Modernization theory revisited: The case of Bulgaria

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 566-597

  Vassilev, Rossen ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033420442     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325499013003005     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Gerasimos Augustinos, "Introduction," in Augustinos, ed., Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe: Essays in National Development (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1991), 2.
2. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
3. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
4. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
5. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
6. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
7. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
8. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
9. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
10. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
11. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
12. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
13. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
14. See Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1958); Seymour M. Lipset, "Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," American Political Science Review 53 (March 1959): 69-105; Seymour M. Lipset, Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (London: Routledge, 1960); Walt W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1960); Karl W. Deutsch, "Social Mobilization and Political Development," American Political Science Review 55 (September 1961): 493-514; Phillips Cutright, "National Political Development: Its Measurement and Social Correlates," in Nelson W. Polsby et al., eds., Politics and Social Life (Boston, Mass. Houghton Mifflin, 1963); Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1966); Barrington Moore, Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1966); Deane E. Neubauer, "Some Conditions of Democracy," American Political Science Review 61 (December 1967): 1002-9; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changinǵ Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). For more recent discussions of the impact of modernization on democracy and democratization, see Larry Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered," in Gary Marks and Diamond, eds., Reexamining Democracy: Essays in Honor of Seymour Martin Lipset (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publica-tions, 1992): 450-99; and Seymour M. Lipset et al., "A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy," International Social Science Journal 45 (1993): 155-75.
15. Lipset, Political Man, 31.
16. Ibid., 45-50.
17. Adam Przeworski et al., "What Makes Democracies Endure?" Journal of Democracy 7 (January 1996), 40-41.
18. Lipset, Political Man, 31.
19. Larry Diamond and Juan Linz, "Introduction: Politics, Society, and Democracy in Latin America," in Diamond, Linz, and Seymour M. Lipset, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries, Vol. 4: Latin America (Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner, 1989), 12.
20. Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World's Political Economic Systems (New York: Basic Books, 1977), 161-69.
21. See, for example, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne H. Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press 1992).
22. Lipset, Political Man, 31.
23. Ibid.
24. See Edward N. Muller, "Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality," American Sociological Review 53 (February 1988): 50-68; id., "Democracy and Inequality: Reply to Weede," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 868-71; id., "Economic Determinants of Democracy," American Sociological Review 60 (December 1995): 966-82; E. Muller and Mitchell Seligson, "Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships," American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994): 635-52; id., "Democratic Stability and Economic Crisis: Costa Rica, 1978-1983," International Studies Quarterly 31 (September 1987): 301-26.
25. See Edward N. Muller, "Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality," American Sociological Review 53 (February 1988): 50-68; id., "Democracy and Inequality: Reply to Weede," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 868-71; id., "Economic Determinants of Democracy," American Sociological Review 60 (December 1995): 966-82; E. Muller and Mitchell Seligson, "Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships," American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994): 635-52; id., "Democratic Stability and Economic Crisis: Costa Rica, 1978-1983," International Studies Quarterly 31 (September 1987): 301-26.
26. See Edward N. Muller, "Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality," American Sociological Review 53 (February 1988): 50-68; id., "Democracy and Inequality: Reply to Weede," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 868-71; id., "Economic Determinants of Democracy," American Sociological Review 60 (December 1995): 966-82; E. Muller and Mitchell Seligson, "Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships," American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994): 635-52; id., "Democratic Stability and Economic Crisis: Costa Rica, 1978-1983," International Studies Quarterly 31 (September 1987): 301-26.
27. See Edward N. Muller, "Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality," American Sociological Review 53 (February 1988): 50-68; id., "Democracy and Inequality: Reply to Weede," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 868-71; id., "Economic Determinants of Democracy," American Sociological Review 60 (December 1995): 966-82; E. Muller and Mitchell Seligson, "Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships," American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994): 635-52; id., "Democratic Stability and Economic Crisis: Costa Rica, 1978-1983," International Studies Quarterly 31 (September 1987): 301-26.
28. See Edward N. Muller, "Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality," American Sociological Review 53 (February 1988): 50-68; id., "Democracy and Inequality: Reply to Weede," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 868-71; id., "Economic Determinants of Democracy," American Sociological Review 60 (December 1995): 966-82; E. Muller and Mitchell Seligson, "Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships," American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994): 635-52; id., "Democratic Stability and Economic Crisis: Costa Rica, 1978-1983," International Studies Quarterly 31 (September 1987): 301-26.
