Third World states as intervenors in ethnic conflicts: Implications for regional and international security

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 1143-1156

  Khosla, Deepa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHNIC CONFLICT; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; REGIONAL SECURITY;

EID: 0033384125     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436599913334     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. The terms ethnic or communal groups and minorities are used interchangeably in this article.
2. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
3. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
4. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
5. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
6. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
7. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
8. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
9. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
10. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
11. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
12. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
13. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
14. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
15. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
16. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
17. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
18. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F
19. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
20. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
21. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
22. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
23. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
24. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilem as', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
25. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
26. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
27. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
28. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
29. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
30. See, for instance, M Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995; M E Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict', in Brown (ed), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996, pp 1-31; B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis' in B Buzan & G Rizvi (eds). South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; R Cooper & M Berdal, 'Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts', Survival, 35(1), 1993, pp 118-142; S R David, 'Internal war: causes and cures', World Politics, 49(4), 1997, pp 552-576; K M de Silva & R J May (eds), Internationalisation of Ethnic Conflict, New York: St Martin's Press 1991; P F Diehl, J Reifschneider & P R Hensel, 'United Nations intervention and recurring conflict', International Organization, 50(4), 1996, pp 683-700; R Falk, 'Intervention revisited: hard choices and tragic dilemmas', The Nation, 20 December 1993, pp 755-764; T R Gurr & B Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1994; T R Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945: which groups, where, and how', in M I Midlarsky (ed), The Internationalisation of Communal Conflict, London: Routledge, 1992 ; G B Helman & S R Ratner, 'Saving failed states', Foreign Policy, 89, 1992-93, pp 3-20; A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', International Organization, 44(3), 1990, pp 341-378; J Herbst, 'Responding to state failure in Africa, International Security, 21(3), 1996-97, pp 120-144; M G Hermann & C W Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs: democratisation and military intervention', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(3), 1996, pp 436-460; C W Kegley Jr & M G Hermann, 'Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note', Comparative Political Studies, 30(1), 1997, pp 78-107; R Licklider (ed), Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993; R S Litwak & S F Wells Jr (eds), Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988; E Luard, The International Regulation of Civil Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972; M Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1996; S N MacFarlane, 'Superpower rivalry in the 1990s', Third World Quarterly, 12(1), 1990, pp 1-25; F S Pearson & R Baumann, 'Foreign military intervention and changes in United States business activity', Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 5(1), 1977, pp 79-97; P M Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 1996, pp 336-359; J N Rosenau, 'The concept of intervention', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968; S J Stedman, Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991; A Suhrke & L G Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor', in Suhrke and Noble (eds), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations, New York: Praeger, 1977, pp 213-232; H K Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age', Journal of Peace Research, 26(2), 1989, pp 179-195; J A Vasquez, 'Factors related to the contagion and diffusion of international violence', in Midlarsky. The Internationalisation of Communal Strife, pp 149-172; M Y Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(4), 1997, pp 580-602; and O R Young, 'Intervention and international systems', Journal of International Affairs, 22(2), 1968.
31. Singapore's peaceful separation from Malaysia in 1965 is the other instance.
32. There are differing views as to whether diplomatic support constitutes an interventionary action. Regan, for instance, argues that political statements are a regular aspect of diplomacy and should therefore be excluded. Yoon, on the other hand, asserts that more subtle forms of intervention, such as diplomatic support, must also be systematically examined. See Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts'; and Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989'.
33. There are differing views as to whether diplomatic support constitutes an interventionary action. Regan, for instance, argues that political statements are a regular aspect of diplomacy and should therefore be excluded. Yoon, on the other hand, asserts that more subtle forms of intervention, such as diplomatic support, must also be systematically examined. See Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts'; and Yoon, 'Explaining US intervention in third world internal wars, 1945-1989'.
34. The term 'third world' is used here in its traditional sense and therefore excludes the countries that comprised the former Soviet Union and eastern bloc along with first world states (including Japan).
35. T R Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1993.
36. T R Gurr & M Haxton, 'Minorities Report (1). Ethnopolitical conflict in the 1990s: patterns and trends', unpublished paper, University of Maryland, 1996, pp 8-10.
