Neoliberalism, sport and the Chilean Jaguar

Race and Class

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 44-63

  Trumper, Ricardo ^a   Tomic, Patricia ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033450804     PISSN: 03063968     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. G. Marin, 'Enrique Lihn: lineas para un prólogo', El Mercurio, (27 April 1997), p. E22.
2. J. Bengoa, La comunidad perdida. Ensayos sobre identidad y cultura: los desafíos de la modernización en Chile (Santiago, 1996) and G. Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society (Thousand Oaks, Cal., 1996).
3. J. Bengoa, La comunidad perdida. Ensayos sobre identidad y cultura: los desafíos de la modernización en Chile (Santiago, 1996) and G. Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society (Thousand Oaks, Cal., 1996).
4. R. DaMatta, 'Brazil: fancy work for survival', UNESCO Journal (December 1992), pp. 20-21.
5. A. Ciria, 'From soccer to war in Argentir a: preliminary notes on sports-as-politics under a military regime (1976-1982)', in A.R.M. Ritter ed., Latin America and the Caribbean: geopolitics, development and culture. Proceedings of the October 1983 Conference of the Canadian Association for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (Ottawa, 1984), pp. 80-95; T. Mason, 'Futbol and politics in Latin America', Race and Class, (Vol. 36, no. 4, April-June 1995), pp. 71-85.
6. A. Ciria, 'From soccer to war in Argentir a: preliminary notes on sports-as-politics under a military regime (1976-1982)', in A.R.M. Ritter ed., Latin America and the Caribbean: geopolitics, development and culture. Proceedings of the October 1983 Conference of the Canadian Association for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (Ottawa, 1984), pp. 80-95; T. Mason, 'Futbol and politics in Latin America', Race and Class, (Vol. 36, no. 4, April-June 1995), pp. 71-85.
7. R. Trumper and P. Tomic, 'From a cancerous body to a reconciled family: legitimizing neoliberalism in Chile', in S. Ilcan and L. Phillips eds., Transgressing Borders: perspectives on gender, household and culture (Westport, Conn., 1998), pp. 3-18.
8. B. Stoddart, 'Sports, cultural imperialism, and colonial response in the British empire,' Comparative Studies in Society and History (Vol. 23, no. 4, 1988), pp. 649-673.
9. Ibid., p. 652.
10. E.P. Archetti, 'Masculinity and football: the formation of national identity in Argentina', in R. Giulianotti and J. Williams eds., Games Without Frontiers: football, identity and modernity (Aldershot, 1994), p. 226.
11. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1993).
12. This section relies on D.W. Galenson, 'The impact of economic and technological change on the careers of American men tennis players, 1960-1991', Journal of Sport History (Vol. 20, no. 2, summer 1993), pp. 129-150 and on several issues of the magazine Tennis, a fanzine.
13. See, for example, R.J. Barnet and J. Cavanagh, Global Dreams: imperial corporations and the new world order (New York, 1995): S. Zukin, The Culture of Cities (Cambridge, MA, 1995).
14. See, for example, R.J. Barnet and J. Cavanagh, Global Dreams: imperial corporations and the new world order (New York, 1995): S. Zukin, The Culture of Cities (Cambridge, MA, 1995).
15. V. Osorio el. Cabezas, Los hijos de Pinochet (Santiago, 1995), p. 76.
16. Piñera's contribution to the discourse of neoliberalism in Chile is not the only field where he was a trailblazer. In fact, a number of countries have adopted policies similar to his grab of social security funds in Chile. His efforts towards opening up new areas for profits for transnationalised capital have been recognised by some of the major organisations that defend capitalism without limits. This is best illustrated by his role in the ultra-conservative Cato Institute in the US where he co-chairs the Cato project on social security privatisation. See S. Covington, 'How conservative philanthropies and think tanks transform US policy', Covert Action Quarterly (No. 63. Winter 1998), p. 13.
17. Neoliberal ministers of finance include Jorge Cauas, Sergio de Castro, Carlos Cáceres, Hernán Buchi in Pinochet's dictatorship: Alejandro Foxley in Aylwm's government, and Eduardo Aninat in Frei's cabinet. The political strategists who have been ministers in the past three neoliberal regimes and share neoliberal ideology are, among others. Pinochet's minister Sergio de La Cuadra, Socialist Enrique Correa in Aylwin's period. Christian Democrat (and Pinochetista) Juán Villarzú and PPD José Joaquín Brunner in Frei's government. Another important neoliberal minister is Ricardo Lagos, a militant both in the PPD and Socialist Party, who is, presently, the most popular politician among the presidential hopefuls of the governing Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia alliance.
18. See for example, J.J. Brunner, Bienvenidos a la modernidad (Santiago, 1994); J. Lavín. La revolución silenciosa (Santiago, 1987); E. Tironi, Los silencios de la revolucion: Chile, la otra cura de la modernización (Santiago, 1988) and Autoritarismo, Modernizacion y Marginalidad: El caso de Chile: 1973-1989 (Santiago, 1992).
19. See for example, J.J. Brunner, Bienvenidos a la modernidad (Santiago, 1994); J. Lavín. La revolución silenciosa (Santiago, 1987); E. Tironi, Los silencios de la revolucion: Chile, la otra cura de la modernización (Santiago, 1988) and Autoritarismo, Modernizacion y Marginalidad: El caso de Chile: 1973-1989 (Santiago, 1992).