29. Przeworski, "What Makes Democracies Endure?" 43.
30. See Barrington Moore, Jr., Soviet Politics: The Dilemma of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950); Zbignew Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1964); David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1965); Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); Chalmers A. Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970); John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York: John Wiley, 1972); Mark G. Field, ed., The Social Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
31. See Barrington Moore, Jr., Soviet Politics: The Dilemma of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950); Zbignew Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1964); David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1965); Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); Chalmers A. Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970); John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York: John Wiley, 1972); Mark G. Field, ed., The Social Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
32. See Barrington Moore, Jr., Soviet Politics: The Dilemma of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950); Zbignew Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1964); David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1965); Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); Chalmers A. Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970); John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York: John Wiley, 1972); Mark G. Field, ed., The Social Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
33. See Barrington Moore, Jr., Soviet Politics: The Dilemma of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950); Zbignew Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1964); David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1965); Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); Chalmers A. Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970); John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York: John Wiley, 1972); Mark G. Field, ed., The Social Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
34. See Barrington Moore, Jr., Soviet Politics: The Dilemma of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950); Zbignew Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1964); David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1965); Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); Chalmers A. Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970); John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York: John Wiley, 1972); Mark G. Field, ed., The Social Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
35. See Barrington Moore, Jr., Soviet Politics: The Dilemma of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950); Zbignew Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1964); David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1965); Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); Chalmers A. Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970); John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York: John Wiley, 1972); Mark G. Field, ed., The Social Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
36. See Barrington Moore, Jr., Soviet Politics: The Dilemma of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950); Zbignew Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1964); David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1965); Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); Chalmers A. Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970); John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York: John Wiley, 1972); Mark G. Field, ed., The Social Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
37. See Barrington Moore, Jr., Soviet Politics: The Dilemma of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950); Zbignew Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1964); David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1965); Cyril E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); Chalmers A. Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970); John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York: John Wiley, 1972); Mark G. Field, ed., The Social Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974); Seweryn Bialer, Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
38. See Thomas F. Remington, "Regime Transitions in Communist Systems: The Soviet Case," Soviet Economy 6:21 (1990): 160-90; Moshe Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Donna Bahry, "Society Transformed? Rethinking the Social Roots of Perestroika," Slavic Review 52:3 (1993): 514-17; Lucian W. Pye, "Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism," American Political Science Review 84 (March 1990): 3-19; Augustinos, Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe.
39. See Thomas F. Remington, "Regime Transitions in Communist Systems: The Soviet Case," Soviet Economy 6:21 (1990): 160-90; Moshe Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Donna Bahry, "Society Transformed? Rethinking the Social Roots of Perestroika," Slavic Review 52:3 (1993): 514-17; Lucian W. Pye, "Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism," American Political Science Review 84 (March 1990): 3-19; Augustinos, Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe.
40. See Thomas F. Remington, "Regime Transitions in Communist Systems: The Soviet Case," Soviet Economy 6:21 (1990): 160-90; Moshe Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Donna Bahry, "Society Transformed? Rethinking the Social Roots of Perestroika," Slavic Review 52:3 (1993): 514-17; Lucian W. Pye, "Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism," American Political Science Review 84 (March 1990): 3-19; Augustinos, Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe.
41. See Thomas F. Remington, "Regime Transitions in Communist Systems: The Soviet Case," Soviet Economy 6:21 (1990): 160-90; Moshe Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Donna Bahry, "Society Transformed? Rethinking the Social Roots of Perestroika," Slavic Review 52:3 (1993): 514-17; Lucian W. Pye, "Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism," American Political Science Review 84 (March 1990): 3-19; Augustinos, Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe.
42. See Thomas F. Remington, "Regime Transitions in Communist Systems: The Soviet Case," Soviet Economy 6:21 (1990): 160-90; Moshe Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Donna Bahry, "Society Transformed? Rethinking the Social Roots of Perestroika," Slavic Review 52:3 (1993): 514-17; Lucian W. Pye, "Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism," American Political Science Review 84 (March 1990): 3-19; Augustinos, Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe.
43. Andrew C. Yanos, "Social Science, Communism, and the Dynamics of Political Change," World Politics, 44:1 (1991): 81-112.
44. Kenneth Jowitt, Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development: The Case of Romania, 1945-66 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); id., The Leninist Reponse to National Dependency (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, Uni-versity of California, 1978); id., ©Soviet Neo-Traditionalism: The Political Corruption of a Leninist Regime," Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 275-97; Andrew C. Yanos, ed., Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe: Uniformity and Diversity in One-Party States (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1976); A. Yanos, "Continuity and Change in Eastern Europe: Strategies of Post-Communist Politics," in Beverly Crawford, ed., Markets, States, and Democracy: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformation (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995).
45. Kenneth Jowitt, Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development: The Case of Romania, 1945-66 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); id., The Leninist Reponse to National Dependency (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, Uni-versity of California, 1978); id., ©Soviet Neo-Traditionalism: The Political Corruption of a Leninist Regime," Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 275-97; Andrew C. Yanos, ed., Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe: Uniformity and Diversity in One-Party States (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1976); A. Yanos, "Continuity and Change in Eastern Europe: Strategies of Post-Communist Politics," in Beverly Crawford, ed., Markets, States, and Democracy: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformation (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995).
