Western United States extension: How the west was widened

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volumn 27, Issue , 1999, Pages 417-462

  Sonder, Leslie J ^a   Jones, Craig H ^b  

^a Dartmouth College ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Basin and Range; Driving forces; Extensional tectonics; Geodynamics

Indexed keywords

CENOZOIC; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033400220     PISSN: 00846597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.417     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. Allmendinger RW. 1992. Fold and thrust tectonics of the western United States exclusive of the accreted terranes. In The Cordilleran Oragen: Conterminous U.S., ed. BC Burchfiel, PW Lipman, ML Zoback. pp. 583-607. Geology of North America. Vol. G3. Boulder, Colorado: Geol. Soc. Am.
2. Anders MH, Sleep NH. 1992. Magmatism and extension: The thermal and mechanical effects of the Yellowstone hotspot J. Geophys. Res. 97:15,379-15,393
3. Anderson RE. 1971. Thin skin distension in Tertiary rocks of southeastern Nevada. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 82:43-58
4. Applegate JDR, Hodges KV. 1995. Mesozoic and Cenozoic extension recorded by metamorphic rocks in the Funeral Mountains, California. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 107:1063-76
5. Argus DF, Gordon RG. 1991. Current Sierra Nevada-North America motion from very long baseline interferometry: Implications for the kinematics of the western United States. Geology 19:1085-88
6. Argus DF, Gordon RG. 1996. Test of the rigidplate hypothesis and bounds on intraplate deformation using geodetic data from very long, baseline interferometry. J Geophys. Res. 101:13,555-13,572
7. Armstrong RL. 1972. Low-angle (denudation) faults, hinterland of the Sevier orogenic belt, eastern Nevada and western Utah. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 83:1729-54
8. Armstrong RL, Ward P. 1991. Evolving geographic patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the North American Cordillera: The temporal and spatial association of magmatism and metamorphic core complexes. J. Geophys. Res. 96:13,201-13,224
9. Artyushkov EV. 1973. Stresses in the lithosphere caused by crustal thickness inhomogeneities. J. Geophys. Res. 78:7675-7708
10. Asmerom Y, Jacobsen SB, Wemicke BP. 1994. Variations in magma source regions during large-scale continental extension, Death Valley region, western United States. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 125:235-54
11. Asmerom Y, Walker RJ. 1998. Pb and Os isotopic constraints on the composition and rheology of the lower crust. Geology 26:359-62
12. Atwater T. 1970. Implications of plate tectonics for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 81:3513-36
13. Atwater T, Molnar P. 1973. Relative motion of the Pacific and North American plates deduced from sea-floor spreading in the Atlantic, Indian, and south Pacific Oceans. In Conference on Tectonic Problems of the San Andreas Fault System, ed. RL Kovach, A Nur, 13:136-48. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Publ. Geol. Sci.
14. Atwater T, Stock J. 1998. Pacific-North America plate tectonics of the Neogene southwestem United States: An update. International Geology Review 40:375-402
15. Axelrod DI. 1966. The Eocene Copper Basin flora of northeastern Nevada. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Geol. Sci. 59:125. Berkeley, CA: Univ. Calif. Press
16. Axelrod DI. 1991. The Middle Miocene Pyramid flora of western Nevada. In Univ. Calif. Pubs. Geol. Sci. 137:50. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of Calif. Press
17. Axen GJ, Taylor WJ, Bartley JM. 1993. Space-time patterns and tectonic controls of Tertiary extension and magmatism in the Great Basin of the western United States. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 105:56-76
18. Bai W, Vigny C, Ricard Y, Froidevaux C 1992. On the origin of deviatoric stresses in the lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 97:11,729-11,737
19. Barazangi M, Isacks BL. 1976. Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South America. Geology 4:686-92
20. Beard BL, Johnson CM. 1997. Hafnium isotope evidence for the origin of Cenozoic basaltic lavas from the southwestern United States. J. Geophys. Res. 102:20,149-20,178
21. Beard LS. 1996. Paleogeography of the Horse Spring Formation in relation to the Lake Mead fault system, Virgin Mountains, Nevada and Arizona. In Reconstructing the history of Basin and Range extension using sedimentology and stratigraphy., ed. KK Beratan, 303.1-14. Geological Society of America Special Paper. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
