Copper and haemocyanin dynamics in aquatic invertebrates

Marine and Freshwater Research

Volumn 50, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 907-931

  Taylor, H H ^a   Anstiss, Julie M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Cephalopoda; Crustacea; Gastropoda; Glutathione; Haemolymph; Limulus; Me tallothionein; Metal; Midgut gland; Mollusca; Nautilus; Oxygen carrier; Pollution; Respiration; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

INVERTEBRATE;

AMPHIPODA; ARTHROPODA; CEPHALOPODA; CRUSTACEA; GASTROPODA; INVERTEBRATA; LIMULUS; MOLLUSCA; NAUTILUS;

EID: 0033391663     PISSN: 13231650     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/MF99117     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Abdennour, C. (1997). Copper, zinc and haemocyanin concentrations in four caridean decapods (Crustacea) : size relationships. Hydrobiologia 346, 1-9.
2. Adams, E., Simkiss, K., and Taylor, M. (1982). Metal ion metabolism in the moulting crayfish (Austropotomobius pallipes). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 72A, 1-73.
3. Ainslie, R. (1980a). Haemocyanin concentrations in field populations of three species of southern Australian abalone. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31, 627-33.
4. Ainslie, R. C. (1980b). The quantitative role of haemocyanin in the respiration of abalone (genus Haliotis). Journal of Experimental Zoology 211, 87-99.
5. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Watson, J. D. (1994). 'Molecular Biology of the Cell.' 3rd Edn. (Garland Publishing: New York.) 1294 pp.
6. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Walter, P. (1998). 'Essential Cell Biology: an Introduction to the Molecular Biology of the Cell.' (Garland Publishing: New York.) 630 pp.
7. Anderlini, V. (1974). The distribution of heavy metals in the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, on the California coast. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2, 253-65.
8. Andrews, E. B. (1981). Osmoregulation and excretion in prosobranch gastropods. 2. Structure in relation to function. Journal of Molluscan Studies 47, 248-89.
9. Andrews, E. B. (1985). Structure and function in the excretory system of archaeogastropods and their significance in the evolution of gastropods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 310, 383-406.
10. Andrews, E. B., and Taylor, P. M. (1990). Reabsorption of inorganic solutes in some marine and freshwater prosobranch gastropods. Journal of Molluscan Studies 56, 147-62.
11. Armstrong, D. A., Armstrong, J. L., Krassner, S. M., and Pauley, G. B. (1971). Experimental wound repair in the black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 17, 216-27.
12. Baden, S. P., Pihl, L., and Rosenberg, R. (1990). Effects of oxygen depletion on the ecology, blood physiology and fishery of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.). Marine Ecology Progress Series 67, 141-55.
13. Baden, S. P., Depledge, M. H., and Hagerman, L. (1994). Glycogen depletion and altered copper and manganese handling in Nephrops norvegicus following starvation and exposure to hypoxia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 103, 65-72.
14. Bambang, Y., Thuet, P., Charmantier-Daures, M., Trilles, J., and Charmantier, G. (1995). Effects of copper on survival and osmoregulation of various development stage of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (Crustacea, Decapoda). Aquatic Toxicology 33, 125-39.
15. Bannister, J. V. (Ed.) (1977). 'Structure and Function of Hemocyanins.' (Springer: Berlin/New York.)
16. Bebianno, M. J., Langston, W. J., and Simkiss, K. (1992). Metallothionein induction in Littorina littorea (Mollusca : Prosobranchia) on exposure to cadmium. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72, 329-42.
17. Bentley, C. R., and Hurd, H. (1993). Pomphorynchus laevis (Acanthocephala): elevation of haemolymph protein concentrations in the intermediate host Gammarus pulex (Crustacea : Amphipoda). Parasitology 107, 193-8.
18. Bentley, C. R., and Hurd, H. (1995). Depressed protein and copper content of the midgut gland in an intermediate host, Gammarus pulex (Crustacea), infected with cystacanths of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66, 1-5.
19. Berger, B., Dallinger, R., Gehrig, P., and Hunziker, P. E. (1997). Primary structure of a copper-binding metallothionein from the mantle tissue of the terrestrial gastropod, Helix pomatia E. Biochemical Journal 328, 219-24.
20. Betzer, S. B., and Pilson, M. E. Q. (1975). Copper uptake and excretion by Busycon canaliculatum L. Biological Bulletin of Woods Hole 148, 1-15.
21. Beuerlein, K., and Schipp, R. (1998). Cytomorphological aspects on the response of the branchial heart complex of Sepia officinalis L. (Cephalopoda) to xenobiotics and infection. Tissue and Cell 30, 662-71.
22. Beuerlein, K., Schimmelpfennig, R., Westerman, B., Ruth, P., and Schipp, R. (1998). Cytobiological studies on hemocyanin metabolism in the branchial heart of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda, Dibranchiata). Cell and Tissue Research 292, 587-95.
23. Bjerregaard, P., and Vislie, T. (1986). Effect of copper on ion and osmoregulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Marine Biology 91, 69-76.
24. Boer, H. H., and Sminia, T. (1976). Sieve structure of slit diaphragms of podocytes and pore cells of gastropod molluscs. Cell and Tissue Research 170, 221-9.
25. Boitel, F., and Truchot, J. P. (1989). Effects of sublethal and lethal copper levels on the hemolymph acid-base balance and ion concentrations in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Marine Biology 103, 495-501.