46. Kenneth Jowitt, Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development: The Case of Romania, 1945-66 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); id., The Leninist Reponse to National Dependency (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, Uni-versity of California, 1978); id., ©Soviet Neo-Traditionalism: The Political Corruption of a Leninist Regime," Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 275-97; Andrew C. Yanos, ed., Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe: Uniformity and Diversity in One-Party States (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1976); A. Yanos, "Continuity and Change in Eastern Europe: Strategies of Post-Communist Politics," in Beverly Crawford, ed., Markets, States, and Democracy: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformation (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995).
47. Kenneth Jowitt, Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development: The Case of Romania, 1945-66 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); id., The Leninist Reponse to National Dependency (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, Uni-versity of California, 1978); id., ©Soviet Neo-Traditionalism: The Political Corruption of a Leninist Regime," Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 275-97; Andrew C. Yanos, ed., Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe: Uniformity and Diversity in One-Party States (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1976); A. Yanos, "Continuity and Change in Eastern Europe: Strategies of Post-Communist Politics," in Beverly Crawford, ed., Markets, States, and Democracy: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformation (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995).
48. Kenneth Jowitt, Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development: The Case of Romania, 1945-66 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); id., The Leninist Reponse to National Dependency (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, Uni-versity of California, 1978); id., ©Soviet Neo-Traditionalism: The Political Corruption of a Leninist Regime," Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 275-97; Andrew C. Yanos, ed., Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe: Uniformity and Diversity in One-Party States (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1976); A. Yanos, "Continuity and Change in Eastern Europe: Strategies of Post-Communist Politics," in Beverly Crawford, ed., Markets, States, and Democracy: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Transformation (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995).
49. John D. Bell, "Modernization Through Secularization in Bulgaria," in Augustinos, Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe, 15-32.
50. Yanos, "Social Science, Communism, and the Dynamics of Political Change," 104.
51. John R. Lampe, The Bulgarian Economy in the Twentieth Century (London: Groom Helm, 1986), 8.
52. Trying to explain this omission, Robert J. McIntyre, in Bulgaria: Politics, Economics and Society (London: Pinter, 1988), has suggested that "the pace of change in the physically obvious signs of higher living standards has been greater in Bulgaria (noting of course very different initial levels) than in countries such as Hungary whose development has been regularly and approvingly noted in the West. The failure to appreciate fully Bulgarian developments undoubtedly has manifold roots, including the geopolitical filter applied with opposite effect to countries perceived to be close to versus moving away from Soviet forms of organization. Favorable attention can be secured by either domestic or foreign policy deviation. Although there have been important economic changes in Bulgaria, they have not thus far been in the direction of a significantly greater use of market forces and so they have been largely ignored (p. 125).
53. Ibid.
54. See Lipset, Political Man, 27-45; Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), 251.
55. See Lipset, Political Man, 27-45; Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), 251.
56. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 271-72.
57. See Peter Wiles, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Fallenbuchl, ed., Economic Development in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, vol. 1 (New York: Praeger, 1975), 253-54; McIntyre, Bulgaria, 144; Michael Wyzan, "Increased Inequality, Poverty Accompany Economic Transition," Transition 2:20 (1996).
58. See Peter Wiles, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Fallenbuchl, ed., Economic Development in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, vol. 1 (New York: Praeger, 1975), 253-54; McIntyre, Bulgaria, 144; Michael Wyzan, "Increased Inequality, Poverty Accompany Economic Transition," Transition 2:20 (1996).
59. See Peter Wiles, "Introduction," in Zbigniew Fallenbuchl, ed., Economic Development in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, vol. 1 (New York: Praeger, 1975), 253-54; McIntyre, Bulgaria, 144; Michael Wyzan, "Increased Inequality, Poverty Accompany Economic Transition," Transition 2:20 (1996).
60. George T. Kurian, The New Book of World Rankings (New York: Facts on File, 1984), 101-2. A comparison between Bulgaria and Greece of the 1970s - two neighboring countries with very similar levels of socio-economic development at that time - reportedly revealed a far more uniform income distribution in Bulgarian society. Even after the richest 1 percent of the Greek population had been omitted from the sample, the ratio of the household income of the ninety-fifth percentile to the fifth percentile was 11.11:1 in Greece compared to only 4.9:1 in Bulgaria (McIntyre, Bulgaria, 144).
61. George T. Kurian, The New Book of World Rankings (New York: Facts on File, 1984), 101-2. A comparison between Bulgaria and Greece of the 1970s - two neighboring countries with very similar levels of socio-economic development at that time - reportedly revealed a far more uniform income distribution in Bulgarian society. Even after the richest 1 percent of the Greek population had been omitted from the sample, the ratio of the household income of the ninety-fifth percentile to the fifth percentile was 11.11:1 in Greece compared to only 4.9:1 in Bulgaria (McIntyre, Bulgaria, 144).
