'New regionalism' in Central America

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 957-970

  Bull, Benedicte ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION; GLOBALIZATION; REGIONALISM;

CENTRAL AMERICA;

EID: 0033390215     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599913433     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. 'Central American countries' usually includes Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Central American integration is used here generally to denote integration between these countries. It should be noted, however, that Panama is also a party to some of the agreements and that Costa Rica has refrained from becoming a member of the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN).
2. For overviews of regional integration projects in Latin America, see A Hurrell, 'Latin America in the new world order: a regional bloc of the Americas?', International Affairs, 68 (1), 1992, pp 121-139; Hurrell, 'Regionalism in the Americas', in A Hurrell & L Fawcett, Regionalism in World Politics, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 250-282; J Grugel, 'Latin America and the remaking of the Americas', in A Gamble & A Payne, Regionalism and World Order, London: Macmillan, 1996, pp 131-167; and Inter-American Development Bank, Periodic Note on Integration, July 1997.
3. See B Hettne, 'Globalisation and the new regionalism: the second great transformation', In B Hettne, A Inotai & O Sunkel, Globalisai and the New Regionalism, The New Regionalism Series Vol 1, London: Macmillan, 1999, pp 1-24.
4. M Bpas & H Hveem, 'Regionalisms compared: the African and South-East Asian experience' in B Hettne A Inotai & O Sunkel Comparing Regionalisms: Implications for Global Development, The New Regionalism Series, Vol 5, London: Macmillan, 1999 forthcoming.
5. A Hurrell, 'Explaining the resurgence of regionalism in world polities', Review of International Studies, 21, 1995, pp 331-358.
6. B Buzan, O Wasver & J de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
7. The concept of a double movement originates in the writings of Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: the Political and Economic Origins of our Time, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1957. It is used by D Bach & H Hveem in 'Regionalism, regionalization and globalization", paper presented at the Third General Conference of the Standing Group on International Relations of the ECPR, Vienna, 16-20 September 1998, to analyse the relationship between globalisation and régionalisation. 'Common regional action' is Eduardo Lizano Fail's description of Central American integration. See E Lizano Fait 'tHacia un nuevo enfoque de la integration regional?" in FUNPADEM, El nuevo orden econômico intemacional: tentas sobre la inserciôn de Cenlroamerica en los 90, San Jose, Costa Rica: Fundaciôn del Servicio Exterior para la Paz y la Democracia, 1996.
8. The idea of regional security dynamics is developed in B Buzan, People, Stales and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991. For an account of the hemispheric initiatives in this respect see F Rojas Aravena, 'Williamsburg: iUn giro definitivo en las relaciónes hemisféricas de sguridad?',
9. Revista Occidental, Estudios Lalinoamericanos, 13 (1), 1996, pp 1-28. For a more critical account of the security dimensions of Latin
10. American regionalism see A Hurrell, 'Security in Latin America', Foreign Affairs, 74 (3), 1998, pp 529-547.
11. R Cox, 'Gramsci, hegemony and international relations. An essay in method'. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 12 (2), 1983, pp 162-175.
12. A Gamble & A Payne, Regionalism and World Order, London: Macmillan, 1996.
13. A De la Ossa, El sistema de integracion centroamericana: critica de la vision oficial, San José, Costa Rica: Fundacion Ebert, 1994.
14. Bøås & Hveem, 'Regionalisms compared'.
15. The critique originates in the writings of Alexander Wendt, "The agent-structure problem in international relations theory', International Organization, 41 (3), 1987, pp 335-370; and Wendt, 'Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power polities'.
16. International Organization, 46 (2), 1992, pp 391-425. A structure is in this sense a set of relatively unchangeable constraints on the behaviour of states. Although these can take the form of systems of material incentives and disincentives, the idea that they are constructed refers to the fact that actions may or may not reproduce both actor and structure. See T Hopf, "The promise of constructivism in international relations theory'
17. , International Security, 23 (1), 1998, pp 171-200.
18. S Jonas, 'La ayuda externa no ayuda a la integracön Centroamericana", in Intégration y Dependencia en Cenlroamerica, INEP, 1973.
19. As evident in, for example, the Declaration of Central America of 1963. For a collection of the political declarations see F Fernandez-Shaw La Integration de Cenlroamerica, Madrid: Ediciónes de Cultura Hispanica, 1963. For an account of the military integration process see Aguilera Peralta, G Aguilera Peralta, La Integraciön Militar en Centro América, undated.