26. Boone, W. R., and Schoffeniels, E. (1979). Hemocyanin synthesis during hypo-osmotic stress in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 63B, 207-14.
27. Bridges, C. R., and Morris, S. (1989). Respiratory pigments: interactions between oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, 2971-85.
28. Brouwer, M., and Brouwer, T. H. (1998). Biochemical defence mechanisms against copper-induced oxidative damage in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 351, 257-64.
29. Brouwer, M., and Brouwer-Hoexum, T. (1989). Reactivation of apohaemocyanin by copper metallothionein. In 'Metal Ion Homeostasis: Molecular Biology and Chemistry'. (Eds D. H. Hamer and R. Winge.) pp. 247-56. (Alan R. Liss: New York.)
30. Brouwer, M., and Brouwer-Hoexum, T. (1991). Interaction of copper-metallothionein from the American lobster, Homarus americanus with glutathione. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 290, 207-13.
31. Brouwer, M., and Brouwer-Hoexum, T. (1992). Glutathione-mediated transfer of copper(I) into American lobster apohaemocyanin. Biochemistry 31, 4096-102.
32. Brouwer, M., Bonaventura, C., and Bonaventura, J. (1982). Heavy metal ion interactions with Callinectes sapidus haemocyanin: structural and functional changes induced by a variety of heavy metals. Biochemistry 21, 2529-38.
33. Brouwer, M., Bonaventura, C., and Bonaventura, J. (1983). Metal ion interactions with Limulus polyphemus and Callinectes sapidus hemocyanin: stoichiometry and structural and functional consequences of calcium(II), cadmium(II), zinc(II) and mercury(II) binding. Biochemistry 22, 4713-23.
34. Brouwer, M., Whaling, P., and Engel, D. W. (1986). Copper-metallothioneins in the American lobster, Homarus americanus: potential role as Cu (1) donors to apohemocyanin. Environmental Health Perspectives 65, 93-100.
35. Brouwer, M., Winge, D. R., and Gray, W. R. (1989). Structural and functional diversity of copper-metallothioneins from the American lobster Homarus americanus. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 35, 289-303.
36. Brouwer, M., Schlenk, D., Ringwood, A. H., and Brouwer-Hoexum, T. (1992). Metal-specific induction of metallothionein isoforms in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in response to single- and mixed-metal exposure. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 294, 461-8.
37. Brouwer, M., Brouwer-Hoexum, T., and Cashon, R. (1993). Crustaceans as models for metal metabolism. III. Interaction of lobster and mammalian metallothionein with glutathione. Marine Environmental Research 35, 13-176.
38. Brouwer, M., Enghild, J., Hoexum-Brouwer, T., Thogersen, I., and Truncali, A. (1995). Primary structure and tissue-specific expression of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) metallothionein isoforms. Biochemical Journal 311, 617-22.
39. Brown, A. C. (1964). Blood volumes, blood distribution and seawater spaces in relation to expansion and retraction of the foot in Bullia (Gastropoda). Journal of Experimental Biology 41, 837-54.
40. Brown, B. E. (1978). Lead detoxification by a copper-tolerant isopod. Nature 276, 388-90.
41. Bryan, G. W., Potts, G. W., and Forster, G. R. (1977). Heavy metals in the gastropod mollusc Haliotis tuberculata (L.). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 57, 379-90.
42. Bubel, A. (1976). Histological and electron microscopical observations on the effects of different salinities and heavy metal ions, on the gills of Jaera nordmanni (Rathke) (Crustacea, Isopoda). Cell and Tissue Research 167, 65-95.
43. Buchholz, K., Kuhlmann, D., and Nolte, A. (1971). Aufnahme von Trypanblau und Ferritin in die Blasenzellen des Bindesgwebes von Helix pomatia und Cepaea nemoralis (Stylommatophora, Pulmonata). Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und microskopische Anatomie 113, 203-15.
44. Budelmann, B. U., Schipp, R., and von Boletzky, S. (1997). Cephalopoda. In 'Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates'. Vol. 6A. (Eds F. W. Harrison and A. J. Kohn.) pp. 119-414. (Wilet-Liss: New York.)
45. Burggren, W., McMahon, B., and Powers, D. (1991). Respiratory functions of blood. In 'Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology'. (Ed. C. L. Prosser.) pp. 437-508. (Wilet-Liss: New York.)
46. Campbell, H. A., Handy, R. D., and Nimmo, M. (1999). Copper uptake kinetics across the gills of rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) measured using an improved isolated perfused head technique. Aquatic Toxicology 46, 177-90.
47. Chang, E. S. (1995). Physiological and biochemical changes during the molt cycle in decapod crustaceans - an overview. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 193, 1-14.
48. Chen, J-C., and Kou, T-T. (1998). Hemolymph acid-base balance, oxyhemocyanin, and protein levels of Macrobrachium rosenbergii at different concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Journal of Crustacean Biology 18, 437-41.
49. Cheng, T. C., and Sullivan, J. T. (1974). Mode of entry, action and toxicity of copper molluscicides. In 'Molluscicides in Schistosomiasis Control'. (Ed. T. C. Cheng.) pp. 89-153. (Academic Press: New York.)
50. Cherian, M. G., and Goyer, R. A. (1978). Metallothioneins and their role in the metabolism and toxicity of metals. Life Sciences 23, 1-10.
51. Cohen, L. B., and van Holde, K. E. (1964). Physical studies of hemocyanins. II. A comparison of the hemocyanin and apohemocyanin of Loligo pealei. Biochemistry 3, 1809-13.
