Westphalia, authority, and international society

Political Studies

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 566-589

  Philpott, Daniel ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033473801     PISSN: 00323217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9248.00217     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. 1 I presented an earlier version of this paper at the 'Sovereignty at the Millennium: getting beyond Westphalia?' Panel at the Annual Convention of the International Studies Association. Minneapolis, Minnesota, March 17-21, 1998. For comments on previous drafts of this paper, I thank Martha Finnemore, Chris Hardy, Bryan Hehir, Stanley Hoffman, Robert Keohane, Andrew Moravcsik, and William Wohlforth. For institutional support, I also thank the Research Program on International Security, Center of International Studies, Princeton University, and Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University.
2. 2 See essays in G. Lyons and M. Mastanduno, (eds), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); essays in T. Bierksteker and C. Weber, State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); J. Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 (1993), 139-74. For the concept of the 'new medievalism', see H. Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 254-55, 264-76. 3 See S. Krasner. 'Westphalia and All That', in J. Goldstein and R. Keohane. (eds). Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 253-64; and S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 115-151; H. Gelber, Sovereignty Through Interdependence (London, Kluwer Law, 1997).
3. 2 See essays in G. Lyons and M. Mastanduno, (eds), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); essays in T. Bierksteker and C. Weber, State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); J. Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 (1993), 139-74. For the concept of the 'new medievalism', see H. Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 254-55, 264-76. 3 See S. Krasner. 'Westphalia and All That', in J. Goldstein and R. Keohane. (eds). Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 253-64; and S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 115-151; H. Gelber, Sovereignty Through Interdependence (London, Kluwer Law, 1997).
4. 2 See essays in G. Lyons and M. Mastanduno, (eds), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); essays in T. Bierksteker and C. Weber, State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); J. Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 (1993), 139-74. For the concept of the 'new medievalism', see H. Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 254-55, 264-76. 3 See S. Krasner. 'Westphalia and All That', in J. Goldstein and R. Keohane. (eds). Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 253-64; and S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 115-151; H. Gelber, Sovereignty Through Interdependence (London, Kluwer Law, 1997).
5. 2 See essays in G. Lyons and M. Mastanduno, (eds), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); essays in T. Bierksteker and C. Weber, State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); J. Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 (1993), 139-74. For the concept of the 'new medievalism', see H. Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 254-55, 264-76. 3 See S. Krasner. 'Westphalia and All That', in J. Goldstein and R. Keohane. (eds). Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 253-64; and S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 115-151; H. Gelber, Sovereignty Through Interdependence (London, Kluwer Law, 1997).
6. 2 See essays in G. Lyons and M. Mastanduno, (eds), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); essays in T. Bierksteker and C. Weber, State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); J. Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 (1993), 139-74. For the concept of the 'new medievalism', see H. Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 254-55, 264-76. 3 See S. Krasner. 'Westphalia and All That', in J. Goldstein and R. Keohane. (eds). Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 253-64; and S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 115-151; H. Gelber, Sovereignty Through Interdependence (London, Kluwer Law, 1997).
7. 2 See essays in G. Lyons and M. Mastanduno, (eds), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); essays in T. Bierksteker and C. Weber, State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); J. Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 (1993), 139-74. For the concept of the 'new medievalism', see H. Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 254-55, 264-76. 3 See S. Krasner. 'Westphalia and All That', in J. Goldstein and R. Keohane. (eds). Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 253-64; and S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 115-151; H. Gelber, Sovereignty Through Interdependence (London, Kluwer Law, 1997).
8. 2 See essays in G. Lyons and M. Mastanduno, (eds), Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); essays in T. Bierksteker and C. Weber, State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); J. Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 (1993), 139-74. For the concept of the 'new medievalism', see H. Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 254-55, 264-76. 3 See S. Krasner. 'Westphalia and All That', in J. Goldstein and R. Keohane. (eds). Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 253-64; and S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 115-151; H. Gelber, Sovereignty Through Interdependence (London, Kluwer Law, 1997).