20. See for example, J.J. Brunner, Bienvenidos a la modernidad (Santiago, 1994); J. Lavín. La revolución silenciosa (Santiago, 1987); E. Tironi, Los silencios de la revolucion: Chile, la otra cura de la modernización (Santiago, 1988) and Autoritarismo, Modernizacion y Marginalidad: El caso de Chile: 1973-1989 (Santiago, 1992).
21. See for example, J.J. Brunner, Bienvenidos a la modernidad (Santiago, 1994); J. Lavín. La revolución silenciosa (Santiago, 1987); E. Tironi, Los silencios de la revolucion: Chile, la otra cura de la modernización (Santiago, 1988) and Autoritarismo, Modernizacion y Marginalidad: El caso de Chile: 1973-1989 (Santiago, 1992).
22. We view this 'tennisification' of everyday life with some degree of suspicion, as we observe the ways in which most of the owners of the Chilean media and representatives of government in the television industry conspired to introduce tennis and Rios to the Chilean public. Much of the Chilean media is owned by a small number of conglomerates, most of whose owners were closely linked to the Pinochet dictatorship and who wield enormous economic power. Some of the most prominent are Agustin Edwards, of the El Mercurio chain and with interests in cable companies, often mentioned as having a decisive say in Chilean affairs (one of the unofficial powers said to really control Chilean politics, one of the poderes facticos); Alvaro Saieh and Juan Carlos Latorre, two of the owners of the Sopesa group that owns the newspapers La Tercera, La Cuarta and the magazine Qué Pasa?, and Ricardo Claro, owner of TV Channel 9 and El Diario. On the other hand, such a conspiracy, what might be called a deliberate attempt to turn people's attention from their real concerns to innocuous pursuits, has probably been unnecessary.
23. E. Sepúlveda, 'Detrás da la raqueta'; El Mercurio, 6 August 1995), p. D18 (all translations by the authors).
24. Ibid., p. D28.
25. See, for example, E.P. Archetti, op.cit; also his 'In search of national identity: Argentinian football and Europe', International Journal of the History of Sport (No. 12, 1995), pp. 201-219, and 'Playing styles and masculine virtues in Argentine football', in M. Melhuus and K.A. Stolen, Machos, Mistresses, Madonnas: contesting power of Latin American gender imagery (London, 1996), pp. 34-55.
26. See, for example, E.P. Archetti, op.cit; also his 'In search of national identity: Argentinian football and Europe', International Journal of the History of Sport (No. 12, 1995), pp. 201-219, and 'Playing styles and masculine virtues in Argentine football', in M. Melhuus and K.A. Stolen, Machos, Mistresses, Madonnas: contesting power of Latin American gender imagery (London, 1996), pp. 34-55.
27. See, for example, E.P. Archetti, op.cit; also his 'In search of national identity: Argentinian football and Europe', International Journal of the History of Sport (No. 12, 1995), pp. 201-219, and 'Playing styles and masculine virtues in Argentine football', in M. Melhuus and K.A. Stolen, Machos, Mistresses, Madonnas: contesting power of Latin American gender imagery (London, 1996), pp. 34-55.
28. 'Carlos Ditborn pagó el mundial con su vida', Gol y Gol (Año 1, no. 5, 1962), pp. 24-25.
29. J. Leite Lopes, 'Successes and contradictions in "multiracial" Brazilian football', in G. Armstrong and R. Giulianotti eds., Entering the Field: new perspectives on world football (New York, 1997), pp. 53-86; T. Mason, Passion of the People? Football in South America (London, 1995), p. 125.
30. J. Leite Lopes, 'Successes and contradictions in "multiracial" Brazilian football', in G. Armstrong and R. Giulianotti eds., Entering the Field: new perspectives on world football (New York, 1997), pp. 53-86; T. Mason, Passion of the People? Football in South America (London, 1995), p. 125.
31. J. Leite Lopes and S. Maresca, 'La disparition de la joie du peuple. Notes sur la mort d'un jouer de football', Actes de la Recheche en Sciences Sociales (No.79, September 1989), pp. 21-36.
32. We owe this idea to Camilo Trumper.
33. T. Mason, 'Fútbol and politics in Latin America', Race and Class, op.cit.
34. E. Santa Cruz, Crónica de un encuentro: fútbol y cultara popular (Santiago, 1991).
35. Jorge Toro and Alberto Fouilloux were he two forwards in the 1962 World Cup team who subsequently emigrated to Europe. Toro played in Italy and Fouilloux in France. Later, a few other top players also played abroad. Among them were Alberto Quintano, Osvaldo Castro, Carlos Re:noso and Jorge Aravena who emigrated to Mexico, Carlos Caszely and Fernande Carvyllo to Spain and Elias Figueroa and Roberto Rojas to Brazil.
36. We owe this idea to Camilo Trumper.
37. El Mercurio (19 July 1997), p. F1.
38. S. Montecino, Interview in La Epoca (22 February 1997).
39. E. Marín, 'La primera pagina', El Mercurio, Deportes (28 July 1998), p. 3.
40. El Mercurio, Deportes, ibid., p. 4.
41. S. Jouneau, 'Au Chili, une transition qui i'en finit pas', Le Monde Diplomatique, (April 1998), pp. 8-9.
42. Ibid. For a view of the barras as a progressive political movement, see P. Lemebel, 'Soccer and devotion in the barrios of Santiago', NACLA Report on the Americas (Vol. XXXII, no. 1, July/August 1998), pp. 36-42.
43. Ibid. For a view of the barras as a progressive political movement, see P. Lemebel, 'Soccer and devotion in the barrios of Santiago', NACLA Report on the Americas (Vol. XXXII, no. 1, July/August 1998), pp. 36-42.