993). Sexual dimorphism in snakes. In Snakes: ecology and behavior: 49-86. Seigel, R. A. & Collins, J. T. (Eds). New York: McGraw-Hill.
48. Shine, R. (1994). Sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited. Copeia 1994: 326-346.
49. Shine, R. & Bull, J. J. (1977). Skewed sex ratios in snakes. Copeia 1977: 228-234.
50. Shine, R. & Crews, D. (1988). Why male garter snakes have small heads: the evolution and endocrine control of sexual dimorphism. Evolution 42: 1105-1110.
51. Short, R. V. & Balaban, E. (1994). The differences between the sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Solórzano, A. (1990). Reproduction in the pit viper Porthidium picadoi Dunn (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica. Copeia 1990: 1154-1157.
53. Solórzano, A. & Cerdas, L. (1989). Reproductive biology and distribution of the terciopelo, Bothrops asper Garman (Serpentes: Viperidae), in Costa Rica. Herpetologica 45: 444-450.
54. Stamps, J. A. (1993). Sexual size dimorphism in species with asymptotic growth after maturity. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 50: 123-145.
55. Stevens, J. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. 2nd edn. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
56. Vitt, L. J. & Cooper, W. E. (1985). The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the skink Eumeces laticeps: an example of sexual selection. Can. J. Zool. 63: 995-1002.
57. Weatherhead, P. J., Barry, F. E., Brown, G. P. & Forbes, M. R. L. (1995). Sex ratios, mating behavior and sexual size dimorphism of the northern water snake. Nerodia sipedon. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 56: 301-311.
58. Zar, J. H. (1996). Biostatistical analysis. 3rd edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.