9. 4 For Realists who acknowledge the importance of sovereignty as an institution, see H. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, revised by K. Thompson (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 6th ed., 1985); and K. Walz, Theory of International Politics (Reading MA, Addison-Wesley, 1979), p. 96.
10. 4 For Realists who acknowledge the importance of sovereignty as an institution, see H. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, revised by K. Thompson (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 6th ed., 1985); and K. Walz, Theory of International Politics (Reading MA, Addison-Wesley, 1979), p. 96.
11. 5 A. James, 'The practice of sovereign statehood in contemporary international society', Political Studies, 47 (1999), 457-73, p.466 (this issue).
12. 6 H. Bull and A. Watson, 'Introduction', in H. Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 1. For other key works in the English School, see Bull, The Anarchical Society; M. Wight, Systems of States (London, Leicester University Press, 1977); M. Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979); H. Butterfield and M. Wight, (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London, Allen and Unwin, 1966); A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London, Routledge, 1992); B. Buzan, 'From international system to international society: structural realism and regime theory meet the English school', International Organization, 47 (1993), 327-52; M. Shaw, 'There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies', Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 159-75; and C. Brown, 'International theory and international society: the viability of the middle way?', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), 183-96.
13. 6 H. Bull and A. Watson, 'Introduction', in H. Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 1. For other key works in the English School, see Bull, The Anarchical Society; M. Wight, Systems of States (London, Leicester University Press, 1977); M. Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979); H. Butterfield and M. Wight, (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London, Allen and Unwin, 1966); A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London, Routledge, 1992); B. Buzan, 'From international system to international society: structural realism and regime theory meet the English school', International Organization, 47 (1993), 327-52; M. Shaw, 'There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies', Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 159-75; and C. Brown, 'International theory and international society: the viability of the middle way?', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), 183-96.
14. 6 H. Bull and A. Watson, 'Introduction', in H. Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 1. For other key works in the English School, see Bull, The Anarchical Society; M. Wight, Systems of States (London, Leicester University Press, 1977); M. Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979); H. Butterfield and M. Wight, (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London, Allen and Unwin, 1966); A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London, Routledge, 1992); B. Buzan, 'From international system to international society: structural realism and regime theory meet the English school', International Organization, 47 (1993), 327-52; M. Shaw, 'There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies', Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 159-75; and C. Brown, 'International theory and international society: the viability of the middle way?', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), 183-96.
15. 6 H. Bull and A. Watson, 'Introduction', in H. Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 1. For other key works in the English School, see Bull, The Anarchical Society; M. Wight, Systems of States (London, Leicester University Press, 1977); M. Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979); H. Butterfield and M. Wight, (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London, Allen and Unwin, 1966); A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London, Routledge, 1992); B. Buzan, 'From international system to international society: structural realism and regime theory meet the English school', International Organization, 47 (1993), 327-52; M. Shaw, 'There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies', Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 159-75; and C. Brown, 'International theory and international society: the viability of the middle way?', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), 183-96.
16. 6 H. Bull and A. Watson, 'Introduction', in H. Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 1. For other key works in the English School, see Bull, The Anarchical Society; M. Wight, Systems of States (London, Leicester University Press, 1977); M. Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979); H. Butterfield and M. Wight, (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London, Allen and Unwin, 1966); A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London, Routledge, 1992); B. Buzan, 'From international system to international society: structural realism and regime theory meet the English school', International Organization, 47 (1993), 327-52; M. Shaw, 'There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies', Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 159-75; and C. Brown, 'International theory and international society: the viability of the middle way?', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), 183-96.
17. 6 H. Bull and A. Watson, 'Introduction', in H. Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 1. For other key works in the English School, see Bull, The Anarchical Society; M. Wight, Systems of States (London, Leicester University Press, 1977); M. Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979); H. Butterfield and M. Wight, (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London, Allen and Unwin, 1966); A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London, Routledge, 1992); B. Buzan, 'From international system to international society: structural realism and regime theory meet the English school', International Organization, 47 (1993), 327-52; M. Shaw, 'There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies', Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 159-75; and C. Brown, 'International theory and international society: the viability of the middle way?', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), 183-96.