62. See, for example, Kenneth Bollen and Robert Jackman, "Political Democracy and the Size Distribution of Income," American Sociological Review 50 (August 1985): 438-57; K. Bollen and R. Jackman, "Democracy, Stability, and Dichotomies," American Sociological Review 54 (August 1989): 612-21; id., "Inequality and Democratization Revisited: Comment on Muller," American Sociological Review 60 (December 1995): 822-28.
63. See, for example, Kenneth Bollen and Robert Jackman, "Political Democracy and the Size Distribution of Income," American Sociological Review 50 (August 1985): 438-57; K. Bollen and R. Jackman, "Democracy, Stability, and Dichotomies," American Sociological Review 54 (August 1989): 612-21; id., "Inequality and Democratization Revisited: Comment on Muller," American Sociological Review 60 (December 1995): 822-28.
64. See, for example, Kenneth Bollen and Robert Jackman, "Political Democracy and the Size Distribution of Income," American Sociological Review 50 (August 1985): 438-57; K. Bollen and R. Jackman, "Democracy, Stability, and Dichotomies," American Sociological Review 54 (August 1989): 612-21; id., "Inequality and Democratization Revisited: Comment on Muller," American Sociological Review 60 (December 1995): 822-28.
65. Diamond and Linz, Democracy in Developing Countries, 38; see also n. 12 above.
66. McIntyre, Bulgaria, 129.
67. Fareed Hassan and R. Kyle Peters, "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition: The Case of Bulgaria," Europe-Asia Studies 48 (June 1996): 629-46.
68. See Lynn Turgeon, "A Quarter Century of Non-Soviet East European Agriculture," ACES Bulletin 15 (Summer 1973): 27-41; Cyril E. Black, "The Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case," in Thomas Butler, ed., Bulgaria: Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111-31; Thad P. Alton, Money Income of the Population and Standard of Living in Eastern Europe, 1970-1984. Occasional Paper No. 89. (New York: L.W. International Financial Research, 1985); Michael L. Wyzan, "The Bulgarian Experience with Centrally-planned Agriculture: Lessons for Soviet Reformers?" in Kenneth R. Gray, ed., Contemporary Soviet Agriculture: Comparative Perspectives (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988); Robert McIntyre, "The Small Enterprise and Agricultural Initiatives in Bulgaria: Institutional Invention Without Reform," Soviet Studies 40 (October 1988): 602-15; Robert McIntyre, "Economic Change in Eastern Europe: Other Paths to Socialist Construction," Science and Society 53 (Spring 1989): 5-28; Michael L. Boyd, "Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgaria," Journal of Comparative Economics 14 (March 1990): 70-87; Hassan and Peters, "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition"; Gerald W. Creed, "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria," Slavic Review 54:4 (1995): 843-68.
69. See Lynn Turgeon, "A Quarter Century of Non-Soviet East European Agriculture," ACES Bulletin 15 (Summer 1973): 27-41; Cyril E. Black, "The Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case," in Thomas Butler, ed., Bulgaria: Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111-31; Thad P. Alton, Money Income of the Population and Standard of Living in Eastern Europe, 1970-1984. Occasional Paper No. 89. (New York: L.W. International Financial Research, 1985); Michael L. Wyzan, "The Bulgarian Experience with Centrally-planned Agriculture: Lessons for Soviet Reformers?" in Kenneth R. Gray, ed., Contemporary Soviet Agriculture: Comparative Perspectives (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988); Robert McIntyre, "The Small Enterprise and Agricultural Initiatives in Bulgaria: Institutional Invention Without Reform," Soviet Studies 40 (October 1988): 602-15; Robert McIntyre, "Economic Change in Eastern Europe: Other Paths to Socialist Construction," Science and Society 53 (Spring 1989): 5-28; Michael L. Boyd, "Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgaria," Journal of Comparative Economics 14 (March 1990): 70-87; Hassan and Peters, "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition"; Gerald W. Creed, "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria," Slavic Review 54:4 (1995): 843-68.
70. See Lynn Turgeon, "A Quarter Century of Non-Soviet East European Agriculture," ACES Bulletin 15 (Summer 1973): 27-41; Cyril E. Black, "The Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case," in Thomas Butler, ed., Bulgaria: Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111-31; Thad P. Alton, Money Income of the Population and Standard of Living in Eastern Europe, 1970-1984. Occasional Paper No. 89. (New York: L.W. International Financial Research, 1985); Michael L. Wyzan, "The Bulgarian Experience with Centrally-planned Agriculture: Lessons for Soviet Reformers?" in Kenneth R. Gray, ed., Contemporary Soviet Agriculture: Comparative Perspectives (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988); Robert McIntyre, "The Small Enterprise and Agricultural Initiatives in Bulgaria: Institutional Invention Without Reform," Soviet Studies 40 (October 1988): 602-15; Robert McIntyre, "Economic Change in Eastern Europe: Other Paths to Socialist Construction," Science and Society 53 (Spring 1989): 5-28; Michael L. Boyd, "Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgaria," Journal of Comparative Economics 14 (March 1990): 70-87; Hassan and Peters, "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition"; Gerald W. Creed, "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria," Slavic Review 54:4 (1995): 843-68.