52. Cosson, R. P., and Vivier, J.-P. (1997). Interactions of metallic elements and organisms within hydrothermal vents. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 38, 43-50.
53. Couillard, Y., Campbell, P. G. C., and Tessier, A. (1993). Response of metallothionein concentrations in a freshwater bivalve Anodonta grandis along an environmental cadmium gradient. Limnology and Oceanography 38, 299-313.
54. Crossley, A. C. (1972). The ultrastructure and function of pericardial cells and other nephrocytes in an insect: Calliphora eryhrocephala. Tissue and Cell 4, 529-60.
55. Cuff, M. E., Miller, K. I., van Holde, K. E., and Hendrickson, W. A. (1998). Crystal structure of a functional unit from Octopus hemocyanin. Journal of Molecular Biology 278, 855-70.
56. Dallinger, R., Berger, B., Hunziker, P., and Kagi, J. H. R. (1997). Metallothionein in snail Cd and Cu metabolism. Nature 388, 237-8.
57. Daskalakis, K. D. (1996). Variability of metal concentrations in oyster tissue and implications for biomonitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32, 794-801.
58. Decleir, W., Vlaeminck, A., Geladi, P., and van Grieken, R. (1978). Determination of protein-bound copper and zinc in some organs of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 60B, 347-50.
59. deFur, P. L., Mangum, C. P., and Reese, J. E. (1990). Respiratory responses of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus to long-term hypoxia. Biological Bulletin of Woods Hole 178, 46-54.
60. Depledge, M. H. (1984). Disruption of circulatory and respiratory activity in shore crabs (Carcinus maenas (L.)) exposed to heavy metal pollution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 78, 445-59.
61. Depledge, M. H., and Bjerregaard, P. (1989). Haemolymph protein composition and copper levels in decapod crustaceans. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 43, 207-23.
62. Devescovi, M., and Lucu, C. (1996). Copper levels during osmotic stress in the shore crab Carcinus aestuarii. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 115C, 195-200.
63. Dilly, P., and Messenger, J. (1972). The branchial gland: A site of haemocyanin synthesis in Octopus. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und microskopische Anatomie 132, 193-201.
64. Djangmah, J. S. (1970). The effects of feeding and starvation on copper in the blood and hepatopancreas and on blood proteins of Crangon vulgaris (Fabricius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 32, 709-31.
65. Djangmah, J. S., and Grove, D. J. (1970). Blood and hepatopancreas copper in Crangon vulgaris (Fabricius). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 32, 733-45.
66. Dumler, K., and Terwilliger, N. B. (1996). Effects of food levels and temperature on growth and hemocyanin ontogeny in juvenile Cancer magister. American Zoologist 36, 14A.
67. Durliat, M., and Vranckx, R. (1982). Proteins of aqueous extracts from the hepatopancreas of Astacus leptodactylus. 1. Changes in proteins during the molt cycle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 71B, 155-63.
68. Durstewitz, G., and Terwilliger, N. B. (1997). Developmental changes in haemocyanin expression in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 4347-50.
69. Ellerton, H. D., Ellerton, N. F., and Robinson, H. A. (1983). Hemocyanin - a current perspective. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 41, 143-248.
70. Engel, D. W. (1987). Metal regulation and molting in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus: copper, zinc, and metallothionein. Biological Bulletin of Woods Hole 172, 69-82.
71. Engel, D. W., and Brouwer, M. (1984). Trace metal-binding proteins in marine molluscs and crustaceans. Marine Environmental Research 13, 177-94.
72. Engel, D. W. and Brouwer, M. (1987). Metal regulation and molting in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: metallothionein function and metal metabolism. Biological Bulletin of Woods Hole 173, 239-51.
73. Engel, D. W., and Brouwer, M. (1989). Metallothionein and metallothionein-like proteins: physiological importance. Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology 5, 53-75.
74. Engel, D. W., and Brouwer, M. (1991). Short-term metallothionein and copper changes in blue crabs at ecdysis. Biological Bulletin of Woods Hole 180, 447-52.
75. Engel, D. W., and Brouwer, M. (1993). Crustaceans as models for metal metabolism: I. Effects of the molt cycle on blue crab metal metabolism and metallothionein. Marine Environmental Research 35, 1-5.
76. Fahrenbach, W. H. (1970). The cyanoblast: hemocyanin formation in Limulus polyphemus. Journal of Cell Biology 44, 445-53.
77. Fowler, B. A., Hildebrand, C. E., Kojima, Y., and Webb, M. (1987). Nomenclature of metallothioneins. Experientia 52, 19-22.
78. Freedman, J. H., Ciriolo, M. R., and Peisach, J. (1989). The role of glutathione in copper metabolism and toxicity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264, 5598-605.
79. Gellissen, G, Hennecke, R., and Spindler, K-D. (1991). The site of synthesis of hemocyanin in the crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus. Experientia 47, 194-5.
80. George, S. G., Pirie, B. J. S., Cheyne, A. R., Coombs, T. L., and Grant, P. T. (1978). Detoxification of metals by marine bivalves: an ultrastructural study of the compartmentation of copper and zinc in the oyster Ostrea edulis. Marine Biology 45, 147-56.
81. Ghiretti-Magaldi, A., Milanesi, C., and Salvato, B. (1973). Identification of haemocyanin in the cyanocytes of Carcinus maenas. Experientia 29, 1265-7.
82. Ghiretti-Magaldi, A., Milanesi, C., and Tognon, G. (1977). Hematopoeisis in Decapoda: origin and evolution of hemocytes and cyanocytes of Carcinus maenas. Cell Differentiation 6, 167-86.
