Nature of mixed-layer clays and mechanisms of their formation and alteration

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volumn 27, Issue , 1999, Pages 19-53

  Środoń, Jan ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES   (Poland)

Author keywords

Chlorite smectite; Illite smectite; Kaolinite smectite; Serpentine chlorite; Talc smectite

Indexed keywords

CLAY MINERAL; MIXED LAYER;

EID: 0033371859     PISSN: 00846597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.19     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. Ahn JH, Peacor DR. 1985. Transmission electron microscopic study of diagenetic chlorite in Gulf Coast argillaceous sediments. Clays Clay Miner. 33:228-36
2. Ann JH, Peacor DR. 1987. Kaolinization of biotite: TEM data and implications for an alteration mechanism. Am. Mineral. 72:353-56
3. Ahn JH, Peacor DR, Coombs DS. 1988. Formation mechanisms of illite, chlorite and mixed-layer illite-chlorite in Triassic volcanogenic sediments from the Southland Syncline, New Zealand. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 99:82-89
4. Altaner SP, Ylagan RF. 1997. Comparison of structural models of mixed-layer illite/smectite and reaction mechanisms of smectite illitization. Clays Clay Miner. 45:517-33
5. FAltschuler ZS, Dwornik EJ, Kramer H. 1963. Transformation of montmorillonite to kaolinite during weathering. Science 141:148-52
6. Amouric M, Gianetto I, Proust D. 1988. 7, 10 and 14 Å mixed-layer phyllosilicates studied structurally by TEM in pelitic rocks of the Piemontese zone (Venezuela). Bull. Mineral. 111:29-37
7. Amouric M, Olives J. 1991. Illitization of smectite as seen by high-resolution electron microscopy. Eur. J. Mineral. 3:831-35
8. Amouric M, Parron C, Casalini L, Giresse P. 1995. A (1:1) 7-Å Fe phase and its transformation in recent sediments: an HRTEM and AEM study. Clays Clay Miner. 43:446-54
9. April RH, Hluchy MM, Newton RM. 1986. The nature of vermiculite in Adirondack sous and till. Clays Clay Miner. 34:549-56
10. Bailey SW, Banfield JF, Barker WW, Katchan G. 1995. Dozyite, a 1:1 regular interstratification of serpentine and chlorite. Am. Mineral. 80:65-77
11. 3+-rich 1:1 clay mineral. Clay Miner. 23:237-47
12. Bain DC, Mellor A, Wilson MJ. 1990. Nature and origin of an aluminous vermiculitic weathering product in acid soils from upland catchments in Scotland. Clay Miner. 25:467-76
13. Banfield JF, Murakami T. 1998. Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscope evidence for the mechanism by which chlorite weathers to 1:1 semi-regular chlorite-vermiculite. Am. Mineral. 83:348-57
14. Barnhisel RI, Bertsch PM. 1989. Chlorites and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite and smectite. In Minerals in Soil Environments, ed. JB Dixon, SB Weed, pp. 729-88. Madison, WI: Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
15. Berkgaut V, Singer A, Stahr K. 1994. Palagonite reconsidered: paracrystalline illite-smectites from regoliths on basic pyroclastics. Clays Clay Miner. 42:582-92
16. Bettison-Varga L, Mackinnon IDR. 1997. The role of randomly mixed-layered chlorite/smectite in the transformation of smectite to chlorite. Clays Clay Miner. 44:506-16
17. 4-illite in the hydrothermal area Harghita Bai (East Carpathians). Abstr. Euroclay '95, Leuven, Belgium, pp. 384-85
18. Bodine MW, Madsen BM. 1985. Mixed-layered chlorite/smectites from a Pennsylvanian evaporite cycle, Grand County, Utah. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Denver, 1985, pp. 85-93
19. Boles JR, Franks SG. 1979. Clay diagenesis in Wilcox sandstones of southwest Texas: implications of smectite diagenesis on sandstone cementation. J. Sediment. Petrol. 49:55-70
20. Bray RH. 1937. Chemical and physical changes in soil colloids with advancing development in Illinois soils. Soil Sci. 43:1-14
21. Brindley GW, Suzuki T, Thiry M. 1983a. Interstratified kaolinite/smectites from the Paris Basin; correlations of layer proportions, chemical compositions and other data. Bull. Mineral. 106:403-10