18. 6 H. Bull and A. Watson, 'Introduction', in H. Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 1. For other key works in the English School, see Bull, The Anarchical Society; M. Wight, Systems of States (London, Leicester University Press, 1977); M. Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979); H. Butterfield and M. Wight, (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London, Allen and Unwin, 1966); A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London, Routledge, 1992); B. Buzan, 'From international system to international society: structural realism and regime theory meet the English school', International Organization, 47 (1993), 327-52; M. Shaw, 'There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies', Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 159-75; and C. Brown, 'International theory and international society: the viability of the middle way?', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), 183-96.
19. 6 H. Bull and A. Watson, 'Introduction', in H. Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 1. For other key works in the English School, see Bull, The Anarchical Society; M. Wight, Systems of States (London, Leicester University Press, 1977); M. Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979); H. Butterfield and M. Wight, (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London, Allen and Unwin, 1966); A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London, Routledge, 1992); B. Buzan, 'From international system to international society: structural realism and regime theory meet the English school', International Organization, 47 (1993), 327-52; M. Shaw, 'There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies', Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 159-75; and C. Brown, 'International theory and international society: the viability of the middle way?', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), 183-96.
20. 6 H. Bull and A. Watson, 'Introduction', in H. Bull and A. Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 1. For other key works in the English School, see Bull, The Anarchical Society; M. Wight, Systems of States (London, Leicester University Press, 1977); M. Wight, Power Politics (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979); H. Butterfield and M. Wight, (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London, Allen and Unwin, 1966); A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London, Routledge, 1992); B. Buzan, 'From international system to international society: structural realism and regime theory meet the English school', International Organization, 47 (1993), 327-52; M. Shaw, 'There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies', Review of International Studies, 19 (1993), 159-75; and C. Brown, 'International theory and international society: the viability of the middle way?', Review of International Studies, 21 (1995), 183-96.
21. 7 Wight, Systems of States, pp. 24-25. I have relied heavily in this section on Watson. The Evolution of International Society.
22. 8 See Watson, Evolution of International Society, pp. 112-119.
23. 9 For skeptics of stable definitions of sovereignty, see L. Oppenheim. International Law, Vol. 1 (London, Longmans, Green, 1905), p. 103; R. Falk, 'Sovereignty', in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 854; J. Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995); S. Benn, 'Sovereignty', Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7 (1955), 501-5; and E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York, Harper & Row, 1964).
24. 9 For skeptics of stable definitions of sovereignty, see L. Oppenheim. International Law, Vol. 1 (London, Longmans, Green, 1905), p. 103; R. Falk, 'Sovereignty', in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 854; J. Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995); S. Benn, 'Sovereignty', Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7 (1955), 501-5; and E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York, Harper & Row, 1964).
25. 9 For skeptics of stable definitions of sovereignty, see L. Oppenheim. International Law, Vol. 1 (London, Longmans, Green, 1905), p. 103; R. Falk, 'Sovereignty', in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 854; J. Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995); S. Benn, 'Sovereignty', Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7 (1955), 501-5; and E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York, Harper & Row, 1964).
26. 9 For skeptics of stable definitions of sovereignty, see L. Oppenheim. International Law, Vol. 1 (London, Longmans, Green, 1905), p. 103; R. Falk, 'Sovereignty', in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 854; J. Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995); S. Benn, 'Sovereignty', Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7 (1955), 501-5; and E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York, Harper & Row, 1964).
27. 9 For skeptics of stable definitions of sovereignty, see L. Oppenheim. International Law, Vol. 1 (London, Longmans, Green, 1905), p. 103; R. Falk, 'Sovereignty', in Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 854; J. Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995); S. Benn, 'Sovereignty', Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7 (1955), 501-5; and E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis (New York, Harper & Row, 1964).