22. Bennett RA, Wernicke BP, Davis JL. 1998. Continuous GPS measurements of contemporary deformation across the northern Basin and Range province. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25:563-66
23. Bennett RA, Wernicke BP, Davis JL, Elósegui P, Snow JK, et al. 1997. Global Positioning System constraints on fault slip rates in the Death Valley region, California and Nevada. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24:3073-76
24. Bergquist JR, Nitkiewicz AM. 1982. Geologic map of the Domeland Wilderness and contiguous roadless areas, Kern and Tulare counties, California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Field Map. MF-1395A
25. Best MG. 1988. Early Miocene change in direction of least principal stress, southwestern United States: Conflicting inferences from dikes and metamorphic coredetachment fault terranes. Tectonics 7:249-59
26. Best MG, Christiansen EH. 1991. Limited extension during peak Tertiary volcanism, Great Basin of Nevada and Utah. J. Geophys. Res. 96:13,509-13,528
27. Bird P. 1988. Formation of the Rocky Mountains, western United States: A continuum computer model. Science 239:1501-7
28. Bird P. 1998. Testing hypotheses on plate-driving mechanisms with global lithosphere models including topography, thermal structure, and faults. J. Geophys. Res. 103:10,115-10,129
29. Bird P, Piper K. 1980. Plane-stress finite element models of tectonic flow in southern California. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 21:158-75
30. Blackwell DD, Steele JL. 1991. Geothermal map of North America, Map CSM-007, 4 sheets. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
31. Block L, Roy den LH. 1990. Core complex geometries and regional scale flow in the lower crust. Tectonics 9:557-67
32. Bogen NL, Schweickert RA. 1985. Magnitude of crustal extension across the northern Basin and Range Province: Constraints from paleomagnetism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 75:93-100
33. Bohannon RG, Geist E. 1998. Upper crustal structure and Neogene tectonic development of the California continental borderland. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 110:779-800
34. Bohannon RG, Parsons T. 1995. Tectonic implications of post-30 Ma Pacific and North American relative plate motions. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 107:937-59
35. Bott MHR, Dean DS. 1972. Stress systems at young continental margins. Nature 235:23-25
36. Bradshaw TK, Hawkesworth CJ, Gallagher K. 1993. Basaltic volcanism in the Southern Basin and Range: no role for a mantle plume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 116:45-62
37. Burchfiel BC, Cowan DS, Davis GA. 1992. Tectonic overview of the Cordilleran orogen in the western United States. In The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S., ed. BC Burchfiel, PW Lipman, ML Zoback, The Geology of North America G-3:407-79. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
38. Burke KJ, Axen GJ. 1997. Structural geometry resulting from episodic extension in the northern Chief Range area, eastern Nevada. In Geologic studies in the Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition in southeastern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and northwestern Arizona, 1995, ed. F Maldonado, LD Nealey. p. 265-88 U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. Vol. 2153. Reston, VA: U.S. Geol. Surv.
39. Bursik M, Sieh K. 1989. Range-front faulting and volcanism in the Mono basin, eastern California. J. Geophys. Res. 94:15,587-15,609
40. Camilleri PA, Chamberlain KR. 1997. Mesozoic tectonics and metamorphism in the Pequop Mountains and Wood Hills region, Northeast Nevada; implications for the architecture and evolution of the Sevier Orogen. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 109:74-94
41. Cathles LM 1975. The Viscosity of the Earth's Mantle. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 386 pp.
42. Christiansen RL, Yeats RS. 1992. Post-Laramide geology of the U. S. Cordilleran region. In The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous United States, ed. BC Burchfiel, PW Lipman, ML Zoback, G-3:261-406. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
43. Clark MM, Yount JC, Vaughan PR, Zepeda RL. 1982. Map showing surface ruptures associated with the Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquakes of May 1980. Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1396. Reston, VA: U.S. Geol. Surv.