22. Brindley GW. 1955. Stevensite, a montmorillonite-type mineral showing mixed-layer characteristics. Am. Mineral. 40:239-47
23. Brindley GW, Zalba PA, Bethke CM. 1983b. Hydrobiotite, a regular 1:1 interstratification in biotite and vermiculite layers. Am. Mineral. 68:420-25
24. Brown G, Weir AH. 1963. The identity of rectorite and allevardite. Proc. Int. Clay Conf. 1:27-37
25. Buatier MD, Früh-Green GL, Karpoff AM. 1995. Mechanisms of Mg-phyllosilicate formation in a hydrothermal system at a sedimented ridge (Middle Valley, Juan de Fuca). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 122:134-51
26. Buatier MD, Ouyang K, Sanchez JR 1993. Iron in hydrothermal clays from the Galapagos Spreading Centre mounds: consequences for the clay transition mechanism. Clay Miner. 28:641-55
27. Burst JF. 1969. Diagenesis of Gulf Coast clayey sediments and its possible relation to petroleum migration. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. 53:73-93
28. Calvert CS, Pevear DR. 1983. Paleopedogenic(?) mixed-layer kaolinite/smectite from 9000 ft in a Gulf Coast well. Prog. Abstr. 20th Annu. Meet. Clay Miner. Soc., Buffalo, NY, No. 50
29. Cathelineau M. 1988. Cation site occupancy in chlorites and illites as a function of temperature. Clay Miner. 237:471-85
30. Clauer N, Środoń J Francu J, Sucha V. 1997. K-Ar dating of illite fundamental particles separated from illite/smectite. Clay Miner. 32:181-96
31. Cole WF. 1966. A study of a long-spacing mica-like mineral. Clay Miner. 6:261-81
32. Courbe C, Velde B, Meunier A. 1981. Weathering of glauconites: reversal of the glauconitization process in a soil profile in western France. Clay Miner 16:231-43
33. Cuadros J, Delgado A, Cardenete A, Reyes E, Linares J. 1994. Kaolinite/montrnorillonite resembles beidellite. Clays Clay Miner. 42:643-51
34. Daniels EJ, Altaner SP. 1990. Clay mineral authigenesis in coal and shale from anthracite region, Pennsylvania. Am. Mineral. 75:825-39
35. Dean RS. 1983. Authigenic trioctahedral clay minerals coating Clearwater Formation sand grains at Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada. Prog. Abstr. 20th Annu. Meet. Clay Miner. Soc., Buffalo, NY. p. 79
36. Delvaux B, Herbillon AJ, Vielvoye L, Mestdagh MM. 1990. Surface properties and clay mineralogy of hydrated halloysitic soil clays-II. Evidence for the presence of halloysite/smectite (H/Sm) mixed-layer clays. Clay Miner. 25:141-60
37. Delvaux B, Mestdagh MM, Vielvoye L, Herbillon AJ. 1989. XRD, IR and ESR study of experimental alteration of Al-nontronite into mixed-layer kaolinite/semectite. Clay Miner. 24:617-30
38. Drits VA, Kossovskaya AG. 1990. Clay minerals: smectites, mixed-layer silicates. Transact. AS USSR 446. 212 pp. (In Russian)
39. Drits VA, Sakharov BA. 1976. X-ray structural analysis of mixed-layer minerals. Transact. AS USSR 295. Moscow: 256 pp. (In Russian)
40. Drits VA, Sakharov BA, Lindgreen H, Salyn AL. 1997. Sequential structure transformation of illite-smectite-vermiculite during diagenesis of Upper Jurassic shales from the North Sea and Denmark. Clay Miner. 32:351-71
41. Drits VA, Salyn AL, Sucha V. 1996. Structural transformations of interstratified illite-smectites from Dolna Ves hydrothermal deposits: dynamics and mechanisms. Clays Clay Miner. 44:181-90
42. Dyakonov YS. 1963. The results of an X-ray study of kerolites. Dokl. AS SSSR 148:901-11 (In Russian)
43. Eberl DD. 1978. Reaction series for dioctahedral smectites. Clays Clay Miner. 26:327-40
44. Eberl DD. 1979. Reaction series for dioctahedral smectite: the synthesis of mixed-layer pyrophyllite/smectite. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Oxford, 1978, 375-83
45. Eberl DD, Hower J. 1976. Kinetics of illite formation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 187:1326-30
46. Eberl DD, Jones BF, Khoury HN. 1982. Mixed-layer kerolite/stevensite from Amargosa Desert, Nevada. Clays Clay Miner. 30: 321-26
47. Eberl DD, Nuesch R, Šucha V, Tsipursky S. 1998. Measurement of fundamental particle thicknesses by X-ray diffraction using PVP-10 intercalation. Clays Clay Miner. 46:89-97