71. See Lynn Turgeon, "A Quarter Century of Non-Soviet East European Agriculture," ACES Bulletin 15 (Summer 1973): 27-41; Cyril E. Black, "The Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case," in Thomas Butler, ed., Bulgaria: Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111-31; Thad P. Alton, Money Income of the Population and Standard of Living in Eastern Europe, 1970-1984. Occasional Paper No. 89. (New York: L.W. International Financial Research, 1985); Michael L. Wyzan, "The Bulgarian Experience with Centrally-planned Agriculture: Lessons for Soviet Reformers?" in Kenneth R. Gray, ed., Contemporary Soviet Agriculture: Comparative Perspectives (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988); Robert McIntyre, "The Small Enterprise and Agricultural Initiatives in Bulgaria: Institutional Invention Without Reform," Soviet Studies 40 (October 1988): 602-15; Robert McIntyre, "Economic Change in Eastern Europe: Other Paths to Socialist Construction," Science and Society 53 (Spring 1989): 5-28; Michael L. Boyd, "Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgaria," Journal of Comparative Economics 14 (March 1990): 70-87; Hassan and Peters, "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition"; Gerald W. Creed, "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria," Slavic Review 54:4 (1995): 843-68.
72. See Lynn Turgeon, "A Quarter Century of Non-Soviet East European Agriculture," ACES Bulletin 15 (Summer 1973): 27-41; Cyril E. Black, "The Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case," in Thomas Butler, ed., Bulgaria: Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111-31; Thad P. Alton, Money Income of the Population and Standard of Living in Eastern Europe, 1970-1984. Occasional Paper No. 89. (New York: L.W. International Financial Research, 1985); Michael L. Wyzan, "The Bulgarian Experience with Centrally-planned Agriculture: Lessons for Soviet Reformers?" in Kenneth R. Gray, ed., Contemporary Soviet Agriculture: Comparative Perspectives (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988); Robert McIntyre, "The Small Enterprise and Agricultural Initiatives in Bulgaria: Institutional Invention Without Reform," Soviet Studies 40 (October 1988): 602-15; Robert McIntyre, "Economic Change in Eastern Europe: Other Paths to Socialist Construction," Science and Society 53 (Spring 1989): 5-28; Michael L. Boyd, "Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgaria," Journal of Comparative Economics 14 (March 1990): 70-87; Hassan and Peters, "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition"; Gerald W. Creed, "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria," Slavic Review 54:4 (1995): 843-68.
73. See Lynn Turgeon, "A Quarter Century of Non-Soviet East European Agriculture," ACES Bulletin 15 (Summer 1973): 27-41; Cyril E. Black, "The Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case," in Thomas Butler, ed., Bulgaria: Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111-31; Thad P. Alton, Money Income of the Population and Standard of Living in Eastern Europe, 1970-1984. Occasional Paper No. 89. (New York: L.W. International Financial Research, 1985); Michael L. Wyzan, "The Bulgarian Experience with Centrally-planned Agriculture: Lessons for Soviet Reformers?" in Kenneth R. Gray, ed., Contemporary Soviet Agriculture: Comparative Perspectives (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988); Robert McIntyre, "The Small Enterprise and Agricultural Initiatives in Bulgaria: Institutional Invention Without Reform," Soviet Studies 40 (October 1988): 602-15; Robert McIntyre, "Economic Change in Eastern Europe: Other Paths to Socialist Construction," Science and Society 53 (Spring 1989): 5-28; Michael L. Boyd, "Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgaria," Journal of Comparative
74. See Lynn Turgeon, "A Quarter Century of Non-Soviet East European Agriculture," ACES Bulletin 15 (Summer 1973): 27-41; Cyril E. Black, "The Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case," in Thomas Butler, ed., Bulgaria: Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111-31; Thad P. Alton, Money Income of the Population and Standard of Living in Eastern Europe, 1970-1984. Occasional Paper No. 89. (New York: L.W. International Financial Research, 1985); Michael L. Wyzan, "The Bulgarian Experience with Centrally-planned Agriculture: Lessons for Soviet Reformers?" in Kenneth R. Gray, ed., Contemporary Soviet Agriculture: Comparative Perspectives (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988); Robert McIntyre, "The Small Enterprise and Agricultural Initiatives in Bulgaria: Institutional Invention Without Reform," Soviet Studies 40 (October 1988): 602-15; Robert McIntyre, "Economic Change in Eastern Europe: Other Paths to Socialist Construction," Science and Society 53 (Spring 1989): 5-28; Michael L. Boyd, "Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgaria," Journal of Comparative Economics 14 (March 1990): 70-87; Hassan and Peters, "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition"; Gerald W. Creed, "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria," Slavic Review 54:4 (1995): 843-68.