37. For the states that are classified as neighbours, no weighting has been done to take into account the number of countries that border such states. This procedure will be incorporated in future research.
38. Some studies that consider the role and actions of regional powers include Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis'; S Croft & A Treacher, 'Aspects of intervention in the South', in, A M Dorman & T G Otte (eds), Military Intervention: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention, Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995 ; M T Klare, 'Wars in the 1990s: growing firepower in the third world', Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May, 1990, pp 9-13; S Murden, Emergent Regional Powers and International Relations in the Gulf: 1988-1991, Reading: Ithaca, 1995; and I B Neumann (ed), Regional Great Powers in International Politics, New York: St Martin's Press, 1992, pp 1-15.
39. Some studies that consider the role and actions of regional powers include Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis'; S Croft & A Treacher, 'Aspects of intervention in the South', in, A M Dorman & T G Otte (eds), Military Intervention: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention, Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995 ; M T Klare, 'Wars in the 1990s: growing firepower in the third world', Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May, 1990, pp 9-13; S Murden, Emergent Regional Powers and International Relations in the Gulf: 1988-1991, Reading: Ithaca, 1995; and I B Neumann (ed), Regional Great Powers in International Politics, New York: St Martin's Press, 1992, pp 1-15.
40. Some studies that consider the role and actions of regional powers include Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis'; S Croft & A Treacher, 'Aspects of intervention in the South', in, A M Dorman & T G Otte (eds), Military Intervention: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention, Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995 ; M T Klare, 'Wars in the 1990s: growing firepower in the third world', Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May, 1990, pp 9-13; S Murden, Emergent Regional Powers and International Relations in the Gulf: 1988-1991, Reading: Ithaca, 1995; and I B Neumann (ed), Regional Great Powers in International Politics, New York: St Martin's Press, 1992, pp 1-15.
41. Some studies that consider the role and actions of regional powers include Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis'; S Croft & A Treacher, 'Aspects of intervention in the South', in, A M Dorman & T G Otte (eds), Military Intervention: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention, Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995 ; M T Klare, 'Wars in the 1990s: growing firepower in the third world', Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May, 1990, pp 9-13; S Murden, Emergent Regional Powers and International Relations in the Gulf: 1988-1991, Reading: Ithaca, 1995; and I B Neumann (ed), Regional Great Powers in International Politics, New York: St Martin's Press, 1992, pp 1-15.
42. Some studies that consider the role and actions of regional powers include Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis'; S Croft & A Treacher, 'Aspects of intervention in the South', in, A M Dorman & T G Otte (eds), Military Intervention: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention, Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995 ; M T Klare, 'Wars in the 1990s: growing firepower in the third world', Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May, 1990, pp 9-13; S Murden, Emergent Regional Powers and International Relations in the Gulf: 1988-1991, Reading: Ithaca, 1995; and I B Neumann (ed), Regional Great Powers in International Politics, New York: St Martin's Press, 1992, pp 1-15.
43. Major exceptions include disputes between countries that are either overtly or covertly known to possess weapons of mass destruction, eg the Arab-Israeli conflict, India-Pakistan and the North-South Korea contention.
44. Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts', p 345.
45. Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict'.
46. A Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', pp 374-375.
47. B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis'; and Klare, 'Wars in the 1990s'.
48. B Buzan, 'A framework for regional security analysis'; and Klare, 'Wars in the 1990s'.
49. It is possible that other Russian interventions were not evident or were missed when the codings for the communal groups were undertaken. In some instances, information about the involvement of external states becomes available years after the incidents occur. This is an issue that confronts all large-N data-gathering projects; it must be noted, however, that with the expansion of the Internet and news coverage from every world region, it may be less of an issue in the future.
50. Tillema, 'Foreign overt military intervention in the nuclear age'.
51. Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement'; Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts'; Suhrke & Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor'.
52. Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement'; Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts'; Suhrke & Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor'.
53. Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement'; Regan, 'Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts'; Suhrke & Noble, 'Spread or containment: the ethnic factor'.
