Transformations of the East European Intelligentsia: Reflections on the Bulgarian Case

East European Politics & Societies

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 46-84

  Daskalov, Roumen ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84976980178     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: 15338371     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325496010001003     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Aleksander Gella, “An Introduction to the Sociology of the Intelligentsia,” in Aleksander Gella, ed., The Intelligentsia and the Intellectuals (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications, 1976), 9–16.
2. “Intellectuals,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: The Macmillan Company and the Free Press, 1972), 7–8: 399
3. Seymor Lipset and Richard Dobson define the intellectuals as those “actively engaged in the creation, distribution and application of culture” in “The Intellectual as Critic and Rebel,” Daedalus 101 (Summer 1972): 137
4. see T.H. Geiger, The Stellung der Intelligenz in der Gesellschaft (Stuttgart: F. Enke Verlag, 1949), 12–13
5. Lewis Coser, Men of Ideas: A Sociologist's View (New York: Free Press, 1970), VII-X
6. Shils, “The Intellectuals and the Powers. Some Perspectives for Comparative Analysis,” in Philip Rieff, ed., On Intellectuals (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1969), 25–48
7. André Béteille, Ideologies and Intellectuals (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980), 25–51, esp. 25–30.
8. Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (Tubingen: Paul Siebeck, 1980), 304–314.
9. see Gella, “Introduction,” 12–13, 19
10. Aleksander Gella, “The Life and Death of the Old Polish Intelligentsia,” Slavic Review 30:1 (1971):4–5
11. Martin Malia, “What is the Intelligentsia?,” Daedalus 89 (Summer 1960): 441–458
12. This entire issue is reprinted as Richard Pipes, ed., The Russian Intelligentsia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961).
13. Marc Raeff, Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia: The Eighteenth-Century Nobility (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1966).
14. Gella, “Life and Death,” 5.
15. see George Konrad and Ivan Szelenyi, The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1979), 8.
16. see Genchev, Bŭlgarska vŭzrozhdenska inteligentsiia (Sofia: Izd-vo na Sofiiskiia Universitet, 1991), 23–24.
17. Gella, “Life and Death,” 4–12;
18. See also Nikolai Genchev and Krassimira Daskalova, eds., Ent-siklopedia: Bŭlgarskata vŭzrozhdenska inteligentsiia (Sofia: Petiir Beron, 1988).
19. On the Bulgarian revivalist intelligentsia, see also Rumiana Radkova, Bŭlgarskata inteligentsiia prez vŭzrazhdaneto (Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo, 1986).
20. Genchev, Bŭlgarska vŭzrozhdenska, 120–128
21. Thomas Meininger, The Formation of a Nationalist Bulgarian Intelligentsia, 1835–1878 (New York and London: Garland Publ., 1987), 120–127.
22. See Boika Sokolova, “Istoriko-sot-sialna kharakteristika na albanskata inteligentsiia prez vuzrazhdaneto,” in Genchev, ed., In-teligentsiiata v kulturologichnaperspektiva (Sofia: Izd-vo na Sofiiskiia Universitet, 1992), 221–242.
23. Miroslav Hroch, “Das Erwachen kleiner Nationen als Problem der komparativen sozialges-chichtlichen Forschung,” in Heinrich August Winkler, ed., Nationalismus (Hanstein: Verlags-gruppe Athenaum, 1978), 155–172
24. see Jan Hejda, “The Development of the Intelligentsia between the Wars: The Case of Czechoslovakia,” in Gella, ed., Intelligentsia, 211–222, esp. 215–22.
25. See, for example, Richard Pipes, “The Historical Evolution of the Russian Intelligentsia,” Daedalus 89 (Summer 1960): 487–502, esp. 488–90
26. Malia, “What is the Intelligentsia?,” 441–458
27. see Gella, “Life and Death,” 4–7.