75. See Lynn Turgeon, "A Quarter Century of Non-Soviet East European Agriculture," ACES Bulletin 15 (Summer 1973): 27-41; Cyril E. Black, "The Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case," in Thomas Butler, ed., Bulgaria: Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111-31; Thad P. Alton, Money Income of the Population and Standard of Living in Eastern Europe, 1970-1984. Occasional Paper No. 89. (New York: L.W. International Financial Research, 1985); Michael L. Wyzan, "The Bulgarian Experience with Centrally-planned Agriculture: Lessons for Soviet Reformers?" in Kenneth R. Gray, ed., Contemporary Soviet Agriculture: Comparative Perspectives (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988); Robert McIntyre, "The Small Enterprise and Agricultural Initiatives in Bulgaria: Institutional Invention Without Reform," Soviet Studies 40 (October 1988): 602-15; Robert McIntyre, "Economic Change in Eastern Europe: Other Paths to Socialist Construction," Science and Society 53 (Spring 1989): 5-28; Michael L. Boyd, "Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgaria," Journal of Comparative Economics 14 (March 1990): 70-87; Hassan and Peters, "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition"; Gerald W. Creed, "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria," Slavic Review 54:4 (1995): 843-68.
76. See Lynn Turgeon, "A Quarter Century of Non-Soviet East European Agriculture," ACES Bulletin 15 (Summer 1973): 27-41; Cyril E. Black, "The Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case," in Thomas Butler, ed., Bulgaria: Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111-31; Thad P. Alton, Money Income of the Population and Standard of Living in Eastern Europe, 1970-1984. Occasional Paper No. 89. (New York: L.W. International Financial Research, 1985); Michael L. Wyzan, "The Bulgarian Experience with Centrally-planned Agriculture: Lessons for Soviet Reformers?" in Kenneth R. Gray, ed., Contemporary Soviet Agriculture: Comparative Perspectives (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988); Robert McIntyre, "The Small Enterprise and Agricultural Initiatives in Bulgaria: Institutional Invention Without Reform," Soviet Studies 40 (October 1988): 602-15; Robert McIntyre, "Economic Change in Eastern Europe: Other Paths to Socialist Construction," Science and Society 53 (Spring 1989): 5-28; Michael L. Boyd, "Organizational Reform and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Bulgaria," Journal of Comparative Economics 14 (March 1990): 70-87; Hassan and Peters, "The Structure of Incomes and Social Protection during the Transition"; Gerald W. Creed, "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria," Slavic Review 54:4 (1995): 843-68.
77. See Richard Rose, Divisions within Bulgaria: A Survey of Economic and Political Behavior, Studies in Public Policy No. 199, (Glasgow, Scotland: University of Strathclyde, 1992); David S. Mason, Attitudes towards the Market and the State in Post-Communist Europe (Washington, D.C.: National Council for Soviet and European Research, 1993).
78. See Richard Rose, Divisions within Bulgaria: A Survey of Economic and Political Behavior, Studies in Public Policy No. 199, (Glasgow, Scotland: University of Strathclyde, 1992); David S. Mason, Attitudes towards the Market and the State in Post-Communist Europe (Washington, D.C.: National Council for Soviet and European Research, 1993).
79. See Mary E. McIntosh and Martha Abele Mac Iver, Transition to What? Publics Confront Change in Central and Eastern Europe. Occasional Paper No. 38 (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1993), 7-9.
80. Ibid.
81. See Kenneth Jowitt, "The Leninist Legacy," in Ivo Banac, ed., Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992); and id., New World Disorder. The Leninist Extinction (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
82. See Kenneth Jowitt, "The Leninist Legacy," in Ivo Banac, ed., Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992); and id., New World Disorder. The Leninist Extinction (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
83. Black, "The Process of Modernization," 112.
84. George R. Feiwel, Growth and Reforms in Centrally Planned Economies: The Lessons of the Bulgarian Experience (New York: Praeger, 1977).
85. John R. Lampe, "Belated Modernization in Comparison: Development in Yugoslavia and Bulgaria to 1948," in Augustinos, Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe, 33-55.
86. Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966).
87. For an insightful critique of the misapplication of the free-market dogmas of Chicago neoclassical economics to postcommunist transitions, see Alec Nove, "Economics of Transition: Some Gaps and Illusions," in Crawford, Markets, States, and Democracy.
88. John A. Bristow, The Bulgarian Economy in Transition (Cheltenham and Brookfield, Eng.: Edward Elgar, 1996), x.42. Kurian, New Book of World Rankings, 442.
89. John A. Bristow, The Bulgarian Economy in Transition (Cheltenham and Brookfield, Eng.: Edward Elgar, 1996), x.42. Kurian, New Book of World Rankings, 442.