83. Gilles, R. (1983). Volume maintenance and regulation in animal cells: some features and trends. Molecular Physiology 4, 3-16.
84. Hagerman, L. (1983). Haemocyanin concentration of juvenile lobsters (Homarus gammarus) in relation to moulting cycle and feeding conditions. Marine Biology 77, 11-17.
85. Hagerman, L. (1986). Haemocyanin concentration in the shrimp Crangon crangon (L) after exposure to moderate hypoxia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 85A, 721-4.
86. Hagerman, L., and Uglow, R. F. (1985). Effects of hypoxia on the respiratory and circulatory regulation of Nephrops norvegicus. Marine Biology 87, 273-8.
87. Hansen, J. I., Mustafa, T., and Depledge, M. (1992). Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. I. Effects on Na, K-ATPase activity, haemolymph electrolyte concentrations and tissue water contents. Marine Biology 114, 253-7.
88. Harrison, F. M. (1962). Some excretory processes in the abalone, Haliotis rufescens. Journal of Experimental Biology 39, 179-92.
89. Haszprunar, G. (1996). The molluscan rhogocyte (pore cell, Blasenzelle, cellule nucule), and its significance for ideas on nephridial evolution. Journal of Molluscan Studies 62, 185-211.
90. Hebel, D. K., Jones, M. B., and Depledge, M. H. (1997). Responses of crustaceans to contaminant exposure: a holistic approach. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 44, 177-84.
91. Henry, R. P. (1995). Nitrogen metabolism and excretion for cell volume regulation in invertebrates. In 'Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion'. (Eds P. J. Walsh and P. Wright.) pp. 63-73. (CRC Press: Boca Raton.)
92. Horwitz, A. F. (1997). Integrins and health. Scientific American 276, 46-53.
93. 210Po in the abalone Haliotis rubra. Marine Biology 112, 75-80.
94. Icely, J. D., and Nott, J. A. (1980). Accumulation of copper within the 'hepatopancreatic' caecae of Corophium volutator (Crustacea : Amphipoda). Marine Biology 57, 193-9.
95. Ikuta, K. (1987). Concentration thresholds in accumulation of heavy metals by Haliotis discus and Bacillus cornutus. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries (Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi) 53, 1673-8.
96. Johnson, P. T. (1980). 'Histology of the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus: A Model for the Decapoda.' (Praeger: New York.) 440 pp.
97. Johnson, P. T. (1987). A review of fixed phagocytic and pinocytotic cells of decapod crustaceans, with remarks on hemocytes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 11, 679-704.
98. Johnston, W., and Barber, A. A. (1969). Reconstitution of functional haemocyanin from apohaemocyanin the hepatopancreas as copper donor. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 28, 1259-73.
99. Jones, M. B. (1975). Effects of copper on survival and osmoregulation in marine and brackish water isopods (Crustacea). In 'Proceedings of the 9th European Marine Biology Symposium'. (Ed. H. Barnes.) pp. 419-31. (Aberdeen University: Aberdeen, UK.)
100. Kerkut, G. A., Moritz, P. M., and Munday, K. A. (1961). Variations of copper concentrations in Carcinus maenas. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 2, 399-408.
101. Khayat, M., Funkenstein, B., Tietz, A., and Lubzens, E. (1995). In vivo, in vitro and cell-free synthesis of hemocyanin in the shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (de Haan). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 112B, 31-8.
102. Kim, J. P., and Hunter, K. A. (1997). Aqueous chemistry of major ions and trace metals in the Takaka-Cobb River system, New Zealand. Marine and Freshwater Research 48, 257-66.
103. Klumpp, D. W., and Burdon-Jones, C. (1982). Investigations of the potential of bivalve molluscs as indicators of heavy metal levels in tropical marine waters. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33, 285-300.
104. Lamy, J., and Lamy, J. (Eds) (1981). 'Invertebrate Oxygen-binding Proteins: Structure, Active Site and Function.' (Marcel Dekker: New York.)
105. Lamy, J., Truchot, J-P., and Gilles, R. (Eds) (1985). 'Respiratory Pigments in Animals: Relation, Structure-function.) (Springer-Verlag: Berlin, New York.)
106. Langston, W. J., and Spence, S. K. (1995). Biological factors involved in metal concentrations observed in aquatic organisms. In 'Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems'. (Eds A. Tessier and D. R. Turner.) pp. 407-78. (John Wiley & Sons: New York.)
107. Langston, W. J., and Zhou, M. (1986). Evaluation of the significance of metal-binding proteins in the gastropod Littorina littorea. Marine Biology 92, 505-15.
108. Leland, H. V., and Kuwabara, J. S. (1985). Trace Metals. In 'Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology'. (Eds G. M. Rand and S. R. Petrocelli.) pp. 374-415. (Hemisphere Publishing Corp.: New York.)
109. Lerch, K., Ammer, D., and Olafson, R. W. (1982). Crab metallothionein: primary structures of metallothioneins 1 and 2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 2420-6.
110. Lever, J., and Bekius, R. (1965). On the presence of an external hemal pore in Lymnaea stagnalis L. Experientia 21, 395-6.
111. Little, C. (1981). Osmoregulation and excretion in prosobranch gastropods. Part 1. Physiology and biochemistry. Journal of Molluscan Studies 47, 221-47.