28. see KàRoly Vörös, “Les débuts de la formation de l'intel-ligentsia moderne et son émancipation politique en Hongrie entre 1790 et 1848,” in Jacques le Goff and Béla Köpeczi, eds., Intellectuels Frangais, Intellectuels Hongrois XHI-e - XX-e siècles (Budapest: Akademiai Kiado; Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1985), 191–198
29. B. Köpeczi, “Attitudes d'intellectuels Hongrois au vingtième siècle” in le Goff and Köpeczi, eds., Intellectuels Frangais, 271–78, esp. 271–73
30. Miklos Lacko, “La composition sociale de l'intelligentsia Hongrois dans l'entre-deux-guerres” in le Goff and Köpeczi, eds., Intellectuels Frangais, 285–291.
31. See Elena Siupiur, “Obrazovan-ieto na inteligentsiiata v Jugoiztochna Evropa prez XIX vek. Rumŭnskiiat model” in Genchev, ed., Inteligentsiiata v kulturologichna, 243 ff., esp. 252.
32. See Genchev, Bulgarska vuzrozhdenska, 136–140
33. Meininger, Formation, 120–130.
34. Genchev, Bulgarska vuzrozhdenska, 148–165.
35. see Daskalova, Uchtteltat v biilgarskoto viizrazhdane (Sofia: Izd-vo na Sofiiskiia Universi-tet, 1995)
36. Angel Dimitrov, Uchilishteto, progresiit i natsionalnata revoliutsiia (Sofia: Izd-vo na Biilgarskata Akademiia na naukite, 1987), 224–265.
37. Genchev, Bulgarska vuzrozhdenska, 143–148, 165–90.
38. Genchev, Bŭlgarska vŭzrozhdenska, 178–181.
39. Siupiur, “Obrazovanieto,” 247–248, 257–59.
40. Serbia, Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Macedonia, a kind of peasant self-enlightenment in his “The Enlightenment in the Balkans. Some Considerations,” East European Quarterly 9:4 (Winter 1985); 499–507, esp. 507.
41. Dimitrov, Uchilishteto, 153–155, 168–72.
42. see Meininger, Formation, 142–147.
43. see Anthony Smith, National Identity (London, New York: Penguin, 1991), 93–98, 119–22.
44. See Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), 97–101.
45. Gella, “Life and Death,” 18–19-
46. On the role of Greek education for the Bulgarians, see James Clarke, The Pen and the Sword. Studies in Bulgarian History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 50–52
47. Meininger, Formation, 68–76
48. Obreshko Obreshkov, “Novogradskite uchilishta i roliata im za razvitieto na obrazovanieto i pedagogicheskata misŭl u nas,” in Naiden Chakŭrov, ed., Istoriia na obrazovan-ieto i pedagogicheskata misŭl v Bŭlgaria (Sofia: Narodra Prosveta, 1975), 1:156–181.
49. See Grigor Pŭrlichev, “Avtobiografiia,” in his Izbrani Proizvedeniia (Sofia: Bŭlgarski Pisatel, 1970), 199–290, esp. 228–35. (The autobiography was written between April 1884 and May, 1885.)
50. On the role of Constantinople in the political life of the Bulgarians, see Toncho Zhechev, Bŭlgarskiiat Velikden Hi strastite bŭlgarski (Plovdiv: Khristo G. Danov, 1975)
51. Nikola Nachov, “Tsarigrad kato kulturen tsentiir na bŭlgarite do 1877 godina,” in Sb. BAN XIX:12 (1925), 1–206
52. On the church question, see Petŭr Nikov, Vŭzrazhdane na bŭlgarskiia narod. Tzŭrkovno-natsionalni borbi i postizheniia (Sofia: S. Slavchev, 1929).
53. See also Cyril Black, The Establishment of Constitutional Government in Bulgaria (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943), 31–47.
54. Genchev, Bŭlgarska vŭzrozhdenska, 191–219
55. Genchev, Ochertsi. Sotsialno-psikhologicheski tipove v bŭlgarskata istoriia (Sofia: Izd-vo Septemvri, 1987), 143–144
56. Dimitrov, Uchilishteto, 256–260.
57. Iliia Todorov, ed., Neofit Bozveli, G.S. Rakovski. Dobri Chintulov, Bacho Kiro Petrov, Vasil Drumev v spomenite na sŭvremenitsite si (Sofia: Bŭlgarski Pisatel, 1979), 352–353.
