The United Nations and civil society: Creative partnerships for sustainable development

Alternatives

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 93-122

  Coate, Roger A ^a   Alger, Chadwick F ^b   Lipschutz, Ronnie D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21344462310     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437549602100104     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Peter Willetts, Pressure Groups in the Global System: The Transnational Relations of Issue Oriented Non-Governmental Organizations (London: Frances Pinter, 1982), p. 11.
2. Dorothy B. Robbins, Experimentation Democracy: The Story of U.S. Citizen Organizations in Forcing the Charter of the United Nations (New York: Parkside, 1971), p. 217.
3. Felice Gaer, "Reality Check: Human Rights NGO's Confront Government as the UN." Paper presented at the Academic Council on the United Nations System (ACUNS) Conference on NGOs, the United Nations, and Global Governance, York University, Toronto, Ontario, April 10-11, 1995, p. 12.
4. Erskine Childers and Brian Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System: NGOs, the United Nations, and Global Governance (Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, 1994), p. 176.
5. Cyril Ritchie, "Coordinate? Cooperate? Harmonize? NGO Policy and Operational Coalitions." Paper presented at the ACUNS Conference, note 3, p. 1.
6. Leila J. Rupp, "Constructing Internationalism: The Case of Transnational Women's Organizations, 1888-1945," The American Historical Review 99, no. 5 (1993): 1753-1754.
7. Cynthia Price Cohen, "The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in the Drafting of the Convention on the Rights of the Child," Human Rights Quarterly 12 (1990): 138-139.
8. Leon Gordenker and Thomas Weiss, "Analytical Approaches and Dimensions." Paper presented at the ACUNS Conference, note 3, p. 3.
9. Personal interview, Paris, January 1992.
10. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
11. UNEP General Conference Decision 15/2, Annex, May 1989.
12. The authors of this article are indebted to Peter Söderholm for numerous ideas and suggestions that have been incorporated into the text. We wish to thank him.
13. Nicholas Greenwood Onuf, World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989).
14. "Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research," in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skoçpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 20.
15. James N. Rosenau, "Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics," in James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds., Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 4-5.
16. Ernst-Otto Czempiel, "Governance and Democratization," in Rosenau and Czempiel, note 15, p. 250.
17. This point of view is not, of course, held universally; see, for example, Janice Thomson and Stephen Krasner, "Global Transactions and the Consolidation of Sovereignty," in: Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau, eds., Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1989), pp. 192-219.
18. For one perspective on this phenomenon, see Janie Leatherman, Ron Pagnucco, and Jackie Smith, "International Institutions and Transnational Social Movement Organizations: Transforming Sovereignty, Anarchy, and Global Governance," Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, August 1994, Working Paper 5:WP:3, esp. pp. 23-28.
19. The locus classicus is Stephen D. Krasner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983);
20. see also Oran R. Young, International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989).
21. See the discussion of this point in Ronnie D. Lipschutz and Judith Mayer, "Not Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Property Rights, Constitutive Rules, and the Renegotiation of Resource Management Regimes, in Ronnie D. Lipschutz and Ken Conca, eds., The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 246-273.
22. See, for example, Franke Wilmer, The Indigenous Voice in World Politics (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1993).
23. For example, in the Amazon; see Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, Contested Frontiers in Amazonia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992);
24. Susanna B. Hecht and Alexander Cockburn, The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon (New York: HarperPerennial, 1990).
25. William McNeill, The Rise of the West: A Brief History of the Human Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963).
26. Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), chap. 8.
27. See the essays in Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990).
28. Such conditions have not been unknown in the past, but the consolidation of state sovereignty seems to have reached its peak, at least among the great powers, during the middle of the twentieth century, reaching its apotheosis during World War II.
29. James N. Rosenau, "Governance in the 21st Century," Global Governance 1, no. 1 (Winter 1995): 19.
30. Global Governance Ibid., p. 18.
31. Global Governance Ibid., pp. 18-19.
32. For comparable, although analytically different, views of this process, see the essays in Stephen Gill, ed., Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
33. For an opposing view, see Thomson and Krasner, "Global Transactions and the Consolidation of Sovereignty."
34. John Friedman and Goetz Wolff, "World City Formation: An Agenda for Research and Action," Journal of Urban and Regional Research 6, no. 3 (1982): 309.
35. For a nuanced exploration of some of the processes associated with globalization, see Richard Gordon, "Internationalization, Multinationalization, Globalization: Contradictory World Economies and New Spatial Divisions of Labor," Santa Cruz, Calif.: Center for the Study of Global Transformations, Working Paper 94-10, August 1994.
36. Chadwick F. Alger, "The World Relations of Cities: Closing the Gap Between Social Science Paradigms and Everyday Human Experience," International Studies Quarterly 34, no. 4 (December 1990): 492-518.