112. Lyon, R., and Simkiss, K. (1984. The ultrastructure and metal-containing inclusions of mature cell types of the hepatopancreas of a crayfish. Tissue and Cell 16, 805-17.
113. Magnus, K. A., Hazes, B., Tonthat, H., Bonaventura, C., Bonaventura, J., and Hol, W. G. J. (1994). Crystallographic analysis of oxygenated and deoxygenated states of arthropod hemocyanin shows unusual differences. Proteins - Structure Function and Genetics 19, 302-9.
114. Mallatt, J. (1985). Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicant and other irritants: statistical review. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 42, 630-48.
115. Mangum, C. P. (1979). A note on blood and water mixing in large marine gastropods. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 63A, 389-91.
116. Mangum, C. P. (1980). Respiratory function of the hemocyanins. American Zoologist 20, 19-38.
117. Mangum, C. P. (1983). Oxygen transport in the blood. In 'The Biology of Crustacea. Vol. 5. Internal Anatomy and Physiological Regulation'. (Ed. L. H. Mantel.) pp. 373-429. (Academic Press: New York.)
118. Mangum, C. P. (Ed.) (1992a). 'Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers.' (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.) 459 pp.
119. Mangum, C. P. (1992b). Respiratory function of molluscan hemocyanins. In 'Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers'. (Ed. C. P. Mangum.) pp. 301-23. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.)
120. Margoshes, M., and Vallee, B. L. (1957). A cadmium protein from the equine kidney cortex. Journal of the American Chemical Society 79, 4813-14.
121. Markl, J., Stumpp, S., Bosch, F. X., and Voit, R. (1990). Hemocyanin biosynthesis in the tarantula Eurypelma californicum, studied by in situ hybridization and immuno-electron microscopy. In 'Invertebrate Dioxygen Carriers'. (Eds G. Préaux and R. Lontie.) pp. 497-502. (Leuven University: Leuven.)
122. Martin, A. H., and Flegal, A. R. (1975). High copper concentration in squid livers in association with elevated levels of silver, cadmium and zinc. Marine Biology 30, 51-5.
123. Martin, A. W. (1983). Excretion. In 'The Mollusca: Physiology'. (Eds A. S. M. Saleuddin and K. M. Wilber.) Vol. 5, pp. 353-405. (Academic Press: New York.)
124. Martin, A. W., Harrison, F. M., Huston, M. J., and Stewart, D. M. (1958). The blood volumes of some representative molluscs. Journal of Experimental Biology 35, 260-79.
125. Martoja, M., Tue, V. T., and Elkaïm, B. (1980). Bioaccumulation du cuivre chez Littorina littorea (L)(Gastéropode prosobranche): signification physiologique et écologique. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 43, 251-70.
126. Mason, A. Z., and Nott, J. A. (1981). The role of intracellular biomineralized granules in the regulation and detoxification of metals in gastropods with special reference to the marine prosobranch Littorina littorea. Aquatic Toxicology 1, 239-56.
127. McLusky, D. S., Bryant, V., and Campbell, R. (1986). The effects of temperature and salinity on the toxicity of heavy metals to marine and estuarine invertebrates. Oceanography Marine Biology Annual Review 24, 481-520.
128. McMahon, B. R., and Wilkens, J. L. (1983). Ventilation, perfusion and oxygen uptake. In 'The Biology of Crustacea, Vol. 5. Internal Anatomy and Physiological Regulation'. (Ed. L. H. Mantel.) pp. 289-372. (Academic Press: New York.)
129. Mellema, J. E., and Klug, A. (1972). Quaternary structure of gastropod haemocyanin. Nature 239, 146-50.
130. Messenger, J. B., Muzii, E. O., Nardi, G., and Steinberg, H. (1974). Haemocyanin synthesis and the branchial gland of Octopus. Nature 250, 154-5.
131. Miller, K. I., Cuff, M. E., Lang, W. F., Varga-Weisz, P., Field, K. G., and van Holde, K. E. (1998). Sequence of Octopus dofleini hemocyanin subunit: structural and evolutionary implications. Journal of Molecular Biology 278, 827-42.
132. Miramand, P., and Guary, J. (1980). High concentrations of some heavy metals in tissues of the Mediterranean Octopus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24, 783-8.
133. Morris, S. (1990). Organic ions as modulators of respiratory pigment function during stress. Physiological Zoology 63, 253-87.
134. Morris, S. (1991). Respiratory gas exchange and transport in crustaceans: ecological determinants. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 31, 241-61.
135. Morse, M. P., and Zardus, J. D. (1997). Bivalvia. In 'Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates'. (Eds F. W. Harrison and A. J. Kohn.) Vol. 6A, pp. 7-118. (Wiley-Liss: New York.)
136. Muzii, E. (1981). Intracellular polymerized haemocyanin in the branchial gland of a cephalopod. Cell and Tissue Research 220, 435-8.
137. Naqvi, S. M., Devalraju, I., and Naqvi, N. H. (1998). Copper bioaccumulation and depuration by red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61, 65-71.
138. Narula, S. S., Brouwer, M., Hua, Y., and Armitage, I. M. (1995). Three-dimensional solution structure of Callinectes sapidus metallothionein-I determined by homonuclear and heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 34, 620-31.
139. Nonnotte, L., Boitel, F., and Truchot, J. P. (1993).Waterborne copper causes gill damage and hemolymph hypoxia in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, 1569-76.
140. Ogura, K. (1959). Midgut gland cells accumulating iron or copper in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 32, 133-42.