58. see Gella, “Introduction,” 17–18 and 22.
59. See Meininger, Formation, 142–147.
60. see Gella, “Introduction,” 14–15
61. Gella, “Life and Death,” 15–19.
62. On the Czech and Slovak cases, see Hejda, “Development,” 214.
63. For expression of this ideal, see Hristo Danov, Za teb milt rode (Plovdiv: Khristo G. Danov, 1978), 131
64. Petŭr Berkovski, Iz vŭzpomenaniiata mi (Lom, 1894), 8
65. Obreshko Obreshkov, “Bacho Kiro-pedagog i chitalishten deiatel,” in Andrei Tzvetkov and Georgy Dimov, eds., Bacho Kiro. (Tŭrnovo, 1967), 63
66. Iliia Blŭskov, Spomeni (Sofia: Otechestven Front, 1976), 100
67. Ivan Geshov, Spomeni iz godini na borbi ipobedi (Sofia, 1916), 28
68. Nikolai Zhechev, ed., Avtobio-grafii. Atanas Ivanov, Rashko II. Blŭskov. Jurdan Nenov (Sofia: Otechestven Front, 1979), 107.
69. Nikola Gabrovski, in Nravstoenata zadacha na inteligentsiiata, (Sofia, 1889), esp. 21–24, 42–43.
70. Todor Vlaikov, “Nashata inteligentsiia,” Demokraticheski pregled 18:5 (1926):289–309, esp. 292–94.
71. See also Anton Sterbling, “Überle-gungen zur Schlüsselbedeutung der Intelligenz in Südosteuropa,” Südosteuropa 42:1 (1993); 42–58, esp. 53–54.
72. Genchev, Ochertsi, 145–147.
73. Meininger, Formation, 286–310.
74. Albert Lord, “Nationalism and the Muses in Balkan Slavic Literature in the Modern Period,” in Charles and Barbara Jelavich, eds., The Balkans in Transition. (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1974), 258–298.
75. For a description of the intellectual “habitus” of the Southeastern intelligentsia, see Sterbling, “Überlegungen,” 42–58, esp. 53.
76. Genchev, Bŭlgarskata kultura XV-XIX v. (Sofia: Izd-vo na Sofiiskiia Universitet, 1988), 207–209, 218–45
77. Genchev, Ochertsi., 147
78. Meininger, Formation, 286–310.
79. Veselin Traikov, Ideologicheski techeniia i programi v natsionalno-osvoboditelnite dvizbeniia na Balkanite do 1878 godina (Sofia, 1978), esp. 21–41.
80. For a discussion of this differentiation, see John Plamenatz, “Two types of Nationalism” in Eugène Kamenka, ed., Nationalism, The Nature and Evolution of an Idea (London: Edward Arnold, 1976).
81. Smith, National Identity, 123–130
82. Pierre Kende, “Politicheskata natsia,” Iztok-Iztok 2:2 (1991): 76–77.
83. Iliia Konev, Bŭlgarskoto Vŭzrazhdane i prosveshtepieto (Sofia: Izd-vo na Bŭlgarskata Akademiia na naukite, 1983), 62–63
84. Boika Sokolova, “Albanskata vuzrozhdenska inteligentsiia v Bŭlgaria,” in Studia balkanica (Sofia, 1979), 14:96–123.
85. Gella, “Life and Death,” 15, 17, 20.
86. See Sokolova, “Profesionalna struktura na albanskata vŭzrozhdenska inteligentsiia,” in Studia balkanica (Sofia, 1985), 18:71–93, esp. 89–91.