28. 10 There are many scholars who share roughly the definition of sovereignty that I develop herein. See J. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York, Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 13; R. Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions', in M. Smith and L. Miller, (eds), Ideas and Ideals. Essays in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder CO, Westview, 1993), pp. 91-107; Waltz, Theory of International Politics p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333; M. Fowler and J. Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995): Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond'; Kratochwil, 'Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry Into the Formation of the States-System'.
29. 10 There are many scholars who share roughly the definition of sovereignty that I develop herein. See J. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York, Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 13; R. Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions', in M. Smith and L. Miller, (eds), Ideas and Ideals. Essays in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder CO, Westview, 1993), pp. 91-107; Waltz, Theory of International Politics p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333; M. Fowler and J. Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995): Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond'; Kratochwil, 'Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry Into the Formation of the States-System'.
30. 10 There are many scholars who share roughly the definition of sovereignty that I develop herein. See J. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York, Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 13; R. Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions', in M. Smith and L. Miller, (eds), Ideas and Ideals. Essays in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder CO, Westview, 1993), pp. 91-107; Waltz, Theory of International Politics p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333; M. Fowler and J. Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995): Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond'; Kratochwil, 'Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry Into the Formation of the States-System'.
31. 10 There are many scholars who share roughly the definition of sovereignty that I develop herein. See J. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York, Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 13; R. Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions', in M. Smith and L. Miller, (eds), Ideas and Ideals. Essays in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder CO, Westview, 1993), pp. 91-107; Waltz, Theory of International Politics p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333; M. Fowler and J. Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995): Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond'; Kratochwil, 'Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry Into the Formation of the States-System'.
32. 10 There are many scholars who share roughly the definition of sovereignty that I develop herein. See J. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York, Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 13; R. Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions', in M. Smith and L. Miller, (eds), Ideas and Ideals. Essays in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder CO, Westview, 1993), pp. 91-107; Waltz, Theory of International Politics p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333; M. Fowler and J. Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995): Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond'; Kratochwil, 'Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry Into the Formation of the States-System'.
33. 10 There are many scholars who share roughly the definition of sovereignty that I develop herein. See J. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York, Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 13; R. Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions', in M. Smith and L. Miller, (eds), Ideas and Ideals. Essays in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder CO, Westview, 1993), pp. 91-107; Waltz, Theory of International Politics p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333; M. Fowler and J. Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995): Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond'; Kratochwil, 'Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry Into the Formation of the States-System'.
34. 10 There are many scholars who share roughly the definition of sovereignty that I develop herein. See J. Brierly, The Law of Nations (New York, Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 13; R. Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions', in M. Smith and L. Miller, (eds), Ideas and Ideals. Essays in Honor of Stanley Hoffmann (Boulder CO, Westview, 1993), pp. 91-107; Waltz, Theory of International Politics p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333; M. Fowler and J. Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (University Park PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995): Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond'; Kratochwil, 'Of Systems, Boundaries, and Territoriality: An Inquiry Into the Formation of the States-System'.
35. 11 On the importance of territoriality to sovereignty, see Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond', pp. 148-52; and H. Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors (Princeton, Princeton University press, 1994), pp. 34-36.
36. 11 On the importance of territoriality to sovereignty, see Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond', pp. 148-52; and H. Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors (Princeton, Princeton University press, 1994), pp. 34-36.
37. 12 See J. Bodin, On Sovereignty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); and T. Hobbes, Leviathan (Harmondsworth, Penguin. 1968).
38. 12 See J. Bodin, On Sovereignty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992); and T. Hobbes, Leviathan (Harmondsworth, Penguin. 1968).
39. 13 This is not to say that you cannot have one without the other. For instance, a state that is in the midst of civil war, but whose authority is unchallenged from the outside might have external sovereignty but not internal sovereignty. But when sovereignty is realized, both aspects are present.