20. R Gerdas, 'Las instituciones de integración en Centroamerica", in V Bulmer Thomas (ed), Integration Regional en Centroamerica, San José, Costa Rica: Ft-ACSO-Sede Costa Rica, 1998, pp 245-278.
21. CEPAL, Open Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago: United Nations, 1994.
22. V Bulmer-Thomas, "The Central American Common Market: from closed to open regionalism'. World Development, 26 (2), 1998, pp 313-322.
23. Among the most significant of the agreements with third parties is the free trade agreement signed with the Dominican Republic in 1997. For an overview of treaties and conventions see the website: SICA-Tratados y Convenios, http://www.sicanet.org.sv.
24. See, for example, S Stone The Heritage of the Conquistadors. Ruling Classes in Central America from the Conquest to the Sandinistas, Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1990, pp 30-34; and V Bulmer-Thomas,
25. The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp 303-322.
26. C Sojo, 'Negociaciónes internacionales en Centroamerica', Polemica (Costa Rica), 1991, No 14-15, pp 35-52.
27. The expression is taken from Buzan and is defined as 'a group of states whose primary security concerns link together sufficiently closely that their national securities cannot realistically be considered apart from one another'. Buzan, People, Slates and Fear, p 190.
28. Fernando Zumbado, speech to the UN General Assembly. Quoted in F Rojas Aravena, Costa Rica: Politico Exterior y Crisis Centroamericana, Heredia, Costa Rica: Universidad Nacional, Escuela de Relaciónes Internacionales, 1990, p 141.
29. Protocolo de Tegucigalpa a la Carta de la Organizacion de Estados Centroamericanos (ODECA), Art 3b.
30. A Diaz Cordova, 'La integración desde el punto de vista institucional', Estudios Intemactionales (Guatemala) 5 (10), 1994, pp 114-127.
31. Protocol of Tegucigalpa.
32. J E Vargas Roldan, 'Los actores de la sociedad civil en el processo de integración Centroamericana', Estudios Internationales, 7 (13), 1996, pp 176-183.
33. Reuters, 19 April 1996. Quoted in A Isacson, Altered Slales. Security and Demilitarization in Central America, Washington, DC: Center for International Policy and San José, Costa Rica: The Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, 1996, pill.
34. Institute for European-Latin American Relations (IRELA), DATARELA, Latin American Data Bank, http:// www.irela.org, 1998. The main increase in imports came from Japan and the Asian Nies, but imports from the USA and the EU also increased significantly. The increase in exports is more varied, but it is accounted for by a modest increase in exports to the USA, the rest of Latin America and the Asian Nies. Bilateral treaties signed between individual SICA countries and third parties have also had greater impact on commercial flows than have the SICA agreements. For example, Costa Rica's trade with Mexico increased 150% after the bilateral treaty between the two was signed in 1994.
35. See for example J M Cruz & N P Pena, Solidaridad y Violencia en las Pandillas del Gran San Salvador. Alas alla de la Vida Loca, San Salvador: UCA Editores, 1998.
36. G A Morales & M I Cranshaw, Regionalismo Emergente: Redes de la Sociedad Civil e Intégration Centroamericana, San José, Costa Rica: FLACSO, 1997. For an account of the dividing lines between different NCOS and how they relate to the conflict of the 1980s,
37. see L Macdonald, 'Globalising civil society: intepreting international NCOS in Central America', Millenium, 22 (2), 1994, pp 267-285.
38. The 1998 meeting was used in that respect to request that an arrangement be applied to industrial products similar to that granted to the countries of the Andean Community. Council press release: 02/10/98 (1) San Jose XlVth Ministerial Conference, 10 February 1998, San José, Costa Rica, Joint Communiqué.
39. The European Parliament has given substantial assistance to IRELA, located in Madrid, an institution established to further relations within and between the two regions. The European Commission has also formalised working relationships with such regional bodies as the Sistema Economico Latinoamericano (SELA) and Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (ALADI). See E N Baklanoff, 'Spain's economic strategy toward the "Nations of Its Historical Community": the "reconquest" of Latin America', Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 38 (1), 1996, pp 105-127.
40. Of speeches in national forums, the inauguration speeches given by presidents when resuming power have been chosen. In general, the most striking aspect is that Central American integration is mentioned very rarely.
41. Declaration of Antigua, 17 June 1990.
42. Panorama Centroamericano/Reporte Politico, No 111, January 1996.
43. Hettne, 'Globalisation and the new regionalism'.
44. Sojo, 'Negociaciónes internacionales en Centroamérica, pp 14-15, 35-52.
45. Edelberto Torres-Rivas, speech at II Seminario de Relaciones Económicas Mexico-Centroamérica, referred to in La Prensa de Honduras, 16 April 1999.