48. Eberl DD, Środoń J. 1988. Ostwald ripening and interparticle diffraction effects for illite crystals. Am. Mineral. 73:1335-45
49. Eberl DD, Środoń J, Kralik M, Taylor B, Peterman ZE. 1990. Ostwald ripening of clays and metamorphic minerals. Science 248:474-77
50. Eberl DD, Środoń J, Lee M, Nadeau PH, Northrop HR. 1987. Sericite from the Suverton caldera, Colorado: correlation among structure, composition, origin, and particle thickness. Am. Mineral. 72:914-35
51. Eberl DD, Środoń J, Northrop HR. 1986. Potassium fixation in smectite by wetting and drying. In Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces. ACS Symposium Series No. 323, ed. JA Davis, KF Hayes, pp. 296-326. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
52. Eberl DD, Velde B, McCormick T. 1993. Synthesis of illite-smectite from smectite at Earth surface temperatures and high pH. Clay Miner. 28:49-60
53. Elsass F, Środoń J, Robert M. 1997. Illite-smectite alteration and accompanying reactions in a Pennsylvanian underclay studied by TEM. Clays Clay Miner. 45:390-403
54. Eroshchev-Shak VA. 1970. Mixed-layer biotite-chlorite formed in the course of local epigenesis in the weathering crust of a biotite gneiss. Sedimentology 15:115-21
55. Foscolos AE, Kodama H. 1974. Diagenesis of clay minerals from Lower Cretaceous shales of north eastern British Columbia. Clays Clay Miner. 22:319-35
56. Frey E. Lagaly G. 1979. Selective coagulation and mixed-layer formation from sodium smectite solutions. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Oxford, 1978. pp. 131-40
57. Frey M. 1969. A mixed-layer paragonite/phengite of low-grade metamorphic origin. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 24:63-65
58. Gilkes RJ. 1973. The alteration products of potassium depleted oxybiotite. Clays Clay Miner. 21:303-13
59. Guthrie GD Jr, Veblen DR. 1989. High-resolution electron microscopy of mixed-layer illite/smectite: computer simulations. Clays Clay Miner. 37:1-11
60. Gruner JW. 1934. The structures of vermiculites and their collapse by dehydration. Am. Mineral. 19:557-75
61. Hendricks SB, Teller E. 1942. X-ray interference in partially ordered layer lattices. J. Phys. Chem. 10:147-67
62. Hillier S. 1993. Origin, diagenesis, and mineralogy of chlorite minerals in Devonian lacustrine mudrocks, Orcadian Basin, Scotland. Clays Clay Miner. 41:240-59
63. Hillier S. 1994. Pore-lining chlorites in siliciclastic reservoir sandstones: electron micro-probe, SEM and XRD data, and implications for their origin. Clay Miner. 29:665-80
64. Hillier S, Velde B. 1992. Chlorite interstratified with a 7 Å mineral: an example from offshore Norway and possible implications for the interpretation of the composition of diagenetic chlorites Clay Miner. 27:475-86
65. Hoda SN, Hood WC. 1972. Laboratory alteration of trioctahedral micas. Clays Clay Miner. 20:343-58
66. Hoffman J, Hower J. 1979. Clay mineral assemblages as low grade metamorphic geothermometers: application to the thrust faulted disturbed belt of Montana, USA. Soc. Econ. PaleontoL Mineral. Spec. Publ. 26:55-79
67. Hornibrook ERC, Longstaffe FJ. 1996. Berthierine from the Lower Cretaceous Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada. Clays Clay Miner. 44:1-21
68. Hower J, Eslinger E, Hower M, Perry E. 1976. Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediment. 1. Mineralogical and chemical evidence. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 87:725-37
69. Hower J, Mowatt TC. 1966. The mineralogy of illites and mixed-layer illite-montmorillonites. Am. Mineral. 51:825-54
70. Huang WL, Longo JM, Pevear DR. 1993. An experimentally derived kinetic model for smectite-to-illite conversion and its use as a geothermometer. Clays Clay Miner. 41:162-77
71. Hughes RE, Moore DM, Reynolds RC Jr. 1993. The nature, detection, occurrence, and origin of kaolinite/smectite. In Kaolin Genesis and Utilization, ed. H Murray, W Bundy, C Harvey, pp. 291-323. Boulder, CO: Clay Mineral. Soc.
72. Inoue A. 1985. Chemistry of corrensite: a trend in composition of trioctahedral chlorite/smectite during diagenesis. J. Coll. Arts Sci. Chiba Univ. B 18:69-82
73. Inoue A. 1986. Morphological change in a continuous smectite-to-illite conversion series by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. J. Coll. Arts Sci. Chiba Univ. B 19:23-33
74. Inoue A. 1987. Conversion of smectite to chlorite by hydrothermal and diagenetic alterations, Hokuroku Kuroko mineralization area, northeast Japan. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Denver, 1985. 158-64
75. Inoue A, Kitagawa R. 1994. Morphological characteristics of illitic clay minerals from a hydrothermal system. Am. Mineral. 79:700-11
76. Inoue A, Utada M, Nagata H, Watanabe T. 1984. Conversion of trioctahedral smectite to interstratified chlorite/smectite in Pliocene acidic pyroclastic sediments of the Ohyu district, Akita Prefecture, Japan. Clay Sci. 6:103-16
77. Inoue A, Velde B, Meunier A, Touchard G. 1988. Mechanism of illite formation during smectite-to-illite conversion m a hydrothermal system. Am. Mineral. 73:1325-34
78. Jackson ML. 1963. Interlayering of expansible layer silicates in soils by chemical weathering. Clays Clay Miner. 11:29-46
79. Jackson ML. 1975. Soil Chemical Analysis -Advanced Course. Madison, WI: ML Jackson (self published)
80. Jiang WT, Peacor DR. 1991. Transmission electron microscopic study of the kaolinization of muscovite. Clays Clay Miner. 39:1-13
81. Jiang WT, Peacor DR, Slack JF. 1992. Microstructures, mixed layering, and polymorphism of chlorite and retrograde berthierine in the Kidd Creek massive sulfide deposit, Ontario. Clays Clay Miner. 40:501-14
82. Johns WD, McKallip TE. 1989. Burial diagenesis and specific catalytic activity of illite-smectite clays from the Vienna Basin, Austria. Am. Assoc. Geol. Bull. 73:472-82
83. Johnson LJ. 1964. Occurrence of regularly interstratified chlorite-vermiculite as a weathering product of chlorite in a soil. Am. Mineral. 49:556-72
84. Kimbara K, Sudo T. 1973. Chloritic clay minerals in tuffaceous sandstone of the Miocene Green Tuff formation, Yamanaka district, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. J. Jpn Assoc. Mineral. Petrol. Econ. Geol. 68:246-58
85. Kubler B. 1964. Les argiles, indicateurs de metamorphisme. Rev. Inst. Franc. Petrole 19:1093-112
86. Lee JH, Peacor DR. 1983. Interlayer transitions in phyllosilicates of Martinsburg shale. Nature 303:608-9
87. Lippman F. 1954. Uber einen Keuperton von Keiserweiher bei Maulbron. Heidelberg Beitr. Mineral. Petrol. 4:30-144
88. Livi KJT, Veblen DR, Ferry JM, Frey M. 1997. Evolution of 2:1 layered silicates in low-grade metamorphosed Liassic shales of Central Switzerland. J. Metamorph. Geol. 15:323-44
89. MacEwan DMC. 1950. Some notes on the recording and interpretation of X-ray diagrams of soil clays. J. Soil Sci 1:90-103
90. Maresch WV, Massone HJ, Czank M. 1985. Ordered and disordered chlorite/biotite interstratifications as alteration products of chlorite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen 152:79-100
91. Matsuda T, Kodama H, Yang AF. 1997. Carectorite from Sano Mine, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Clays Clay Miner. 45:773-80
92. McCubbin DG, Patton JW. 1981. Burial diagenesis of illite/smectite: the kinetic model. Abstr. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. 65:956
93. Merceron T, Inoue A, Bouchet A, Meunier A. 1988. Lithium-bearing donbassite and tosudite from Echassie'res, Massif Central, France. Clays Clay Miner. 36:39-46
94. Meunier A, Velde B. 1979. Biotite weathering in granites of western France. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Oxford, 1978. 405-13
95. Meunier A, Velde B. 1989. Solid solutions in I/S mixed-layer minerals and illite. Am. Mineral. 74:1106-12
96. Miser HD, Milton C. 1964. Quartz, rectorite, and cookeite from the Jeffrey Quarry near North Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas. Ark. Geol. Comm. Bull. 21:1-29
97. Moore D, Hower J. 1986. Ordered interstratification of dehydrated and hydrated Nasmectite. Clays Clay Miner. 34:379-84