40. 14 James, 'The practice of sovereign statehood in contemporary international society', p.466.
41. 15 See F. Kratochwil, 'Sovereignty as Dominium: Is There a Right of Humanitarian Intervention?', in Lyons and Mastanduno, Beyond Westphalia? (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), pp. 21-43; J. Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis', in Robert O. Keohane, (ed.), Neorealism and its Critics (New York, Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 131-157.
42. 15 See F. Kratochwil, 'Sovereignty as Dominium: Is There a Right of Humanitarian Intervention?', in Lyons and Mastanduno, Beyond Westphalia? (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), pp. 21-43; J. Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis', in Robert O. Keohane, (ed.), Neorealism and its Critics (New York, Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 131-157.
43. 16 James, 'The practice of sovereign statehood in contemporary international society', p. 463.
44. 17 In fact, this must be somewhat qualified even in the case of Bodin, for whom the sovereign is bound by natural law, is under a duty to respect the liberties and property of subjects as they are entitled to them, and is obligated to abide by his contracts with private citizens. There is no right to resistance, however, to correspond to these duties. See Bodin. On Sovereignty; and J. H. Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Rise of Absolutist Theory (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1973).
45. 17 In fact, this must be somewhat qualified even in the case of Bodin, for whom the sovereign is bound by natural law, is under a duty to respect the liberties and property of subjects as they are entitled to them, and is obligated to abide by his contracts with private citizens. There is no right to resistance, however, to correspond to these duties. See Bodin. On Sovereignty; and J. H. Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Rise of Absolutist Theory (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1973).
46. 18 See S. Hashmi, 'International society and its Islamic malcontents', The Fletcher Forum, (1996), pp. 13-29.
47. 19 See F. Israel, (ed.), Major Peace Treaties in Modern History, 1648-1967, Vol. 1 (New YorK, McGraw-Hill Books, 1967).
48. 20 Similar to my argument about the third face of authority, Christian Reus-Smit argues that the 'constitutional structure of international society' defines 'pure procedural justice'. See C. Reus-Smit, 'The constitutional structure of international society', International Organization, 51 (1997), 568-570.
49. 21 Of course, norm has many meanings for social scientists, ranging from patterns of behaviour that result from the fear of sanctions, to customary behaviour, to moral beliefs, to standards that constitute the very identities of actors, whether they are tribes people or states. On the variety of definitions of norms in international relations, see J. Thompson, 'Norms in international relations: a conceptual analysis', International Journal of Group Tensions, 23 (1993), 67-83.
50. 22 See W. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty, (New York, Scribners, 1992); K. Ohmae, The End of the Nation State, (New York, Harper Collins, 1995);
51. 22 See W. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty, (New York, Scribners, 1992); K. Ohmae, The End of the Nation State, (New York, Harper Collins, 1995);
52. R. Vernon, Sovereignly at Bay;
53. R. Cooper, The Economics of Interdependence: Economic Policy in the Atlantic Community, (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1968).
54. 23 See A. Wendt, 'Collective identity formation and the international state', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 384-96; and Reus-Smit, 'The constitutional structure'.
55. 23 See A. Wendt, 'Collective identity formation and the international state', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 384-96; and Reus-Smit, 'The constitutional structure'.
56. 24 Generally agreeing that sovereignty should be separated from power are theorists as diverse as Brierly, The Law of Nations, p. 13; Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions'; Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333.
57. 24 Generally agreeing that sovereignty should be separated from power are theorists as diverse as Brierly, The Law of Nations, p. 13; Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions'; Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333.
58. 24 Generally agreeing that sovereignty should be separated from power are theorists as diverse as Brierly, The Law of Nations, p. 13; Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions'; Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333.
59. 24 Generally agreeing that sovereignty should be separated from power are theorists as diverse as Brierly, The Law of Nations, p. 13; Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions'; Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 96; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, p. 333.
60. 25 Keohane develops a separate term for the set of obligations that states occur through their treaty commitments - 'operational sovereignty'. See Keohane, 'Sovereignty, Interdependence, and International Institutions'.