90. Financial Times Newsletter, 4 May 1990.
91. Bristow, Bulgarian Economy in Transition, 106.
92. Kurian, New Book of World Rankings, 252.
93. M. Wesley Shoemaker, Russia, Eurasian States and Eastern Europe 1993 (Washington, D.C.: Stryker-Post, 1993), 224.
94. Lampe, Bulgarian Economy, 156; McIntyre, Bulgaria, 7-8.
95. Lampe, Bulgarian Economy, 156; McIntyre, Bulgaria, 7-8.
96. See Creed, "The Politics of Agriculture: Identity and Socialist Sentiment in Bulgaria."
97. Almost half of the land had been collectivized by 1950; this figure reached 92 percent in 1958. The campaign of land collectivization was nearly complete in 1960. Originally, some 3,450 collective farms had been established, which were merged into 932 larger units by 1958. In 1971, all collective farms were amalgamated into 161 agroindustrial complexes (AIC), each equipped with its own factories for the processing of harvests. By January 1974, Bulgaria had 170 AICs, their size ranging from 20,000 to 30,000 hectares (Shoemaker, Russia, Eurasian States and Eastern Europe, 224; J. F. Brown, "Party and Society in Hungary and Bulgaria," in Yanos, Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe, 114, n. 7; Bristow, Bulgarian Economy in Transition, 6-8).
98. Almost half of the land had been collectivized by 1950; this figure reached 92 percent in 1958. The campaign of land collectivization was nearly complete in 1960. Originally, some 3,450 collective farms had been established, which were merged into 932 larger units by 1958. In 1971, all collective farms were amalgamated into 161 agroindustrial complexes (AIC), each equipped with its own factories for the processing of harvests. By January 1974, Bulgaria had 170 AICs, their size ranging from 20,000 to 30,000 hectares (Shoemaker, Russia, Eurasian States and Eastern Europe, 224; J. F. Brown, "Party and Society in Hungary and Bulgaria," in Yanos, Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe, 114, n. 7; Bristow, Bulgarian Economy in Transition, 6-8).
99. Almost half of the land had been collectivized by 1950; this figure reached 92 percent in 1958. The campaign of land collectivization was nearly complete in 1960. Originally, some 3,450 collective farms had been established, which were merged into 932 larger units by 1958. In 1971, all collective farms were amalgamated into 161 agroindustrial complexes (AIC), each equipped with its own factories for the processing of harvests. By January 1974, Bulgaria had 170 AICs, their size ranging from 20,000 to 30,000 hectares (Shoemaker, Russia, Eurasian States and Eastern Europe, 224; J. F. Brown, "Party and Society in Hungary and Bulgaria," in Yanos, Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe, 114, n. 7; Bristow, Bulgarian Economy in Transition, 6-8).
100. Kurian, New Book of World Rankings, 351-53, 442.
101. Huntington, The Third Wave, 61.
102. Kurian, New Book of World Rankings, 98.
103. Lampe, Bulgarian Economy, 161.
104. Feiwel, Growth and Reforms in Centrally Planned Economies.
105. Andrei Pantev, "The Historical Road of the Third Bulgarian State," in Iliana Zloch-Christy, ed., Bulgaria in a Time of Change: Economic and Political Dimensions (Brookfield and Aldershot, Eng.: Avebury, 1996), 18.
106. Gyorgy Lengyel, Dobrinka Kostova, and Mladen Lazic, The Transformation of East-European Economic Elites: Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria. Research Report No. 4 (Budapest: Center for Public Affairs Studies, 1996).
107. McIntyre, Bulgaria, 147.
108. Black, "The Process of Modernization," 124.
109. Lengyel, Kostova, and Lazic, Transformation of East-European Economic Elites, 65.
110. Maria Todorova, "Improbable Maverick or Typical Conformist? Seven Thoughts on the New Bulgaria," in Banac, Eastern Europe in Revolution, 148-67.
111. See World Bank, Bulgaria: Crisis and Transition to a Market Economy. The Main Report (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1991); Kurian, New Book of World Rankings, 442.
112. See World Bank, Bulgaria: Crisis and Transition to a Market Economy. The Main Report (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1991); Kurian, New Book of World Rankings, 442.
113. Ibid.
114. Adam Przeworski et al., Snstainable Democracy (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 37.
115. Kurian, New Book of World Rankings, 371.
116. See Glen E. Curtis, Bulgaria: A Country Study (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993).
117. Todorova, "Improbable Maverick or Typical Conformist," 153.
118. Lipset, Political Man, 4.
119. Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York: Harvest, 1936), 155.
120. Frank Parkin, "System Contradiction and Political Transformation," Archives Européennes de Sociologie 13 (1972): 45-62. According to Parkin, the historical paradigmatic case is that of the socially and economically ascendant bourgeoisie which replaced a politically dominant but declining aristocracy by gaining mastery over all pillars of power-social, economic and political.
121. Ibid. For an intriguing discussion of the growing power and status of the intelligentsia in modern societies, see Gyorgy Conrad and Ivan Szelenyi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979).
122. Ibid. For an intriguing discussion of the growing power and status of the intelligentsia in modern societies, see Gyorgy Conrad and Ivan Szelenyi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979).