87. On Balkan romanticism, see Iliia Konev, “Za natsionalno-patriotichnoto i obshtochoveshkoto v romantichnata poeziia na balkanskite narodi” in Iliia Konev, Nie sred drugite i te sred nas (Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo, 1972), 44–63
88. Konev, Bŭlgarskoto vŭzrazhdane, esp. 58–65.
89. Sugar, “Enlightenment,” 499–507.
90. Lord, “Nationalism and the Muses,” 272–276.
91. On the Serbian influence in Bulgaria, see Boian Penev, “Dositei Obradovich u nas,” Spisanie na Bŭlgarskata Akademiia na Naukite III (1912): 73–112
92. foreign influences on the Bulgarian revival, see Penev, htoriia na novata bŭlgarska literatura (Sofia, 1977), 2:60–163
93. Stavro Skendi, “The Emergence of Modern Balkan Literary Languages'A Comparative Approach,” in Stavro Skendi, Balkan Cultural Studies East European Monographs (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), 3–22.
94. Constantin Trypanis, “Greek Literature since the Fall of Constantinople in 1453,” in Jelavich, eds., The Balkans, 227–57, esp. 240–45, 250.
95. Clarke, “The Pen and the Sword,” 48–51.
96. Todor Vlaikov, “Sluchaini belezhki. Po viiprosa za inteligentsiiata ni,” Demokraticheski pregled 8:1 (1910): 99–106.
97. Petŭr Dzhidrov, “Ideal-izmut v politikata,” Arhiv za stopanska i sotsialna politika 5:4 (1929): 299–300.
98. Iliev, “Narodnostno obosobiavane na bŭlgarskata kultura,” Bŭlgarska misŭl 11:1 (1936): esp. 3–6
99. Iliev, “Narodnost i kultura,” Bŭlgarska misŭl 10:7–8 (1935): 453
100. Konstantin Petkanov, “Bŭlgarskata kultura i chuzhdentsite,” Izkustvo i kritika 1 (April 1938): 183-
101. Dimitiŭr Avramov, “Stil-dekorativiziim-nat-sionalen dukh,” in Avramov, Dialog mezhdu dve izkustva (Sofia: Bŭlgarski Pisatel, 1993), 17–79
102. Avramov, “Dvizhenieto ‘rodno izkustvo’’estetika i perspektivi,” in Avramov, Dialog mezhdu, 205–245.
103. Keith Hitchins, Rumania 1866–1947 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 292–334.
104. Krustiu Dimitrov, Bŭlgarskata inteligentsiia prez kapitalizma (Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo, 1974), 141–156
105. Genchev, Ochersti, 147–49, 170–73.
106. Konstantin Petkanov, “Bŭlgarskata inteligentsiia kato rozhba i otritsanie na nasheto selo,” Filosofskipregled 4:2 (1932): 124–135
107. Iliev, “Inteligentsiia i narod,” Prosveta 7:8–10 (1942): 861–70
108. Iliev, “Problemata za psikhologiiata na suvremennite bŭlgari,” Prosveta 5:7 (1940): 769–781
109. Nikola Aganski, “Trite pokoleniia,” Archiv za stopanska i sotsialna politika 19:4 (1937): 236–244.
110. Boian Penev, “Nashata inteligentsiia,” Zlatorog 1 (1924): 6–9
111. Penev, “Uvod v biilgarskata literatura sled osvobozhdenieto,” in Godishnik na Universiteta Sv. Kliment Ohridski. Istoriko-Filologicheski fakultet (1942) 38:42–43.