61. 26 I draw these examples from Fowler and Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State, pp. 83-125.
62. 27 For these histories, see A. Watson, The Evolution of International Society.
63. 28 Gross, 'The Peace of Westphalia', p. 28; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, pp. 328-30.
64. 28 Gross, 'The Peace of Westphalia', p. 28; Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, pp. 328-30.
65. 29 For a similar view, see S. Wight, Systems of States; and Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States.
66. 29 For a similar view, see S. Wight, Systems of States; and Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States.
67. 30 For a dissenting view, see S. Krasner, 'Westphalia and All That', and S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia'.
68. 30 For a dissenting view, see S. Krasner, 'Westphalia and All That', and S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia'.
69. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
70. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
71. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
72. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
73. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
74. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
75. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
76. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
77. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
78. 31 On medieval authority, see J. Strayer, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970); B. Tieney, Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1964); E. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957); M. Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964). Ruggie, 'Continuity and Transformation', p. 142; Spruyt, The Sovereign State, pp. 34-36; and Wilks, The Problem of Sovereignty. For a challenge to medieval historians' consensus that the Middle Ages generally lacked sovereignty, see M. Fischer, 'Feudal Europe, 800-1300: communal discourse and conflictual practices', International Organization, 46 (1992), 427-66. For responses to Fischer, see R. Hall and F. Kratochwil, 'Medieval tales: neorealist "science" and the abuse of history', International Organization, 47 (1993); and R. Hall, 'Moral authority as a power resource', International Organization, 51 (1997), 591-622.
79. 32 R. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire (Berkeley, The University of California Press, 1974), pp. 1-24; H. Koenigsberger, The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516-1560 (Ithica, Cornell University Press, 1971); J. Berenger, History of the Habsburg Empire (London, 1994).
80. 32 R. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire (Berkeley, The University of California Press, 1974), pp. 1-24; H. Koenigsberger, The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516-1560 (Ithica, Cornell University Press, 1971); J. Berenger, History of the Habsburg Empire (London, 1994).
81. 32 R. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire (Berkeley, The University of California Press, 1974), pp. 1-24; H. Koenigsberger, The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516-1560 (Ithica, Cornell University Press, 1971); J. Berenger, History of the Habsburg Empire (London, 1994).
82. 33 H. Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, p. 243-46; G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 371.
83. 33 H. Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, p. 243-46; G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 371.
84. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
85. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
86. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
87. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
88. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
89. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
90. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
91. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
92. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
93. 34 For the texts of the treaties, see Israel, Major Peace Treaties (Münster); and C. Parry, Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, NY, Oceana Publications, 1981), (Osnabrück). For a good interpretation of the settlement's meaning for international relations, see A. Osiander, The States System of Europe (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994), p. 72. On the settlement in general, see F. Dickmann, K. Goronzy, E. Schieche, H. Wagner, and E. Wermter, (eds), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, Aschendorff Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1962); F. Dickmann, Der Westphaelische Frieden (Münster, Aschendorff, 1965); F. Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu. Studienen neu endeckten Quellen', Historische Zeitschrift, 196 (1963); G. Pages, The Thirty Years War, D. Maland (trans.) (New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1970); G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1977); J. Polisensky, The Thirty Years' War, R. Evans (trans.) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1971); and T. Rabb (ed.), The Thirty Year's War: Problems of Motive, Extent, and Effect (Boston, Heath, 1964).
94. 35 On the views of the French and the Swedes, see the careful study of A. Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 27, 41, 77-8, 80-89; Church, Richelieu, pp. 283-349; M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus (London, Longmans, Green, 1958); M. Roberts, Essays in Swedish History (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967), pp. 82-110.
95. 35 On the views of the French and the Swedes, see the careful study of A. Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 27, 41, 77-8, 80-89; Church, Richelieu, pp. 283-349; M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus (London, Longmans, Green, 1958); M. Roberts, Essays in Swedish History (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967), pp. 82-110.
96. 35 On the views of the French and the Swedes, see the careful study of A. Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 27, 41, 77-8, 80-89; Church, Richelieu, pp. 283-349; M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus (London, Longmans, Green, 1958); M. Roberts, Essays in Swedish History (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967), pp. 82-110.
97. 35 On the views of the French and the Swedes, see the careful study of A. Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 27, 41, 77-8, 80-89; Church, Richelieu, pp. 283-349; M. Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus (London, Longmans, Green, 1958); M. Roberts, Essays in Swedish History (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967), pp. 82-110.
98. 36 Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 32, 38-39; P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1761-1848 (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994). R. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, p. 52, 54; Osiander, The States System of Europe, p. 46; G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 381-87; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1955).
99. 36 Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 32, 38-39; P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1761-1848 (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994). R. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, p. 52, 54; Osiander, The States System of Europe, p. 46; G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 381-87; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1955).
100. 36 Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 32, 38-39; P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1761-1848 (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994). R. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, p. 52, 54; Osiander, The States System of Europe, p. 46; G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 381-87; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1955).
101. 36 Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 32, 38-39; P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1761-1848 (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994). R. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, p. 52, 54; Osiander, The States System of Europe, p. 46; G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 381-87; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1955).
102. 36 Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 32, 38-39; P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1761-1848 (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994). R. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, p. 52, 54; Osiander, The States System of Europe, p. 46; G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 381-87; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1955).
103. 36 Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 32, 38-39; P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1761-1848 (Oxford, Clarendon, 1994). R. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, p. 52, 54; Osiander, The States System of Europe, p. 46; G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 381-87; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1955).
104. 37 Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 40, 49; Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, pp. 368-69; Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 381-87.
105. 37 Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 40, 49; Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, pp. 368-69; Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 381-87.
106. 37 Osiander, The States System of Europe, pp. 40, 49; Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, pp. 368-69; Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 381-87.
107. 38 Bull and Watson, The Expansion; G. Gong, The Standard of 'Civilization' in International Society (Oxford, Clarendon, 1984).
108. 39 See F. Hinsley, Sovereignty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986); and Bartleson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty.
109. 39 See F. Hinsley, Sovereignty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986); and Bartleson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty.
110. 40 G. Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London, Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997), p. 217; R. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1974).
111. 40 G. Parker, The Thirty Years' War (London, Routledge, Kegan, and Paul, 1997), p. 217; R. Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1974).
112. 41 On the Ottomans, see T. Naff, 'The Ottoman Empire and the European States System', in Bull and Watson, The Expansion, pp. 143-170; and H. Bull, 'The Emergence of a Universal International Society', in Bull and Watson, The Expansion.
113. 41 On the Ottomans, see T. Naff, 'The Ottoman Empire and the European States System', in Bull and Watson, The Expansion, pp. 143-170; and H. Bull, 'The Emergence of a Universal International Society', in Bull and Watson, The Expansion.
114. 42 See A. Watson, 'European International Society and its Expansion', in Bull and Watson, The Expansion; H. Bull, 'The Emergence of an International Society'.
115. 42 See A. Watson, 'European International Society and its Expansion', in Bull and Watson, The Expansion; H. Bull, 'The Emergence of an International Society'.
116. 43 See R. Klein, Sovereign Equality among States: The History of an Idea (Toronto ON, University of Toronto Press, 1974).
117. 44 On Japan, see Gong, The Standard, pp. 28-29.
118. 45 Gong, The Standard, pp. 14-15.
119. 46 On weak sovereign states, see R. Jackson, Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990).
120. 47 General Assembly Resolution 1514, United Nations Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Peoples and Countries.
121. 48 On minority treaties, see I. Claude, National Minorities: An International Problem (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1955); R. Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe 1848-1945, (London, Macmillan Press, 1983); C. Macartney, National States and National Minorities (New York, Russell and Russell, 1968).
122. 48 On minority treaties, see I. Claude, National Minorities: An International Problem (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1955); R. Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe 1848-1945, (London, Macmillan Press, 1983); C. Macartney, National States and National Minorities (New York, Russell and Russell, 1968).
123. 48 On minority treaties, see I. Claude, National Minorities: An International Problem (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1955); R. Pearson, National Minorities in Eastern Europe 1848-1945, (London, Macmillan Press, 1983); C. Macartney, National States and National Minorities (New York, Russell and Russell, 1968).
124. 49 See R. Keohane and S. Hoffmann, 'Institutional Change in Europe in the 1980s', in R. Keohane and S. Hoffman (eds). The New European Community: Decisionmaking and Institutional Change (Boulder CO, Westview, 1991), pp. 1-39.
125. 50 For a helpful account of contemporary intervention, see O. Ramsbotham and T. Woodhouse, Humanitarian Intervention in International Conflict (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996).
126. 51 See P. Taylor, 'The United Nations in the 1990s: proactive cosmopolitanism and the issue of sovereignty', Political Studies, 47 (1999), 538-65. pp. 548-50.
127. 52 Article 2(4) prohibits unilateral intervention in the form of 'the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner consistent with the Purposes of the United Nations', whereas Article 2(7) is directed against the intervention of the United Nations in matters which are in states' domestic jurisdictions. Subsequent UN Documents even more directly condemn intervention, especially unilateral intervention. For arguments that UN law forbids intervention, see L. Damrosch, 'Commentary on Collective Military Intervention to Enforce Human Rights', in L. Damrosch and D. Scheffer (eds), Law and Force in the New International Order (Boulder CO, Westview, 1991), pp. 215-23; and K. Pease and D. Forsythe, 'Human rights, humanitarian intervention, and world politics', Human Rights Quarterly, 15 (1993), 290-314.
128. 52 Article 2(4) prohibits unilateral intervention in the form of 'the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner consistent with the Purposes of the United Nations', whereas Article 2(7) is directed against the intervention of the United Nations in matters which are in states' domestic jurisdictions. Subsequent UN Documents even more directly condemn intervention, especially unilateral intervention. For arguments that UN law forbids intervention, see L. Damrosch, 'Commentary on Collective Military Intervention to Enforce Human Rights', in L. Damrosch and D. Scheffer (eds), Law and Force in the New International Order (Boulder CO, Westview, 1991), pp. 215-23; and K. Pease and D. Forsythe, 'Human rights, humanitarian intervention, and world politics', Human Rights Quarterly, 15 (1993), 290-314.
129. 53 On the interpretations of Security Council resolutions on intervention, see D. Scheffer, 'Toward a modern doctrine of humanitarian intervention', The University of Toledo Law Review, 23 (1992), 253-294; J. Chopra and T. Weiss, 'Sovereignty is no longer sacrosanct: codifying humanitarian intervention', Ethics and International Affairs, 6 (1992), 95.
130. 53 On the interpretations of Security Council resolutions on intervention, see D. Scheffer, 'Toward a modern doctrine of humanitarian intervention', The University of Toledo Law Review, 23 (1992), 253-294; J. Chopra and T. Weiss, 'Sovereignty is no longer sacrosanct: codifying humanitarian intervention', Ethics and International Affairs, 6 (1992), 95.
131. 54 See S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 125; J. Donnelly, International Human Rights (Boulder CO, Westview, 1992); and D. Forsythe, Human Rights and World Politics (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 19.
132. 54 See S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 125; J. Donnelly, International Human Rights (Boulder CO, Westview, 1992); and D. Forsythe, Human Rights and World Politics (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 19.
133. 54 See S. Krasner, 'Compromising Westphalia', International Security, 20 (1995/96), 125; J. Donnelly, International Human Rights (Boulder CO, Westview, 1992); and D. Forsythe, Human Rights and World Politics (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 19.