44. Clark TA, Gordon D, Himwich WE, Ma C, Mallama A. Ryan JW. 1987. Determination of relative site motions in the western United States using Mark II Very Long Baseline Interferometry. J. Geophys. Res. 92:12,741-12,750
45. Coblentz DD, Richardson RM, Sandiford M. 1994. On the gravitational potential of the Earth's lithosphere. Tectonics 13:929-45
46. Coney PJ, Harms TA. 1984. Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: Cenozoic extensional relics of Mesozoic compresssion. Geology 12:550-54
47. Coney PJ, Reynolds SJ. 1977. Cordilleran Benioff zones. Nature 270:403-6
48. Conrad CP, Molnar P. 1997, The growth of Rayleigh-Taylor-type instabilities in the lithosphere for various rheological and density structures. Geophys. J. Int. 129:95-112
49. Constenius KN. 1996. Late Paleogene extensional collapse of the Cordilleran foreland fold and thrust belt. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 108:20-39
50. Coogan JC, DeCelles PG. 1996. Extensional collapse along the Sevier Desert reflection, northern Sevier Desert basin, Western United States, Geology 24:933-36
51. Daley EE, De Paolo DJ. 1992. Isotopic evidence for lithospheric thinning during extension: Southeastern Great Basin. Geology 20:104-8
52. DeLong SE, Fox PJ, McDowell FW. 1978. Subduction of the Kula Ridge at the Aleutian Trench. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 89:83-95
53. DeMets C, Gordon RG, Argus DF, Stein S. 1994. Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21:2191-94
54. Dickinson WR. 1997. Tectonic implications of Cenozoic volcanism in coastal California. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 109:936-54
55. Dickinson WR, Snyder WS. 1978. Plate tectonics of the Laramide orogeny. In Laramide Folding Associated with Basement Block Faulting in the Western United States, ed. V Matthews, Geol. Soc. Amer Mem. 151:355-66. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
56. Dickinson WR, Snyder WS. 1979a, Geometry of subducted slabs related to San Andreas transform. J. Geol. 87:609-27
57. Dickinson WR, Snyder WS. 1979b. Geometry of triple junctions related to San Andreas transform. J. Geophys. Res. 84:561-72
58. Dilles JH, Gans PB. 1995. The chronology of Cenozoic volcanism and deformation in the Yerington area, western Basin and Range and Walker Lane. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 107:474-86
59. Dixon JM, Farrar E. 1980. Ridge subduction, eduction, and the Neogene tectonics of southwestern North America. Tectono-physics 67:81-99
60. Dixon TH, Robaudo S, Lee J, Reheis MC. 1995. Constraints on present-day Basin and Range deformation from space geodesy. Tectonics 14:755-72
61. Dokka RK, Ross TM. 1995. Collapse of southwestern North America and the evolution of early Miocene detachment faults, metamorphic core complexes, the Sierra Nevada orocline, and the San Andreas fault system. Geology 23:1075-78
62. Dokka RK, Ross TM. 1996. Collapse of southwestern North America and the evolution of early Miocene detachment faults, metamorphic core complexes, the Sierra Nevada orocline, and the San Andreas fault system: Reply. Geology 24:859-60
63. Dubiel RF, Potter CJ, Good SC, Snee LW. 1996. Reconstructing an Eocene extensional basin; the White Sage Formation, eastern Great Basin. In Reconstructing the history of Basin and Range extension using sedimentology and stratigraphy. ed. KK Beratan, Special Paper-Geological Society of America, 303:1-14. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
64. Dumitru TA. 1988. Subnormal geothermal gradients in the Great Valley forearc basin, California, during Franciscan subduction: A fission track study. Tectonics 7:1201-21
65. Dumitru TA. 1990. Subnormal Cenozoic geothermal gradients in the extinct Sierra Nevada magmatic arc: Consequences of Laramide and post-Laramide shallow angle subduction. J. Geophys. Res. 95:4925-41
66. Dumitru TA, Gans PB, Foster DA, Miller EA. 1991. Refrigeration of the western Cordilleran lithosphere during Laramide shallow angle subduction. Geology 19:1145-48
67. Eaton GP. 1982. The Basin and Range province: Origin and tectonic significance. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 10:409-40
68. Eddington PK, Smith RB, Renggli C. 1987. Kinematics of Basin and Range intraplate extension. In Continental Extensional Tectonics, ed. MP Coward, JF Dewey, PL Hancock. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub. 28:371-92. Oxford: Geol. Soc. Lond.