141. Otvos, J. D., Olafson, R. W., and Armitage, I. M. (1982). Structure of an invertebrate metallothionein from Scylla serrata. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 2427-31.
142. Overnell, J. (1986). The occurrence of cadmium in crabs (Cancer pagurus) and the isolation and properties of cadmium metallothionein. Environmental Health Perspectives 65, 101-6.
143. Overnell, J., and Trewhella, E. (1979). Evidence for the natural occurrence of (cadmium, copper)-Metallothionein in the crab Cancer pagurus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 64C, 69-76.
144. Pedersen, S. N., Lundebye, A -K., and Depledge, M. H. (1997). Field application of metallothionein and stress protein biomarkers in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) exposed to trace metals. Aquatic Toxicology 37, 183-200.
145. Pedersen, S. N., Pedersen, K. L., Hjrup, P., Knudsen, J., and Depledge, M. H. (1998). Induction and identification of cadmium, zinc and copper-metallothioneins in the shore crab Carcinus Maenas (L). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 120, 251-9.
146. Pilson, M. E. (1965). Variation of hemocyanin concentration in the blood of four species of Haliotis. Biological Bulletin of Woods Hole 128, 459-72.
147. Rainbow, P. S. (1995a), Biomonitoring of heavy metal availability in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31, 183-92.
148. Rainbow, P. S. (1995b). Physiology, physicochemistry and metal uptake - a crustacean perspective. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31, 55-9.
149. Rainbow, P. S. (1997). Ecophysiology of trace metal uptake in crustaceans. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 44, 169-75.
150. Rainbow, P. S., and White, S. L. (1989). Comparative strategies of heavy metal accumulation by crustaceans: zinc, copper, and cadmium, in a decapod, an amphipod, and a barnacle. Hydrobiologia 174, 245-62.
151. Rainer, J., and Brouwer, M. (1993). Hemocyanin synthesis in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 104B, 69-73.
152. Reeves, P. G., Briske, A. M., and Johnson, L. (1998). Physiological concentrations of zinc affect the kinetics of copper uptake and transport in the human intestinal cell model. Journal of Nutrition 128, 1794-801.
153. Reger, J. F. (1973). A fine structure study on hemocyanin formation in the slug Limax sp. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 43, 377-87.
154. Ritz, D. A., Swain, R., and Elliot, N. G. (1982). Use of the mussel M. edulis planulatus (Lamarck) in monitoring heavy metal levels in seawater. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33, 491-506.
155. Roesijadi, G. (1996). Metallothionein and its role in toxic metal regulation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 113C, 117-23.
156. Roesijadi, G., and Fellingham, G. W. (1987). Influence of Cu, Cd, and Zn pre-exposure on Hg toxicity in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 44, 680-4.
157. Rtal, A., and Truchot, J. P. (1996). Haemolymph transport and tissue accumulation of exogenous copper in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32, 802-11.
158. Ruddell, C. L. (1971a). Elucidation of the nature and function of the granular oyster amoebocytes through histochemical studies of normal and traumatized oyster tissues. Histochemie 26, 95-112.
159. Ruddell, C. L. (1971b). The fine structure of the granular amoebocytes of the Pacific oyster. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 18, 269-75.
160. Ruddell, C. L., and Rains, D. W. (1975). The relationship between zinc, copper and the basophils of two crassostreid oysters Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea virginica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 51A, 585-91.
161. Ruddell, C. L., and Wellings, S. R. (1971). The ultrastructure of the oyster brown cell, a cell with a fenestrated plasma membrane. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und microskopische Anatomie 120, 17-28.
162. Ruth, P., Schipp, R., and Klüssendorf, B. (1988). Cytomorphology and copper content of the basal cells in the midgut gland of Nautilus (Cephalopoda, Tetrabranchiata). A contribution to the localization of hemocyanin synthesis. Zoomorphology 108, 1-11.
163. Ruth, P., Blum, W., and Bille, J. (1996). Immunocytochemical reaction of a haemocyanin antibody in the midgut gland of Nautilus (Cephalopoda, Tetrabranchiata). Experientia 52, 549-53.
164. Ruth, P., Schimmelpfennig, R., and Schipp, R. (1999). Comparative immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical investigations on the location of haemocyanin synthesis in dibranchiate and tetrabranchiate cephalopods (Sepia and Nautilis). In 'Advancing Research on Living and Fossil Cephalopods'. (Eds F. Olóriz and F. J. Rodríguez-Tovar.) pp. 189-202. (Kluwer Academic: New York.)
165. Sagristà, E., and Durfort, M. (1991). Membranous tubular system in R-cells of decapod hepatopancreas investigated using electron-opaque tracers. Cell and Tissue Research 266, 585-90.
166. Saure, H., Schipp, R., and Magnier, Y. (1987). Morphological and functional aspects of the branchial complex in Nautilis. Zoologisher Jahrbuch Anatomie 116, 39-62.
167. Schipp, R., and Hevert, F. (1978). Distribution of copper and iron in some central organs of Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda). A comparative study by flameless atomic absorption and electron microscopy. Marine Biology 47, 391-9.
168. Schipp, R., and Schäfer, A. (1969). Comparative electron microscopic studies of the central cardiac organs of cephalopods (Sepia officinalis). Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und microskopische Anatomie 101, 367-79.
169. Schipp, R., and von Boletzky, S. (1975). Morphology and function of the excretory organs in dibranchiate cephalopods. Fortschritte der Zoologie 23, 89-111.