123. Roumen Daskalov, "Transformations of the East European Intelligentsia: Reflections on the Bulgarian Case," East European Politics and Societies 10 (Winter 1996): 46-84.
124. Ibid.
125. See Georgi Markov, Zadochni reportazhi za Bulgaria [An emigree's reports on Bulgaria], (Sofia: Profizdat, 1990).
126. Zheliu Zhelev, "Veliko vreme na inteligentsiyata" [Great time for the intelligentsia], Narodna Kultura 29 (July 1988): 22.
127. John D. Bell, "Bulgaria," in Stephen White, Judy Ban, and Paul G. Lewis, eds., Developments in East European Politics (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993), 84.
128. James H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith (New York: Basic Books, 1980).
129. As Micaela Iovine notes in "Bulgarian Literature after the Revolution," World Literature Today 65 (Spring 1991), 255: "Novelists, poets, literary critics and playwrights have become . . . political commentators and politicians .... Parliament numbers among its elected deputies 17 members of the Bulgarian Writers' Union (including Valéry Petrov, Georgi Aleksiev, Georgi Velichkov, Georgi Mishev, Elka Konstantinova, Yordan Radichkov, Marko Ganchev and Rudenko Yordanov) as well as non-Union writers such as the literary critics Edvin Sugarev and Mikhail Nedelchev, who is also an official spokesman for the opposition Union of Democratic Forces."
130. For a discussion of the role played by the East European intelligentsia in the revolutions of 1989 and their aftermath, see Vladimir Tismaneanu, Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe from Stalin to Havel (New York: The Free Press, 1992); id., "Truth, Trust, and Tolerance: Intellectuals in Post-Communist Society," Problems of Post-Communism 43 (March-April 1996): 3-12.
131. For a discussion of the role played by the East European intelligentsia in the revolutions of 1989 and their aftermath, see Vladimir Tismaneanu, Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe from Stalin to Havel (New York: The Free Press, 1992); id., "Truth, Trust, and Tolerance: Intellectuals in Post-Communist Society," Problems of Post-Communism 43 (March-April 1996): 3-12.
132. George Schopflin, "The Road from Post Communism," in Stephen Whitefield, ed., The New Institutional Architecture of Eastern Europe (New York: St. Martin Press, 1993), 193.
133. It is empirically questionable whether the national intelligentsia was economically dominant under communism. Neither the intelligentsia as a whole nor even the technicomanagerial part of it (that is, engineers, economists, production managers and other specialists) was an authentic ownership class the way that the bourgeoisie is under capitalism. Moreover, since access to elite status was under the control of the top leadership, the leading managerial and business cadres were all members of the governing party-elite. As part of the communist nomenklatura responsible for political decision making and economic management, the technocrats could hardly be regarded as a separate social group distinct from and / or opposed to the party-state bureaucracy. For reasons of definitional scope and functional equivalence, this particular group could be included in the national intelligentsia only under a comprehensive definition broadly based on educational status and professional qualifications. Members of the managerial and business elite played only a very marginal role in the democratic rev-olution (an empirical finding at variance with the earlier transitions of Southern Europe and Latin America). Therefore, the intelligentsia as a broad-based, well-educated middle class cannot be called economically dominant under communism, notwithstanding the directive function of the technocracy in the production and distribution of economic resources. Nor has the intelligentsia become politically and socio-economically dominant under the new, democratic-capitalist order (as Parkin's predictive model would lead us to anticipate), even though the top layer of this heterogenous social group is again prominent in government and business circles. In fact, compared to pre-tran-sition times, a substantial section of this formerly large middle-class stratum is now socially marginalized and materially proletarianized. Bulgaria's economic crisis in particular is responsible for the intelligentsia's sharp decline in economic status, social prestige, public credibility and even moral authority (see Daskalov, "Transformations of the East European Intelligentsia," 81-84).
134. McIntosh and Mac Iver, Transition to What? 14.
135. Yanos, "Continuity and Change in Eastern Europe," 155.
136. Peter McDonough, "Identities, Ideologies, and Interests: Democratization and the Culture of Mass Politics in Spain and Eastern Europe," The Journal of Politics 57 (August 1995): 649-76; see, also, Gabriel Almond and Sydney Verba, The Civic Culture. Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963).
137. Peter McDonough, "Identities, Ideologies, and Interests: Democratization and the Culture of Mass Politics in Spain and Eastern Europe,The Journal of Politics 57 (August 1995): 649-76; see, also, Gabriel Almond and Sydney Verba, The Civic Culture. Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963).
138. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies.
139. For a discussion of the concept of structural contradiction, see Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Democracy and Capitalism: Property, Community and the Contradictions of Modern Social Thought (New York: Basic Books, 1987), Chap. 4.
140. Todorova, "Improbable Maverick or Typical Conformist," 167.
141. Diamond, "Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered."