Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor: Comparisons and potential for use in the treatment of infections in nonneutropenic patients

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 179, Issue SUPPL. 2, 1999, Pages

  Root, Richard K ^a,b   Dale, David C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION; MYCOSIS; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0033390921     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/513857     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (126)

1. 1. Frumkin LR, Dale DC. The role of colony-stimulating factors in HIV disease. AIDS Reader 1996;6:185-93.
2. 2. Demetri GD, Griffin JD. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and its receptor. Blood 1991;78:2791-808.
3. 3. Dale DC, Liles WC, Summer WR, Nelson S. Review: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor - role and relationships in infectious diseases. J Infect Dis 1995;172:1061-75.
4. 4. Lieschke GJ, Burgess AW. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-simulating factor. N Engl J Med 1992;327:28-35, 99-106.
5. 5. Demetri GD, Antman KHS. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): preclinical and clinical investigations. Semin Oncol 1992;19:362-85.
6. 6. Neumunaitis J. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a review from preclinical development to clinical application. Transfusion 1993;33:70-83.
7. 7. Hill ADK, Naaina HA, Calvano SE, Daly JM. The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on myeloid cells and its clinical application. J Leukoc Biol 1995;58:634-42.
8. 8. Frampton JR, Lee CR, Faulds D. Filgrastim: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in neutropenia. Drugs 1994; 48: 731-60.
9. 9. Welte K, Gabrilove J, Bronchud MH, et al. Filgrastim (rmetHuG-CSF): the first 10 years. Blood 1996;88:1907-29.
10. 10. Grant SM, Heel RC. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF). Drugs 1992;43:516-60.
11. 11. Le Beau M, Lemons R, Carrino J, et al. Chromosomal localization of the human G-CSF gene to 17q11, proximal to the breakpoint of the t(15;17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1987;1:795-9.
12. 12. Huebner K, Isobe M, Croce CM, et al. The human gene encoding GM-CSF is at 5q21-q32, the chromosome region deleted in the 58-anomaly. Science 1985;230:1282-5.
13. 13. Dorr RT. Clinical properties of yeast-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Ther 1993;15:19-29.
14. 14. Park LS, Waldron PE, Friend D, et al. Interleukin-3, GM-CSF, and G-CSF receptor expression on cell lines and primary leukemia cells: receptor heterogeneity and relationship to growth factor responsiveness. Blood 1989;74:56-65.
15. 15. Bussolino FM, Wang JM, Defillipi P, et al. Granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors induced human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Nature 1989;337:471-3.
16. 16. Uzumaki H, Okabe T, Sasaki N, et al. Identification and characterization of receptors for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on human placenta and trophoblastic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:9323-6.
17. 17. Elbaz O, Budel L, Hoogerbrugge H, et al. Tumor necrosis factor down-regulates granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor expression on human acute myeloid leukemia cells and granulocytes. J Clin Invest 1991;87:838-41.
18. 18. DiPersio J, Billing P, Kaufman S, et al. Characterization of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. J Biol Chem 1988;263:1834-6.
19. 19. Gorman D, Itoh N, Kitamura T, et al. Cloning and expression of a gene encoding an interleukin-3 receptor-like protein: identification of another member of the cytokine receptor gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:5459-63.
20. 20. Baldwin GC, Gasson JC, Kaufman SE, et al. Nonhematopoietic tumor cells express functional GM-CSF receptors. Blood 1989;73:1033-7.
21. 21. Dale DC. Leukocytosis, leukopenia, and eosinophilia. In: Wilson JD, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al., eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990:360.
22. 22. Cebon J, Layton JE, Maher D, Morstyn G. Endogenous haematopoietic growth factors in neutropenia and infection. Br J Haematol 1994;86: 265-74.
23. 23. Kawakami M, Tsutsumi H, Kumakawa T, et al. Levels of serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with infections. Blood 1990; 76:1662-4.
24. 24. Taveira Da Silva AMT, Kaulbach HC, Chiudian FS, et al. Brief report: shock and multiple-organ dysfunction after self-administration of Salmonella endotoxin. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1457-60.
25. 25. Hammond WP, Csiba E, Canin A, et al. Chronic neutropenia: a new canine model induced by human G-CSF. J Clin Invest 1991;87:704-10.