69. Engebretson DC, Cox A, Gordon RG. 1984. Relative motions between oceanic plates of the Pacific basin. J. Geophys. Res. 89:10,291-10,310
70. England PC, Houseman GA, Sonder LJ. 1985. Length scales for continental deformation in convergent, divergent, and strike-slip environments: Analytical and approximate solutions for a thin viscous sheet model. J. Geophys. Res. 90:3551-57
71. England PC, Jackson J. 1989. Active deformation of the continents. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 17:197-226
72. England PC, Houseman GA. 1986, Finite strain calculations of continental deformation 2. Comparison with the India-Asia collision. J. Geophys. Res. 91:3664-76
73. England PC, McKenzie DP. 1982. A thin viscous shell model for continental deformation. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 70:295-321
74. Farmer GL, Perry FV, Semken S, Crowe B, Curtis D, DePaolo DJ. 1989. Isotopic evidence on the structure and origin of subcontinental lithospheric mantle in southern Nevada. J. Geophys. Res. 94:7885-98
75. Fitton JG, James D, Leeman WP. 1991. Basic magmatism associated with late Cenozoic extension in the western United States: Compositional variations in space and time. J. Geophys. Res. 96:13,693-711
76. Fleitout L, Froidevaux C. 1982. Tectonics and topography for a lithosphere containing density heterogeneities. Tectonics 1:21-56
77. Forest CE, Molnar P, Emanuel KA. 1995, Paleoaltimetry from energy conservation principles. Nature 374:347-50
78. Frei LS. 1986. Additional paleomagnetic results from the Sierra Nevada: Further constraints on Basin and Range extension and northward displacement in the western United States. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 97:840-49
79. Furlong KP, Hugo WD, Zandt G. 1989. Geometry and evolution of the San Andreas fault zone in northern California. J. Geophys. Res. 94:3100-10
80. Gans PB. 1987. An open-system, two-layer crustal stretching model for the eastern Great Basin. Tectonics 6:1-12
81. Gans PB, Bohrson WA. 1998. Suppression of volcanism during rapid extension in the Basin and Range Province, United States. Science 279:66-68
82. Gans PB, Mahood GA, Schermer E. 1989. Synextensional magmatism in the Basin and Range Province; A case study from the eastern Great Basin. In Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper, 233:53. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
83. Glazner AF, Bartley, JM. 1984. Timing and tectonic setting of Tertiary low-angle normal faulting and associated magmatism in the southwestern United States. Tectonics 3:385-96
84. Glazner AF, Loomis DP. 1984. Effect of subduction of the Mendocino fracture zone on Tertiary sedimentation in Southern California. Sediment. Geol. 38:287-303
85. Gordon D, Ma C, Ryan JW. 1993. Results from the CDP Mobile VLBI Program in the Western United States. In Contributions of space geodesy to geodynamics: crustal dynamics, ed. DE Smith, DL Turcotte, Geodynamics Series. 23.131-8. Washington, DC: Amer. Geophys. Un.
86. Greensfelder RW, Kintzer FC, Somerville MR. 1970a. Seismotectonic regionallzation of the Great Basin, and comparison of moment rates computed from Holocene strain and historic seismicity. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 91:2039-111 (part II)
87. Greensfelder RW, Kintzer FC, Somerville MR. 1970b. Seismotectomc regionalization of the Great Basin, and comparison of moment rates computed from Holocene strain and historic seismicity: Summary. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 91:518-23 (part I)
88. Gregory-Wodzicki KM. 1997. The late Eocene House Range Flora, Sevier Desert, Utah: Paleoclimate and paleoelevation Palaios 12:552-67
89. Gurnis M. 1990. Bounds on global dynamic topography from Phanerozoic flooding of continental platforms. Nature 344:754-56
90. Gurnis M. 1992. Rapid continental subsidence following the initiation and evolution of subduction. Science 255:1556-58
91. Hager BH. 1991. Mantle viscosity: A comparison of models from postglacial rebound and from the geoid, plate driving forces, and advected heat flux. In Glacial Isostasy, Sea-Level and Mantle Rheology, ed. R Sabadini, K Lambeck, E Boschi, NATO ASI Series p. 493-513. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers
92. Hamilton W, Myers WB. 1966. Cenozoic tectonics of the western United States. Rev. Geophys. 4:509-49
93. Hamilton WB. 1987. Crustal extension in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States. In Continental extensional tectonics, ed. MP Coward, JF Dewey, PL Hancock. Geol. Soc. London Sp. Pub. 28:155-76. Oxford, UK: Geol. Soc. Lond.