112. Genchev, Bŭlgarskata kultura, 257–274.
113. Genchev, Ochersti, 153, 156.
114. Vlaikov, “Filstvo i fobstvo, chuvsvta i interesi,” Demokraticheskipregled 12:2 (1915): 105–117.
115. Dimitrov, Bŭlgarskata inteligentsiia, 156–174.
116. L. Tzvetarov, “Pŭtishtata na bŭlgarskata inteligentsia,” Filo-sofski pregled 9:1 (1939): 36–38.
117. Sakiizov, Inteligentsiiata i neinata rolia v obshtestvoto, 17–29.
118. I. Kepov, Nashata deistvitelnost (Plovdiv, 1927), 91–94.
119. Conrad and Szelenyi, The Intellectuals on the Road, 126–127.
120. Tzankov, Mladezhta v nasheto dvizhenie (Sofia, 1934)
121. Tzankov, Nashiiat pŭt (Sofia, 1932).
122. Dimitrov, Bŭlgarskata inteligentsiia, 162–165.
123. Nikola Aleksiev, Nashata uchilishna politika (Sofia, 1912), 34–35
124. Genchev, Ochersti, 154–155, 164–68
125. Genchev, Bŭlgarska vŭzrozhdenka, 283–284.
126. Richard Pipes, “The Historical Evolution of the Russian Intelligentsia,” Daedalus 89 (Summer 1960): 490–492.
127. On the character of Bulgarian education, see Aleksiev, Nashata uchilishna, 20–33, 288–91, 296–307, 316–21.
128. Kepov, Nashata deistvitelnost, 94–96.
129. Tzvetarov, “Pŭtishtata,” 49–50.
130. Dimitrov, Bŭlgarskata inteligentsiia, 52–53.
131. Dimitrov, Bŭlgarskata inteligentsiia, 52.
132. Sterbling, “Uberlegungen,” 42–58, esp. 52–53.
133. Vlaikov, “Nashata inteligentsiia,” 289–309
134. Vlaikov, “Chovekut ot inteligentsiiata,” Prosveta 4:2 (1938): 140–143
135. Gabrovski, Nravstvenata zadacha (Sofia, 1889)
136. Dzhidrov, “Idealizmut,” 295–301
137. Krŭstiu Krŭstev, “Bŭlgarskata inte-ligentsia,” Misŭl 8:1 (1898): 3–13.
138. Kepov, Nashata deistvitelnost, 94–131.
139. Dimitrov, Bŭlgarskata tnteltgentsiia, 95–110, 125–28.
140. Dzhidrov, “Printsipi i zabluzhdeniia v politkata,” Archiv za stopanska i sotsialna politika, 9:1 (1934): 12–13.
141. Gella, “Life and Death,” 20.
142. Sterbling, “Überlegungen,” 57–58.
143. Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966), 16–21, 353–55.
144. John Bell, “Modernization through Secularization in Bulgaria,” in Gerasimos Augustinos, ed., Diverse Paths to Modernity in Southeastern Europe (New York; Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood, 1991), 15–32
145. Cyril Black, “Process of Modernization: The Bulgarian Case,” in T. Butler, ed., Bulgaria, Past and Present (Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976), 111–131.
146. For an expert treatment of the social laws in Bulgaria, see Iliia Janulov, Razvitie na sotsialnoto zakonodatelstvo v Bŭlgaria (Sofia, 1939).
147. Vasil Ivanov, Sotsialnata struktura. Inteligentsiiata pri izgrazhdane na razvito sotsialistichesko obsh-testvo (Sofia: Profizdat, 1981), 103–104.
148. Ivanov, Sotsialnata struktura, 125–126.
149. Dimitŭr Avramov, Koia kultura da spasiavame?, Literaturen Forum, 10, 17, and 24 May 1995.
150. Konrad and Szelenyi, Intellectuals, 145–233.
151. Znepolski, “Opium,” 17–21.
152. Georgy Markov, Zadochni Reportazhi za Bŭlgaria (Sofia: Profizdat, 1990), 397–438.
153. Znepolski, “Opium,” 17–21.
154. Michael Kennedy, “Eastern Europe's Lessons for Critical Intellectuals,” in Charles Lemert, ed., Intellectuals and Politics (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 199D, 98–105.
155. See Ekaterina Boncheva et al., eds. Svideteli. Sbornik ot dokumentalni razkazi za kontslagerite v Bŭlgaria (Sofia: Izd-vo na vestnik “Demokratsiia,” 1991).
156. see A. Serafimova, “Filosofiia i praktika na edin politicheski klub,” Izbor 2:5–6 (1991): 62–67.
157. For arguments on this, see M. Vaida, “Intelektualets ili politik,” Izbor 2:4–5 (1991): 42–46
158. E. Hartmanova, “Da osvobodim intelek-tualtsite,” Izbor l-A-‘b (1991): 48–49
159. V. Vladika, “Posleden probeg,” Izbor 2:5–6 (1991): 50–52.