Opportunities for harm minimization in tobacco control

Drug and Alcohol Review

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 345-353

  Borland, Ron ^a   Scollo, Michelle ^a  

^a CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033471870     PISSN: 09595236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09595239996518     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, et al. Mortality from smoking in developed countries 1950-2000. Oxford, ICRF and WHO. London: Oxford University Press, 1994.
2. National Health and Medical Research Council. The health effects of passive smoking, Canberra, Australia. Report of NHMRC Working Part, November 1997.
3. WHO counting profiles. http:/www.cec.gov/needphp/ osh/who,first.htm 1997 update.
4. Hill DJ, White VM, Scollo MM. Smoking behaviours of Australian adults in 1995: trends and concerns. Med J Aust 1998;168:209-13.
5. New Zealand Ministry of Health. Tobacco statistics 1996. Wellington: Cancer Society of New Zealand, 1997.
6. Office for National Statistics. Living in Britain: preliminary results from the 1996 General House-hold Survey. London: Office for National Statistics, 1998.
7. Hill D, White VM, Letcher T. Tobacco use among Australian Secondary students in 1996. Aust NZ J Public Health 1999;23:252-9.
8. Borland R. Minimising the harm from nicotine addiction. Health Prom J Aust 1997;7:138-41.
9. Warner KE, Slade JD, Sweanor DT. The emerging market for long-term nicotine maintenance. JAMA 1997;278:1087-92.
10. Levi F, Franceschi S, LaVecchi C, Randimbison L, Te VC. Lung carcinoma trends by histological type in Vaud and Neuchatel, Switzerland 1974-1991. Cancer 1997;79:906-14.
11. Gray NJ, Hill D. Cigarette smoking for content and death rates from cancer in Australia. Lancet 1975;4: 141.
12. Lenton S, Single E. The definition of harm reduction. Drug Alcohol Rev 1998;17:213-20.
13. Borland R, Morand M, Mullins R. Prevalence of workplace smoking bans in Victoria. Aust NZ J Public Health 1997;21:694-8.
14. Borland R, Mullins R, Trotter L. Trends in environmental tobacco smoke restrictions in the home in Victoria, Australia. Tobacco Control, in press.
15. Benowitz NL, Henningfield J. Establishing a nicotine threshold for addiction: the implications for tobacco regulation. N Engl J Med, 1994;331:123-5.
16. Shiffman S. Tobacco "chippers" - individual differences in tobacco dependence. Psychopharmacology 1989;97:539-47.
17. Shiffman S, Fischer LB, Settler-Segal M, Benowitz NL. Nicotine exposure among non-dependent smokers. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1990;47:333-6.
18. Russell MAH. Realistic goals for smoking and health: a case for safer smoking. Lancet 1974;1:254-8.
19. Boyle P, Gray N. The regulation of tobacco and tobacco smoke. Tobacco Control, in press.
20. Gray N, Boyle P, Zatonski W. Tar concentrations in cigarettes and carcinogen content. Lancet 1998;352: 787-8.
21. United States Food and Drug Administration. Part 2. 21 CFR Part 801 et al. Regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to protect children and adolescents; final rule. Wednesday 28 August 1996.
22. Gray N. The global cigarette. Br Med J 1996;313: 1348.
23. Silagy C, Mant D, Fowler G, el al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software (updated quarterly), 1998.
24. Fagerstrom K, Tejding R, Westin A, Lunell E. Aiding reduction of smoking with nicotine replacement medications: hope for the recalcitrant smoker? Tobacco Control 1997;6:311-16.
25. Bounder G. Smokeless tobacco - a less harmful alternative. In: Bolliger CT, Fagerstrom KO eds. The tobacco epidemic, progress in respiratory research. Basel: Karger, 1997:199-212.
26. Peto R. Influence of dose and duration of smoking on lung cancer rates. In: Zaridze DG, Peto R, eds. Tobacco: a major international health hazard. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1986: 211-26.
27. Nordgren P. Harm reduction in tobacco control -does it reduce harm? Drugs Educ Prev Policy 1998; 59:129-33.
28. Sweanor D. The regulation of tobacco and nicotine: the creation and potential for resolution of a public health disaster. Drugs Educ Prev Policy 1998;59: 135-40.
29. McNeill A, White P. Editorial: the case for harm reduction in smoking. Drugs Educ Prev Policy 1998; 59:125-7.
30. Borland R. Dedicated regulation of nicotine use: it is time! Paper presented as Invited Plenary to 10th World Conference on Tobacco or Health, Beijing, China, August 1997.