94. Hill DP, Eaton JP, Ellsworth WL, Cockerham RS, Lester FW, Corbett EG. 1991. The seismotectonic fabric of central California. In Neotectonics of North America, ed. DB Slemmons, ER Engdahl, MD Zoback, DD Blackwell, Decade Map Volume 1:107-32. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
95. Hodges KV, Walker JD. 1992. Extension in the Cretaceous Sevier orogen, North American Cordillera. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 104:560-69
96. House MA, Weraicke BP, Farley KA, Dumitru TA. 1997. Cenozoic thermal evolution of the central Sierra Nevada from (U-Th)/He thermochronometry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 151:167-79
97. Houseman GA, England PC. 1986. A dynamical model for lithosphere extension and sedimentary basin formation. J. Geophys. Res. 91:719-29
98. Houseman GA, McKenzie DP, Molnar P. 1981. Convective instability of a thickened boundary layer and its relevance for the thermal evolution of continental convergent belts. J. Geophys. Res. 86:6115-32
99. Houseman GA, Molnar P. 1997. Gravitational (Rayleigh-Taylor) instability of a layer with non-linear viscosity and convective thinning of continental lithosphere. Geophys. J. Int. 128:125-50
100. Humphreys ED 1995. Post-Laramide removal of the Farallon slab, western United States. Geology 23:987-90
101. Ingersoll RV. 1982. Triple-junction instability as cause for late Cenozoic extension and fragmentation of the western United States, Geology 10:621-24
102. Janecke SU 1992. Kinematics and timing of three superposed extensional systems, east central Idaho; evidence for an Eocene tectonic transition. Tectonics 11:1121-38
103. Janecke SU. 1994. Sedimentation and paleogeography of an Eocene to Oligocene rift zone, Idaho and Montana. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 106:1083-95
104. Jones CH. 1987. Is extension in Death Valley accommodated by thinning of the mantle lithosphere beneath the Sierra Nevada, California? Tectonics 6:449-73
105. Jones CH, Phinney RA. 1998. Constraints on the seismic structure of the lithosphere from teleseismic converted arrivals observed at small arrays in the southern Sierra Nevada and vicinity, California. J. Geophys. Res. 103:10,065-90
106. Jones CH, Sonder LJ, Unruh JR. 1998, Lithospheric gravitational potential energy and past orogenesis: Implications for conditions of initial Basin and Range and Laramide deformation. Geology 26:639-42
107. Jones CH, Unruh JR, Sonder LJ. 1996. The role of gravitational potential energy in active deformation in the southwestern United States. Nature 381:37-41
108. Jones CH, Wernicke BP, Farmer GL, Walker JD, Coleman DS, et al. 1992. Variations across and along a major continental rift: An interdisciplinary study of the Basin and Range Province, western USA. Tectono-physics 213:57-96
109. Jones LM, Dollar RS. 1986. Evidence of basin-and-range extensional tectonics in the Sierra Nevada; the Durrwood Meadows swarm, TuIare County, California (1983-1984). Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 76:439-61
110. Keith SB. 1978 Paleosubduction geometries inferred from Cretaceous and Tertiary magmatic patterns in southwestern United States, Geology 6:516-21
111. Le Pichon X. 1982. Land-locked oceanic basins and continental collision: The eastern Mediterranean as a case example. In Mountain Building Processes, ed. KJ Hsü, p. 201-11. New York: Academic Press. 263 pp.
112. Le Stunff Y, Richard Y, 1997. Partial advection of equidensity surfaces: A solution for the dynamic topography problem? J. Geophys. Res. 102:24,655-24,667
113. 39Ar thermochronology, northern Snake Range, Nevada, Tectonics 14:54-77
114. Lipman PW. 1992. Magmatism in the Cordilleran United States; Progress and problems. In The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S., ed. BC Burchfiel, PW Lipman, ML Zoback, The Geology of North America G3:481-514. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer 724 pp.