26. 26. Lieschke GJ, Grail D, Hodgson G, et al. Mice lacking granulocyte colony-stimulating factor have chronic neutropenia, granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cell deficiency, and impaired neutrophil mobilization. Blood 1994;84:1737-46.
27. 27. Metcalf D. Clonal analysis of proliferation and differentiation of paired daughter cells: action of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on granulocyte-macrophage precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:5327-30.
28. 28. McNiece I. Synergism of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992;14:31-8.
29. 29. Nillson SK, Lieschke GJ, Garcia-Wijnen CC, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is not responsible for the correction of hematopoietic deficiencies in the maturing op/op mouse. Blood 1996;86:66-72.
30. 30. Lord BI, Bronchud MH, Owens S, et al. The kinetics of human granulopoiesis following treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:9499-503.
31. 31. Chatta GS, Price TH, Allen RC, Dale DC. Effects of in vivo recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on the neutrophil response and peripheral blood colony-forming cells in healthy young and elderly adult volunteers. Blood 1994;84:2923-9.
32. 32. Price TH, Chatta GS, Dale DC. Effect of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutrophil kinetics in normal young and elderly humans. Blood 1996;88:335-40.
33. 33. Lord BI, Gurney H, Chang J, et al. Haematopoietic cell kinetics in humans treated with rGM-CSF. Int J Cancer 1992;50:26-31.
34. 34. Dale DC, Liles WC, Llewellyn C, Price TH. The effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on neutrophil kinetics and function in normal human volunteers. Am J Hematol 1998; 57:7-15.
35. 35. Athens JW, Haab OP, Raab SO, et al. Leukocyte studies. IV: the total blood, circulating and marginal granulocyte pools, and the granulocyte turnover rate in normal subjects. J Clin Invest 1961;40:989-95.
36. 36. Yuo A, Kigawa A, Ashaka A, et al. Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as an activator of human granulocytes: potentiation of responses triggered by receptor mediated agonists and stimulation of C3bi receptor expression and adherence. Blood 1989;74:2144-9.
37. 37. Yong KL, Linch DC. Differential effects of granulocyte and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factors (G and GM-CSF) on neutrophil adhesion in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Haematol 1992;49:251-9.
38. 38. Wang JM, Chen ZG, Collela S, et al. Chemotactic activity of human recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. Blood 1988;72: 1456-60.
39. 39. Weisbert RH, Golde DW. Physiology of granulocyte and macrophage colony-simulating factors in host defense. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1989;3:401-9.
40. 40. Sullivan GW, Carper JT, Mandell GL. The effect of three recombinant haematopoietic growth factors (GM-CSF, G-CSF, and IL-3) on phagocytic oxidative activity. Blood 1993;81:1863-70.
41. 41. Roillides E, Walsh TJ, Pizzo PA, et al. Granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of normal and defective human neutrophils. J Infect Dis 1991; 163:579-83.
42. 42. Roillides E, Uhlig K, Venzon D, et al. Enhancement of oxidative response and damage caused by human neutrophils to Aspergillus fumigatis hyphae by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interferon-gamma. Infect Immun 1993;61:1185-93.
43. 43. Lopez AF, Nicola NA, Burgess AW, et al. Activation of granulocyte cytotoxic function by purified mouse colony-stimulating factors. J Immunol 1983;131:2983-8.
44. 44. Colotta F, Re F, Polentarutti N, et al. Modulation of granulocyte survival and programmed cell death by cytokines and bacterial products. Blood 1992;80:2012-20.
45. 45. Liles WC, Kiener PA, Ledbetter JA, et al. Differential expression of Fas (CD95) and Fas ligand on normal human phagocytes: implications for the regulation of apoptosis in neutrophils. J Exp Med 1996;184:429-40.
46. 46. Valerius T, Repp R, de Wit TPM, et al. Involvement of the high affinity receptor for IgG (Fc R1;CD 64) in enhanced tumor cell cytotoxicity of neutrophils during granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy. Blood 1993;82:931-9.
47. 47. Liles WC, Huang JE, Van Burick JH, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administered in vivo augments neutrophil-mediated activity against opportunistic fungal pathogens. J Infect Dis 1997;175: 1012-5.
48. 48. Allen RC, Stevens PR, Price TH, et al. In vivo effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutrophil oxidative functions in normal human volunteers. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1184-92.