37. Friedman and Wolff, note 30, 316. See also Gordon, note 30; Saskia Sassen, The Mobility of Labor and Capital: A Study in International Investment and Labor Flow (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988);
38. Helzi Noponen, Julie Graham, and Ann R. Markusen, eds., Trading Industries, Trading Regions: International Trade, American Industry, and Regional Economic Development (New York: Guilford, 1993).
39. Stanislaw Wellisz, "Economic Development and Urbanization," in L. Jakobson and V. Prakesh, eds., Urbanization and National Development (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1971), p. 44. The process is also examined in Sassen, note 32.
40. See, for example, Richard Falk, Explorations at the Edge of Time: The Prospects for World Order (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992).
41. A good, if sometimes radical, overview of the development issue is Wolfgang Sachs, ed., The Development Directory (London: Zed Books, 1992).
42. Deborah Johnston, "Constructing the Periphery in Modern Global Politics," in Craig Murphy and Roger Tooze, eds., The New International Political Economy (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991), p. 159.
43. World Bank, "Strengthening Popular Participation in Development: World Bank Experience" (Washington, D.C., World Bank, Strategic Planning and Review Department, October 1989), p. 3.
44. Strengthening Popular Participation in Development: World Bank Experience Ibid., p. 4.
45. Bruce Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment and the Crisis of Development (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994).
46. Keith Lynton Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions, 2d ed. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991), p. 81;
47. Richard Haeuber, "The World Bank and Environmental Assessment: The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations," Environmental Impact Assessment Review 1 (1992), pp. 1-17.
48. World Bank, Meeting of the World Bank-NGO Committee and Recent Progress in Bank-NGO Cooperation (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1989), p. 6.
49. Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence (New York: Knopf, 1984), p. 83.
50. Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence 1984 p. 83 Ibid.
51. Alan B. Durning, Action at the Grassroots: Fighting Poverty and Environmental Decline (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute, January 1989, Paper no. 88), p. 50.
52. Action at the Grassroots: Fighting Poverty and Environmental Decline Ibid., p. 53.
53. Action at the Grassroots: Fighting Poverty and Environmental Decline p. 53 Ibid.
54. WHO/GPA/GMC(2)/89.5, p. 1.
55. See, for example, Theo van Boven, "The Role of NGO's in International Human Rights Standard-Setting: Non-governmental Participation a Prerequisite of Democracy." Paper presented at the Symposium on the Contribution of NGOs to the Formulation and Promotion of International Human Rights Law, Geneva, May 4, 1990;
56. Nigel Cantwell, "How NGOs Contributed to Drafting the Convention on the Rights of the Child" - another paper presented at the May 1990 symposium;
57. Dan O'Donnell, "NGO Participation in the Creation and Promotion of International Standards Concerning Juveniles in Conflict with the Law" - also presented at the symposium;
58. Virginia Leary, "A New Role for Non-governmental Organizations in Human Rights: A Case Study of Non-governmental Participation in the Development of International Norms on Torture, in Antonio Cassese, ed., UN Law/Fundamental Rights: Two Topics in International Law (Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1979), pp. 197-210;
59. Nigel S. Rodley, "The UN System and Human Rights: The Development of United Nations Activities in the Field of Human Rights and the Role of Non-governmental Organizations," in Toby Trister Gati, ed., The US, the UN, and the Management of Global Change (New York: UNA-USA, 1983), pp. 263-282
60. "Le role d'une organisation non gouvernementale comme Amnesty International au sein des organisations intergouvernementales," in Mario Bettati and Pierre-Marie Dupuy, eds., Les O.N.G. et le Droit International (Paris: Economica, 1986), pp. 126-152;
61. Abderrahaman Youssoufi, "Le role des organisations non gouvernementales dans la lutte contre les violations des droits de l'homme, l'apartheid et le racsime," Violations des droits de l'homme: quel recours, quelle resistance"? (Paris: UNESCO, 1983), pp. 109-125.
62. Wilmer, note 21.
63. van Boven, note 48, p. 17.
64. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
65. Kathryn Sikkink, "Human rights, principled issue-networks, and sovereignty in Latin America," International Organization 47, no. 4 (Summer 1993): 411-442;
66. Howard H. Frederick, "Computer Communications in Cross-Border Coalition-Building North American NGO Networking Against NAFTA," October 6, 1992, downloaded from Econet.
67. Chadwick F. Alger, "Varieties of Transnational Cooperation: The Pursuit of Profit, Development and Human Rights by TNC, NGO and the UN System." Paper presented at the International Studies Association annual meeting in Washington, D.C., March 29-April 1, 1994, pp. 12-17.
68. "Building Wilderness," in Jane Bennett and William Chaloupka, eds., In the Nature of Things: Language, Politics, and the Environment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), p. 28.
69. Networking is a particularly efficient way of acquiring knowledge, insofar as someone knows who to contact regarding a particular question or problem; it is less useful for those who are only beginning to act on a problem. For a discussion of networks and networking, see Ronnie D. Lipschutz, "Learn of the Green World: Global Environmental Change, Global Civil Society and Social Learning," Transnational Associations, no. 3 (1993): 124-138;
70. Sheldon Annis, "Giving Voice to the Poor," Foreign Policy, no. 84 (Fall 1991): 93-106.