115. Liu M. 1996. Dynamic interactions between crustal shortening, extension, and magmatism in the North American Cordillera. Pure and Applied Geophysics 146:447-67
116. Liu M, Shen Y. 1998. Crustal collapse, mantle upwelling, and Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera Tectonics 17:311-21
117. Livaccari RF. 1979. Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the western United States Geology 7:72-75
118. Livaccari RF, Perry FV. 1993. Isotopic evidence for preservation of Cordilleran lithospheric mantle during the Sevier-Laramide orogeny, western United States, Geology 21:719-22
119. Lonsdale P. 1991. Structural patterns of the Pacific floor offshore of Peninsular California. In The Gulf and Peninsular Province of the Californias, ed. JP Dauphin, BRT Simoneit, p. 87-125. Amer. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Mem. Vol. 47. Tulsa, OK: Amer. Assoc. Pet. Geol.
120. MacCready T, Snoke AW, Wright JE, Howard KA. 1997. Mid-crustal flow during Tertiary extension in the Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 109:1576-94
121. Martinez LJ, Meertens CJ, Smith RB. 1998. Rapid deformation rates along the Wasatch fault zone, Utah, from first GPS measurements with implications for earthquake hazard. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25:567-70
122. McKenzie DP. 1969. Speculations on the consequences and causes of plate motion. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 18:1-32
123. McKenzie DP. 1972. Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region. Geophys. J R. Astron. Soc. 30:109-185
124. McKenzie DP. 1978. Active tectonics of the Alpine-Mediterranean belt: The Aegean Sea and surrounding regions. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 55:217-54
125. Menard HW. 1960. The east Pacific rise. Science 132:1737-46
126. Miller JS, Glazner AF, Farmer GL, Suayah IB, Keith LA. 1999. Middle Tertiary volcanism across the Mojave Desert and southeastern California. Geol. Soc. Amer, Bull. (In press)
127. Minster JB, Jordan TH. 1987. Vector constraints on western U.S. deformation from space geodesy, neotectonics, and plate motions. J. Geophys. Res. 92:4798-804
128. Mitrovica JX, Beaumont C, Jarvis GT. 1989. Tilting of continental interiors by dynamical effects of subduction. Tectonics 8:1079-94
129. Molnar P. Chen W-P. 1983. Focal depths and fault plane solutions of earthquakes under the Tibetan plateau. J. Geophys. Res. 88:1180-96
130. Molnar P, Houseman GA, Conrad CP. 1998. Rayleigh-Taylor instability and convective thinning of mechanically thickened lithosphere: effects of non-linear viscosity decreasing exponentially with depth and of horizontal shortening of the layer. Geophys. J. Int. 133:568-84
131. Molnar P, Lyon-Caen H. 1988. Some simple physical aspects of the support, structure, and evolution of mountain belts. In Processes in Continental Lithospheric Deformation, ed. SP Clarke, BC Burchfiel, J Suppe, Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap. 218:179-207. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer. 212 pp.
132. Mooney WD, Weaver CS. 1989. Regional structure and tectonics of the Pacific Coast states: California, Oregon, and Washington. In Geophysical Framework of the Continental United States, ed. LC Pakiser, WD Mooney. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 172:129-61. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
133. Moore JG, Dodge FCW. 1980. Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada, California; I. Geology and petrology. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 91:515-18 (Part I)
134. Mueller KJ, Cerveny PK, Perkins ME, Snee LW. 1999. Chronology of polyphase extension in the Windermere Hills, NE Nevada. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 111:11-27
135. Mueller KJ, Snoke AW. 1993. Progressive overprinting of normal fault systems and their role in Tertiary exhumation of the East Humboldt-Wood Hills metamorphic complex, northeast Nevada. Tectonics 12:361-71
136. Ormerod DS, Hawkesworth CJ, Rogers NW, Leeman WP, Menzies MA. 1988. Tectonic and magmatic transitions in the Western Great Basin, USA. Nature 333:349-53