170. Schipp, R., Höhn, P., and Ginkel, G. (1973). Elektronenmikroskopische und histochemische Untersuchungen zur Funktion der Branchialdrüse (Parabranchialdrüse) der Cephalopoda. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und microskopische Anatomie 139, 253-69.
171. Schipp, R., Martin, A. W., Liebermann, H., and Magnier, Y. (1985). Cytomorphology and function of the pericardial appendages of Nautilis (Cephalopoda, Tetrabranchiata). Zoomorphology 105, 16-29.
172. Schlenk, D., and Brouwer, M. (1991). Isolation of three copper metallothionein isoforms from the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). Aquatic Toxicology 20, 25-34.
173. Schmekel, L., and Weischer, M. L. (1973). Die Blutdrüse der Doridoidea (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) als Ort möglicher Hämocyanin-Synthese. Zeitschrift für Morphologishe Tiere 76, 261-84.
174. Schönenberger, N., Cox, J. A., and Gabbiani, G. (1980). Evidence for haemocyanin formation in the compound eye of Squilla mantis (Crustacea, Stomatopoda). Cell and Tissue Research 205, 397-409.
175. Scott-Fordsmand, J. J., and Depledge, M. H. (1997). Changes i n tissue concentrations and contents of calcium, copper and zinc in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea : Decapoda) during the moult cycle and following copper exposure during ecdysis. Marine Environmental Research 44, 397-414.
176. Sellos, D., Lemoine, S., and Van Wormhoudt, A. (1997). Molecular cloning of hemocyanin cDNA form Penaeus vannemai (Crustacea, Decapoda): structure, evolution and physiological aspects. FEBS Letters 407, 153-8.
177. Senkbeil, E. G., and Wriston, J. C. (1981a). Catabolism of hemocyanin in the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 69B, 781-90.
178. Senkbeil, E. G., and Wriston, J. C. J. (1981b). Hemocyanin synthesis in the American lobster Homarus americanus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 68B, 163-71.
179. Simkiss, K., and Mason, A. Z. (1983). Metal ions: metabolic and toxic effects. In 'The Mollusca'. (Ed. P. W. Hochachka.) Vol. 2, pp. 101-64. (Academic Press: New York.)
180. Simkiss, K., and Wilber, K. M. (1977). The molluscan epidermis and its secretions. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 39, 35-76.
181. Skelding, J. M., and Newell, P. F. (1975). On the functions of the pore cells in the connective tissue of terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Cell and Tissue Research 156, 381-90.
182. Sminia, T. (1972). Structure and function of blood and connective tissue cells of the freshwater pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis studied by electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und microskopische Anatomie 130, 497-526.
183. Sminia, T. (1977). Haemocyanin-producing cells in gastropod molluscs. In 'Structure and Function of Haemocyanin'. (Ed. J. V. Bannister.) pp. 279-88. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.)
184. Sminia, T. (1981). Gastropods. In 'Invertebrate Blood Cells. I. General Aspects; Animals without True Circulatory Systems to Cephalopods'. (Eds N. A. Ratcliffe and A. F. Rowley.) pp. 191-232. (Academic Press: London.)
185. Sminia, T., and Boer, H. H. (1973). Haemocyanin production in pore cells of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und microskopische Anatomie 145, 443-5.
186. Sminia, T., and Vlugt-van Daalen, J. E. (1977). Haemocyanin synthesis in pore cells of the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa. Cell and Tissue Research 183, 299-301.
187. Sminia, T., Boer, H. H., and Niemantsverdriet, A. (1972). Haemoglobin-producing cells in freshwater snails. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und microskopische Anatomie 135, 563-8.
188. Smith, D. J., Butler, E. C. V., Grant, B. R., Little, G. W., Millis, N., and Milne, P. J. (1981). Distribution and significance of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in the Corio Bay Ecosystem. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 32, 151-64.
189. Soegianto, A., Charmantier-Daures, M., Trilles, J. P., and Charmantier, G. (1999). Impact of copper on the structure of gills and epipodites of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (Decapoda). Journal of Crustacean Biology 19, 209-33.
190. Soto, M., Cajaraville, M. P., and Marigómez, I. (1996). Tissue and cell distribution of copper, zinc, and cadmium in the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, determined by autometallography. Tissue and Cell 28, 557-68.
191. Spicer, J. I., and Weber, R. E. (1991). Respiratory impairment in crustaceans and molluscs due to exposure to heavy metals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 100C, 339-42.
192. Spindler, K. D., Hennecke, R., and Gellissen, G. (1992). Protein production and the molting cycle in the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Nordmann, 1842). General and Comparative Endocrinology 85, 248-53.
193. Sundermann, G. (1980). Die Ultrastruktur der vakuolosierten Rundzellen von Loligo vulgaris LAM. (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 103, 93-104.
194. Sutherland, J., and Major, C. W. (1981). Internal heavy metal changes as a consequence of exposure of Mytilus edulis, the blue mussel, to elevated external copper (II) levels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 68C, 63-7.
195. Taylor, H. H., and Taylor, E. W. (1992). Gills and lungs: the exchange of gases and ions. In 'Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates'. (Eds F. W. Harrison and A. G. Humes.) Vol. 10, pp. 203-93. (Wiley-Liss: New York.)
196. Taylor, J. E. (1993). Responses to wounding resulting in haemorrhage in the black-footed paua Haliotis iris Gmelin (Mollusca : Gastropoda). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
197. Taylor, J., Schiel, D., and Taylor, H. H. (1994). The first cut is the deepest: wounding bleeding and healing in the black-footed paua (Haliotis iris). Seafood New Zealand 2 (February) 47-8.