54. For instance, Brecher & Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997; Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict'; D Carment & P James (eds), Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997; Gurr & Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics; E A Henderson, 'Culture or contiguity: ethnic conflict, the similarity of states, and the onset of war, 1820-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 1997, pp 649-668; Hermann & Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs', D. A Lake & D Rothchild (eds), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998; Midlarsky, The Internationalisation of Communal Strife; and S Ryan, Ethnic Conflict and International Relations, Aldershot: UK: Dartmouth, 1995.
55. For instance, Brecher & Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997; Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict'; D Carment & P James (eds), Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997; Gurr & Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics; E A Henderson, 'Culture or contiguity: ethnic conflict, the similarity of states, and the onset of war, 1820-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 1997, pp 649-668; Hermann & Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs', D. A Lake & D Rothchild (eds), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998; Midlarsky, The Internationalisation of Communal Strife; and S Ryan, Ethnic Conflict and International Relations, Aldershot: UK: Dartmouth, 1995.
56. For instance, Brecher & Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997; Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict'; D Carment & P James (eds), Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997; Gurr & Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics; E A Henderson, 'Culture or contiguity: ethnic conflict, the similarity of states, and the onset of war, 1820-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 1997, pp 649-668; Hermann & Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs', D. A Lake & D Rothchild (eds), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998; Midlarsky, The Internationalisation of Communal Strife; and S Ryan, Ethnic Conflict and International Relations, Aldershot: UK: Dartmouth, 1995.
57. For instance, Brecher & Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997; Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict'; D Carment & P James (eds), Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997; Gurr & Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics; E A Henderson, 'Culture or contiguity: ethnic conflict, the similarity of states, and the onset of war, 1820-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 1997, pp 649-668; Hermann & Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs', D. A Lake & D Rothchild (eds), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998; Midlarsky, The Internationalisation of Communal Strife; and S Ryan, Ethnic Conflict and International Relations, Aldershot: UK: Dartmouth, 1995.
58. For instance, Brecher & Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997; Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict'; D Carment & P James (eds), Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997; Gurr & Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics; E A Henderson, 'Culture or contiguity: ethnic conflict, the similarity of states, and the onset of war, 1820-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 1997, pp 649-668; Hermann & Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs', D. A Lake & D Rothchild (eds), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998; Midlarsky, The Internationalisation of Communal Strife; and S Ryan, Ethnic Conflict and International Relations, Aldershot: UK: Dartmouth, 1995.
59. For instance, Brecher & Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997; Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict'; D Carment & P James (eds), Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict, Pittsburgh, PA: University
60. For instance, Brecher & Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997; Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict'; D Carment & P James (eds), Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997; Gurr & Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics; E A Henderson, 'Culture or contiguity: ethnic conflict, the similarity of states, and the onset of war, 1820-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 1997, pp 649-668; Hermann & Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs', D. A Lake & D Rothchild (eds), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998; Midlarsky, The Internationalisation of Communal Strife; and S Ryan, Ethnic Conflict and International Relations, Aldershot: UK: Dartmouth, 1995.
61. For instance, Brecher & Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1997; Brown, 'The causes and internal dimensions of regional conflict'; D Carment & P James (eds), Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997; Gurr & Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics; E A Henderson, 'Culture or contiguity: ethnic conflict, the similarity of states, and the onset of war, 1820-1989', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(5), 1997, pp 649-668; Hermann & Kegley Jr, 'Ballots, a barrier against the use of bullets and bombs', D. A Lake & D Rothchild (eds), The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998; Midlarsky, The Internationalisation of Communal Strife; and S Ryan, Ethnic Conflict and International Relations, Aldershot: UK: Dartmouth, 1995.
62. D R Davis, K Jaggers & W H Moore, 'Ethnicity, minorities, and international conflict', in Carment & James, Wars in the Midst of Peace.
63. Heraclides, 'Secessionist minorities and external involvement', pp 352-353.
64. Suhrke & Noble, 'Spread or containment', p 224.
65. Gurr, 'The internationalisation of protracted communal conflicts since 1945', p 8.