49. 49. Liles WC, Rodger ER, Dale DC. Differential regulation of human neutrophil surface expression of CD14, CD11b, CD18, and L-selectin following administration of G-CSF in vivo and in vitro [abstract]. Clin Res 1994;42:304A.
50. 50. Kerst JM, van den Winkel JG, Evans AH, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces hFc R1 (CD 64 antigen)-positive neutrophils by an effect on myeloid precursor cells. Blood 1993;81:1457-64.
51. 51. Weisbart R, Golde D, Gasson J. Biosynthetic human GM-CSF modulates the number and affinity of neutrophil f-met-leu-phe receptors. J Immunol 1986;137:3584-7.
52. 52. Arnaout M, Wang E, Clark S, et al. Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increases cell-to-cell adhesion and surface expression of adhesion-promoting surface glycoproteins and mature granulocytes. J Clin Invest 1986;78:597-605.
53. 53. Griffin J, Spertini O, Ernst T, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines regulate surface expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 on human neutrophils, monocytes, and their precursors. J Immunol 1989;145:576-84.
54. 54. Fleischmann J, Golde D, Weisbart R, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances phagocytosis of bacteria by human neutrophils. Blood 1986;68:708-11.
55. 55. Perussia B, Kobayasgu M, Rossi M, et al. Immune interferon enhances functional properties of human granulocytes: role of Fc receptors and effect of lymphotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Immunol 1987;138:765-76.
56. 56. Weisbart RH, Kacena A, Schuh A, et al. GM-CSF induces human neutrophil IgA-mediated phagocytosis by an IgA Fc receptor activation mechanism. Nature 1988;332:647-8.
57. 57. Weisbart RH, Golde DW, Clark SE, et al. Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a neutrophil activator. Science 1984; 226:1339-42.
58. 58. Weisbart R, Kwan L, Golde D, et al. Human GM-CSF primes neutrophils for enhanced oxidative metabolism in response to the major physiological chemoattractants. Blood 1987;69:18-21.
59. 59. Lopez A, Williamson D, Gamble J, et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates in vitro mature human neutrophil and eosinophil function, surface receptor expression, and survival. J Clin Invest 1986;78:1220-8.
60. 60. Reed S, Nathan C, Pihl D. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor activates macrophages to inhibit Trypanosoma cruzi and release hydrogen peroxide. J Exp Med 1987;166:1734-41.
61. 61. Handman E, Burgess A. Stimulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of Leishmania tropica killing by macrophages. J Immunol 1979;122:122-30.
62. 62. Grabstein K, Urdal D, Tuschinski R, et al. Induction of macrophage tumoricidal activity by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Science 1986;232:506-8.
63. 63. Lindemann A, Riedel D, Oster W, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces interleukin-1 production by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Immunol 1988;140:837-9.
64. 64. Heidenreich S, Gong JH, Schmidt A, et al. Macrophage activation by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Immunol 1989; 143:1198-205.
65. 65. Hart PH, Whitty GA, Piccoli DS, Hamilton JA. Synergistic activation of human monocytes by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IFN: increased TNF but not IL-1 activity. J Immunol 1988; 141:1516-21.
66. 66. Cairo MS, Mauss D, Kommareddy S, et al. Prophylactic or simultaneous administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of group B streptococcal sepsis in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 1990;27:612-6.
67. 67. Wheeler J, Givner L. Therapeutic use of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in neonatal rats with type III group B streptococcal sepsis. J Infect Dis 1992;165:938-41.
68. 68. Smith WS, Sumnicht GE, Sharp RW, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor vs placebo in addition to penicillin G in a randomized blinded study of gram-negative pneumonia-sepsis: analysis of survival and multisystem organ failure. Blood 1995;86:1301-9.
69. 69. Abraham E, Stevens P. Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in modifying mortality from Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia after hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 1992;20:1127-31.
70. 70. Nelson S, Summer WR, Bagby G, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances pulmonary host defenses in normal and ethanol-treated rats. J Infect Dis 1991;164:901-6.
71. 71. Hebert JC, O'Reilly M, Gamelli RL. Protective effect of recombinant human granulocyte-stimulating factor against pneumococcal infections in splenectomized mice. Arch Surg 1990;125:1075-8.
72. 72. Silver GM, Gamelli RL, O'Reilly M. The beneficial effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on survival after Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infection. Surgery 1989;106:452-6.