198. Terwilliger, N. B. (1998). Functional adaptations of oxygen-transport proteins. Journal of Experimental Biology 201, 1085-98.
199. Torreblanca, A., Del Ramo, J., Martinez, M., Diaz-Mayans, J., and Pastor A. (1996). Effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone administration on zinc, copper and metallothionein levels in Procambarus clarkii. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 113C, 201-4.
200. Truchot, J. P. (1992). Respiratory function of arthropod hemocyanins. In 'Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers'. (Ed. C. P. Mangum.) pp. 377-410. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.)
201. van Bruggen, E. J. F. (1983). An electron microscopist's view of the quaternary structure of arthropodan and molluscan hemocyanins. In 'Structure and Function of Invertebrate Respiratory Proteins'. (Ed. E. J. Wood.) pp. 1-14. (Harwood Academic: London.)
202. Vanderbeke, E., Cleuter, Y., Marbaix, G, Préaux, G., and Lontie, R. (1982). Synthesis of haemocyanin in Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected with the polyadenylated RNA fraction isolated from the gills of Sepia officinalis and Loligo vulgaris. Biochemistry International 5, 23-9.
203. van Holde, K. E., Miller, K. I., and Lang, W. H. (1992). Molluscan hemocyanins: structure and function. In 'Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, 13: Blood and Tissue Oxygen Carriers'. (Ed. C. P. Mangum.) pp. 257-300. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.)
204. van Kuik, J. A., Kamerling, J. P., and Vliegenthart, J. F. G. (1990). Carbohydrate analysis of hemocyanins. In 'Invertebrate Dioxygen Carriers'. (Eds G. Préaux and R. Lontie.) pp. 157-63. (Leuven University: Leuven.)
205. Vinogradov, S. N., and Kapp, O. P. (Eds) (1991). 'Structure and Function of Invertebrate Oxygen Carriers.' (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.) 352 pp.
206. Vogt, G. (1994). Life cycle and functional cytology of the hepatopancreatic cells of Astacus astacus (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zoomorphology 114, 83-101.
207. Voit, R., and Feldmaierfuchs, G. (1990). Arthropod hemocyanins: molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding the tarantula hemocyanin subunit A and subunit E. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 1947-52.
208. Volbeda, A., and Hol, W. G. J. (1989). Crystal structure of hexameric haemocyanin from Panulirus interrupts refined at 3.2 A resolution. Journal of Molecular Biology 209, 249-79.
209. Voltzow, J. (1994). Gastropoda: Prosobranchia. In 'Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 5 Mollusca I'. (Eds F. W. Harrison and A. J. Kohn.) pp. 111-252. (Wiley-Liss: New York.)
210. Vulpe, C. D., and Packman, S. (1995). Cellular copper transport. Annual Review of Nutrition 15, 293-322.
211. Weber, R. E., de Zwaan, A., and Bang, A. (1992). Interactive effects of ambient copper and anoxic, temperature and salinity stress on survival and hemolymph and muscle tissue osmotic effectors in Mytilus edulis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 159, 135-56.
212. Weeks, J. M., Jensen, F. B., and Depledge, M. H. (1993). Acid-base status, haemolymph composition and tissue copper accumulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas exposed to combined copper and salinity stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series 97, 91-8.
213. Wichertjes, T., Gielens, C., Loncke, P., and Préaux, G. (1990). Comparative electron microscopy of the haemocyanins of the cephalopods Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris. In 'Invertebrate Dioxygen Carriers'. (Eds G. Préaux and R. Lontie.) pp. 289-94. (Leuven University: Leuven.)
214. Witmer, A., and Martin, A. W. (1973). The fine structure of the branchial heart appendage of the cephalopod Octopus dofleini martini. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und microskopische Anatomie 136, 545-68.
215. Wolmarans, C. T., and Yssel, E. (1988). Uptake and distribution of copper sulphate and its effect on the respiration rate of the haemocyanin-producing freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41, 214-21.
216. Wood, E. J. (1980). The oxygen transport and storage proteins of invertebrates. Essays in Biochemistry 16, 1-147.
217. Wood, E. J. (1983). Biosynthesis of haemocyanins and invertebrate haemoglobins. Life Chemistry Reports, Supplement 1, 365-75.
218. Wood, E. J., and Siggens, K. W. (1981). Studies on the biosynthesis of gastropod respiratory pigments. In 'Invertebrate Oxygen Binding Proteins: Structure, Active Site, and Function'. (Eds J. Lamy and J. Lamy.) pp. 825-32. (Marcel Dekker: New York.)
219. Wright, D. A. (1995). Trace metal and major ion interactions in aquatic animals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31, 8-18.
220. Ying, W., Ahsanullah, M., and Batley, G. E. (1993). Accumulation and regulation of heavy metals in the intertidal snail Polinices sordidus. Marine Biology 116, 417-22.
221. Zolla, L., Airoldi, L., Kuiper, H. A., Costantini, S., and Brunori, M. (1983). Copper removal from hemocyanins by cyanide in the presence or absence of gaseous ligands. In 'Structure and Function of Invertebrate Respiratory Proteins'. (Ed. E. J. Wood.) EMBO Workshop, Leeds, 1982, pp. 295-300. (Harwood Academic: London.)
222. Zuckerkandl, E. (1960). Hemocyanine et cuivre chez un crustacé décapode, dans leurs rapports avec le cycle d'intermue. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique (Monaco) 38, 1-122.