137. Parsons T. 1995. The Basin and Range province. In Continental Rifts. Evolution, Structure, Tectonics, ed. KH Olsen, Developments in Geotectonics 25:277-324. New York: Elsevier
138. Parsons T, Thompson GA, Sleep NH. 1994. Mantle plume influence on the Neogene uplift and extension of the U.S. western Cordillera? Geology 22:83-86
139. Parsons T, Thompson GA, Smith RP. 1998. More than one way to stretch: A tectonic model for extension along the plume track of the Yellowstone hotspot and adjacent Basin and Range. Tectonics 17:221-34
140. Pierce KL, Morgan LA. 1992. The track of the Yellowstone hot spot: Volcanism, faulting, and uplift. In Regional Geology of Eastern Idaho and Western Wyoming, ed. PK Link, MA Kuntz, LB Platt, Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir 179:1-53. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
141. Potter CJ, Dubiel RF, Snee LW, Good SC. 1995. Eocene extension of early Eocene lacustrine strata in a complexly deformed Sevier-Laramide hinterland. Northwest Utah and Northeast Nevada. Geology 23:181-84
142. Ricard Y, Richards M, Lithgow BC, Le Stunff Y. 1993. A geodynamic model of mantle density heterogeneity. J. Geophys. Res. 98:21,895-21,909
143. Rosa JWC, Molnar P. 1988. Uncertainties in reconstructions of the Pacific, Farallon, Vancouver, and Kula plates and constraints on the rigidity of the Pacific and Farallon (and Vancouver) plates between 72 and 35 Ma. J. Geophys. Res. 93:2997-3008
144. Saltus RW, Thompson GA. 1995. Why is it downhill from Tonopah to Las Vegas? A case for mantle plume support of the high northern Basin and Range. Tectonics 14:1235-44
145. Savage JC, Lisowski M, Prescott WH, Sanford AR. 1980. Geodetic measurements of horizontal deformation across the Rio Grande rift near Socorro, New Mexico. J. Geophys. Res. 85:7215-20
146. 39Ar geochronology, and implications for magmatism and extension. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 106:1304-18
147. Sbar ML, Barazangi M, Dorman J, Scholz C, Smith RB 1972. Tectonics of the intermountain seismic belt, western United States: microearthquake seismicity and composite fault plane solutions. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 83:13-26
148. Scholz CH, Barazangi M, Sbar ML. 1971. Late Cenozoic evolution of the Great Basin, western United States, as an ensialic interarc basin. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 82:2979-90
149. Severinghaus J, Atwater T. 1990. Cenozoic geometry and thermal state of the subducting slabs beneath western North America. In Basin and Range Extensional Tectonics Near the Latitude of Las Vegas, Nevada, ed. BP Wernicke, Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 176:1-22. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
150. Smith RB, Arabasz WJ. 1991. Seismicity of the intermountain seismic belt. In Neotectonics of North America, ed. DB Slemmons, ER Engdahl. MD Zoback, DD Blackwell, Decade Map Volume 1:185-228. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
151. Smith RB, Braile LW, 1993. Topographical signature, space-time evolution, and physical properties of the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain volcanic system: the Yellowstone hotspot. In Geology of Wyoming, ed. AW Snoke, JR Steidtmann, SM Roberts. Geol. Surv. Wyoming Mem. 5:694-754. Laramie, WY: Geol. Surv. Wyoming
152. Smith RB, Sbar M. 1974. Contemporary tectonics and seismicity of the western United States with emphasis on the intermountain seismic belt. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 85:1205-18
153. Sonder LJ, England PC. 1986. Vertical averages of rheology of the continental lithosphere: relation to thin sheet parameters. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 77:81-90
154. Sonder LJ, England PC, Houseman GA. 1986. Continuum calculations of continental deformation in transcurrent environments. J. Geophys. Res. 91:4797-810
155. Sonder LJ, England PC, Wemicke BP, Christiansen RL. 1987. A physical model for Cenozoic extension of western North America. In Continental Extensional Tectonics, ed. MP Coward, JF Dewey, PL Hancock, Geol. Soc. Lond. Sp. Pub. 28:187-201. Oxford, UK: Geol. Soc. Lond.