73. 73. Yasuda H, Ajiki L, Shomozato T, et al. Therapeutic efficiency of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor alone and in combination with antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in mice. Infect Immun 1990;58:2502-9.
74. 74. Eichacker PQ, Waisman Y, Natanson C, et al. Cardiopulmonary effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in a canine model of bacterial sepsis. J Appl Physiol 1994;77:2366-73.
75. 75. Toda H, Murata A, Oka Y, et al. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on sepsis-induced organ injury in rats. Blood 1994;83:2893-8.
76. 76. Tiegs G, Barsig J, Matiba B, et al. Potentiation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of lipopolysaccharide toxicity in mice. J Clin Invest 1994;93:2616-22.
77. 77. Havill AM, Anderson JW, Karoch JW, Nelson S. Enhancement of endotoxin-induced lethality in the mouse by GM-CSF [abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143(suppl):236.
78. 78. Kanazawa M, Ishizaka A, Hasegawa I, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor does not enhance endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:1030-5.
79. 79. Koizumi T, Kubo K, Shinozaki S, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor does not exacerbate endotoxin-induced lung injury in sheep. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:132-8.
80. 80. Nelson S, Mason C, Bagby G, et al. Effect of murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor [abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;141(suppl):677.
81. 81. Gorgen I, Hartung T, Leist M, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment protects rodents against lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity via suppression of systemic tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Immunol 1992;149:918-22.
82. 82. Hartung T, Docke WD, Gantner F, et al. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment on ex vivo blood cytokine response in human volunteers. Blood 1995;85:3482-9.
83. 83. VanDeventer SJH. Progress in cytokine research and implications for immunotherapy of sepsis. Clinician 1995;13:9-13.
84. 84. Parillo JE. Pathogenetic mechanisms of septic shock. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1471-7.
85. 85. Dale DC, Bonilla MA, Davis MW, et al. A randomized controlled phase III trial of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) for treatment of severe chronic neutropenia. Blood 1993; 81:2496-502.
86. 86. Hammond WP, Price TH, Souza LM, Dale DC. Treatment of cyclic neutropenia with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1306-11.
87. 87. Foote MA, Hasibeder H. A comparison of biochemistry, biology, and clinical aspects of G-CSF and GM-CSF. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen, 1994; internal resource document.
88. 88. Jain KK. Cutaneous vasculitis associated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:213-5.
89. 89. Beveridge RA, Miller JA, Kales AN, et al. Randomized trial comparing the tolerability of sargramostim (yeast-derived RhuGM-CSF) and filgrastim (bacteria-derived RhuG-CSF) in cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 1997;5:289-98.
90. 90. Peters WP, Shogan J, Shpall EJ, et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor produces fever [letter]. Lancet 1988;1:950.
91. 91. Lieschke GJ, Maher D, O'Connor M, et al. Phase 1 study of intravenously administered bacterially synthesized granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and comparison with subcutaneous administration. Cancer Res 1990;50:606-14.
92. 92. Lieschke GJ, Cebon J, Morstyn G. Characterization of the clinical effects after the first dose of bacterially synthesized recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1989;74:2634-43.
93. 93. Lieschke GJ, Maher D, Cebon J, et al. Effects of bacterially synthesized recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced malignancy. Ann Intern Med 1989;110: 357-64.
94. 94. Arnig M, Kliche KO, Schneider W. GM-CSF therapy and capillary-leak syndrome [letter]. Ann Hematol 1991;62:83.
95. 95. Nathan FE, Besa EC. GM-CSF and accelerated hemolysis [letter]. N Engl J Med 1992;326:417; erratum: N Engl J Med 1992;326:904.
96. 96. Hazenberg BPC, Van Leeuwen, MA, Van Rijswijk MH, et al. Correction of granulocytopenia in Felty's syndrome by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: simultaneous induction of interleukin-6 release and flare-up of the arthritis. Blood 1989;74:2769-70.
97. 97. Kluin-Nelemans JC, Hollander AAMJ, Fibre WE, et al. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis during GM-CSF therapy. Br J Haematol 1989;73:419-20.
98. 98. Stehle RA, Weiss C, Ho AD, Hunstein W. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1990;75:1895-8.
99. 99. Gribben JG, Devereux S, Thomas NS, et al. Development of antibodies to unprotected glycosylation sites on recombinant human GM-CSF. Lancet 1990;335:434-7.
100. 100. Ohno R, Tomonaga M, Kobayashi T, et al. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after intensive induction chemotherapy on relapsed or refractory acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 1990;323:871-7.
101. 101. Ganser A, Volkers B, Greher J, et al. Treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with cytokines and cytotoxic drugs. Semin Oncol 1992; 19: 95-101.
102. 102. Pinner RW, Teutsch SM, Simonsen L, et al. Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States. JAMA 1996;275:189-93.
103. 103. Smith JA. Neutrophils, host defense, and inflammation: a double-edged sword. J Leukoc Biol 1994;56:672-86.
104. 104. Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson SS, et al. Prognosis and outcome of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 1996;275:134-41.
105. 105. Gadek JE. Adverse effects of neutrophils on the lung. Am J Med 1992; 92(suppl):27S-31S.
106. 106. Fowler AA, Hannabn RF, Good TT Jr, et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: risk with common predispositions. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98:593-7.
107. 107. DeBoisblanc BP, Mason CM, Andresen J, et al. Phase I safety trial of filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF) in non-neutropenic patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 1997;91:387-94.
108. 108. Nelson S, Farkas S, Fotheringham N, et al. Filgrastim in the treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1075-80.
109. 109. Daifuku R, Movahhed H, Fotheringham N, et al. Time to resolution of morbidity: an endpoint for assessing the clinical cure of community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Med 1996;90:587-92.
110. 110. Wunderink RG, Leeper KV, Schein RMH, et al. Clinical response to filgrastim (rMetHuG-CSF) in pneumonia with severe sepsis [abstract]. Am J Respir Clin Med 1996;153:A123.
111. 111. Mowat AG, Baum J. Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1971;284:621-7.
112. 112. Bagdade JD, Root RK, Bulger RJ. Impaired leukocyte function in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetes 1974;23:9-15.
113. 113. Marphoffer W, Stein M, Schleinkofer, Frederlin K. Evidence of an ex vivo and in vitro impaired neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytic capacity in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1993;19: 183-8.
114. 114. Sato N, Shimizu H, Suwa K, et al. Myeloperoxidase activity and generation of active oxygen species in leukocytes from poorly controlled diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1992;15:1050-2.
115. 115. Gough A, Clapperton M, Rolando N, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in diabetic foot infection. Lancet 1997;350:855-9.
116. 116. Ferrieri P. Neonatal susceptibility and immunity to major bacterial pathogens. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12:S394-400.
117. 117. Berger M. Complement deficiency and neutrophil dysfunction as risk factors for bacterial infection in newborns and the role of granulocyte transfusion in therapy. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12(suppl):S401-9.
118. 118. Gillan ER, Christensen RD, Suen Y, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration in newborn infants with presumed sepsis: significant induction of peripheral and bone marrow neutrophilia. Blood 1994; 84:1427-33.
119. 119. Sijmons EA, vanLindert ACM. Effect of prophylactic filgrastim on wound infection after radical vulvectomy. Clinician 1995;13:19-22.
120. 120. van Linert ACM, Sijmons EA, Damen BFM, Heintz APM. Wound healing after radical vulvectomy and inguino-femoral lymphadenectomy: experience with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (filgrastim, rmetHuG-CSF). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;62:217-9.
121. 121. Weiss M, Gross-Weege W, Schneider M, et al. Enhancement of neutrophil function by in vivo filgrastim treatment for prophylaxis of sepsis in surgical intensive care patients. J Crit Care 1995;10:21-6.
122. 122. Diamond RD. Interactions of phagocytic cells with Candida and other opportunistic fungi. Arch Med Res 1993;24:361-9.
123. 123. Vecchiarelli A, Monari C, Baldelli F, et al. Beneficial effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on fungicidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1995;171:1448-54.
124. 124. Rodeberg DA, Bass RC, Alexander JW, et al. Neutrophils from burn patients are unable to increase expression of CD11b/CD18 in response to inflammatory stimuli. J Leukoc Biol 1997;61:575-82.
125. 125. Sartorelli KH, Silver GM, Gamelli RL. The effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) upon burn-induced defective neutrophil chemotaxis. J Trauma 1991,31:523-30.
126. 126. van de Merwe JP. Treatment of refractory chronic bacterial sinusitis with filgrastim and relationship to granulocyte chemotactic response: a preliminary study. Clinician 1995;13:23-7.