156. Spencer JE, Reynolds SJ. 1991. Tectonics of mid-Tertiary extension along a transect through west central Arizona. Tectonics 10:1024-221
157. Spencer JE, Richard SM, Reynolds SJ, Miller RJ, Shafiqullah M, et al. 1995. Spatial and temporal relationships between mid-Tertiary magmatism and extension in southwestern Arizona. J. Geophys. Res. 100:10,321-10,351
158. Stauder W. 1975. Subduction of the Nazca plate under Peru as evidenced by focal mechanisms and by seismicity. J. Geophys. Res. 80:1053-64
159. Stewart JH. 1978. Basin-range structure in westem North America: A review. In Cenozoic Tectonics and Regional Geophysics of the Western Cordillera, ed. RB Smith, GP Eaton, Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 152:1-31. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
160. Stock J, Molnar P. 1988. Uncertainties and implications of the late Cretaceous and Tertiary position of North America relative to the Farallon, Kula, and Pacific plates. Tectonics 6.1339-84
161. Thompson GA, Burke DB. 1974. Regional geophysics of the Basin and Range Province. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2:213-38
162. Tovish A, Schubert G, Luyendyk BP. 1978. Mantle flow pressure and the angle of subduction: Non-Newtonian corner flows. J. Geophys. Res. 83:5892-98
163. Townsend DA, Sonder LJ. 1997. Rheological control of extension in the Rio Grande Rift. EOS, Fall Mtg. Suppl. 78:F658-59
164. Uyeda S, Miyashiro A. 1974. Plate tectonics and the Japanese Islands: A synthesis. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 85:1159-70
165. Walcott RI. 1970. Flexural rigidity, thickness, and viscosity of the lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75:3941-54
166. Wallace RE. 1984. Patterns and timng of late Quaternary faulting in the Great Basin Province and relation to some regional tectonic features. J. Geophys. Res. 89:5763-69
167. Ward PL. 1991. On plate tectonics and the geological evolution of southwestern North America. J. Geophys. Res. 96:12,479-12,496
168. Ward SN. 1988. North America-Pacific plate boundary, an elastic-plastic megashear: Evidence from Very Long Baseline Interferometry. J. Geophys. Res. 93:7716-28
169. Wdowinski S, O'Connell R. 1991. Deformation of the central Andes (15°-27° S) derived from a flow model of subduction zones. J. Geophys. Res. 96:12,245-12,255
170. Wdowinski S, O'Connell RJ, England P. 1989. A continuum model of continental deformation above subduction zones: Application to the Andes and the Aegean. J. Geophys. Res. 94:10,331-10,346
171. Wells ML. 1997. Alternating contraction and extension in the hinterlands of orogenic belts: An example from the Raft River Mountains, Utah. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 109:107-26
172. Wernicke B. 1985. Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere. Can, J. Earth Sci. 22:108-25
173. Wernicke B. 1992. Cenozoic extensional tectonics of the U. S. Cordillera. In The Cordilleran Orogen: Conterminous U.S., ed. BC Burchfiel, PW Lipman, ML Zoback, The Geology of North America G-3:553-81. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Amer.
174. Wernicke B, Axen GJ, Snow JK. 1988. Basin and Range extensional tectonics at the latitude of Las Vegas, Nevada. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100:1738-57
175. Wernicke B, Getty SR. 1997. Intracrustal subduction and gravity currents in the deep crust: Sm-Nd, Ar-Ar, and thermobarometric constraints from the Skagit gneiss complex, Washington. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 109:1149-66
176. Wernicke B, Snow JK. 1998. Cenozoic tectonism in the central Basin and Range: Motion of the Sierran-Great Valley block. Int. Geol. Rev. 40:403-10
177. Westaway R. 1993. Forces associated with mantle plumes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 119: 331-48
178. Wilson DS. 1988. Tectonic history of the Juan de Fuca ridge over the last 40 million years. J. Geophys. Res. 93:11,863-11,876
179. Wolfe JA, Forest CE, Molnar P. 1998. Paleobotanical evidence of Eocene and Oligocene paleoaltitudes in midlatitude western North America. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 110:664-78
180. Wolfe JA, Schorn HE, Forest CE, Molnar P. 1997. Paleobotanical evidence for high altitudes in Nevada during the Miocene. Science 276:1672-75
181. Wood DJ, Saleeby JB. 1997. Late Cretaceous-Paleocene extensional collapse and disaggregation of the southernmost Sierra Nevada Batholith. Int. Geol. Rev. 39:973-1009
182. Wust SL. 1986. Regional correlation of extension directions in Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes. Geology 14:828-30
183. Zoback ML, Anderson RE, Thompson GA. 1981. Cainozoic evolution of the state of stress and style of tectonism of the Basin and Range province of the western United States. Phil. Trans. Roy. Sec. Lond. A300:407-34