98. Moore D, Reynolds RC. 1997. X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 378 pp.
99. Morad S, Aldahan AA 1986. Discussion and comments on the paper: electron-optical studies of phyllosilicate intergrowths in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Mineral. Mag 50:340-43
100. Morrison SJ, Parry WT. 1986. Dioctahedral corrensite in Permian red beds, Lisbon Valley, Utah. Clays Clay Miner. 34:613-24
101. Nadeau PH. 1985. The physical dimensions of fundamental clay particles. Clay Miner. 23:499-514
102. Nadeau PH, Bain DC. 1986. Composition of some smectites and diagenetic illitic clays and implications for their origin. Clays Clay Miner. 34:455-64
103. Nadeau PH, Wilson MJ, McHardy WJ, Tait JM. 1984, Interstratified clays as fundamental particles. Science 225:923-35
104. Nadeau PH, Wilson MJ, McHardy WJ, Tait JM. 1985. The conversion of smectite to illite during diagenesis: evidence from some illitic clays from bentonites and sandstones. Mineral. Mag. 49:393-400
105. Nishiyama T, Shimoda S, Shimosaka K, Kanaoka S. 1975. Lithium-bearing tosudite. Clays Clay Miner. 23:337-42
106. Odin GS. 1988. Green Marine Clays. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 445 pp.
107. Olives J, Amouric M. 1984. Biotite chloritization by interlayer brucitization as seen by HRTEM. Am. Mineral. 69:869-71
108. Olson CG. 1988. Clay-mineral contribution to the weathering mechanisms in two contrasting watersheds. J. Soil Sci. 39:457-67
109. Paradis S, Velde B, Nicot E. 1983. Chloritoid-pyrophyllite-rectorite facies rocks from Brittany, France. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 83: 342-47
110. Perry E, Hower J. 1970. Burial diagenesis in Gulf Coast pelitic sediments. Clays Clay Miner. 18:165-77
111. Pollastro RM. 1993. Considerations and applications of the illite/smectite geothermometer in hydrocarbon-bearing rocks of Miocene to Mississippian age. Clays Clay Miner. 41: 119-33
112. Pozzuoli A, Vila E, Franco E, Ruiz-Amil A, de la Calle C. 1992. Weathering of biotite to vermiculite in Quaternary lahars from Monti Ernici, central Italy. Clay Miner. 27:175-84
113. Proust D. 1982. Supergene alteration of metamorphic chlorite in an amphibolite from Massif Central, France. Clay Miner. 17:159-73
114. Proust D, Eymery JP, Beaufort D. 1986. Supergene vermiculitizarion of a magnesian chlorite: iron and magnesium removal process. Clays Clay Miner. 34:572-80
115. Proust D, Lechelle J, Lajudie A, Meunier A. 1990. Hydrothermal reactivity of mixed-layer kaolinite/smectite: experimental transformation of high-charge to low-charge smectite. Clays Clay Miner. 38:415-25
116. Pytte AM, Reynolds RC Jr. 1989. The thermal transformation of smectite to illite. In Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins, ed. ND Naeser, TH McCulloh, pp. 133-40. New York: Springer-Verlag.
117. Reynolds RC Jr. 1967. Interstratified clay systems: calculation of the total one-dimensional diffraction function. Am. Mineral. 52.661-72
118. Reynolds RC Jr, 1988. Mixed layer chlorite minerals. In Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas). Reviews in Mineralogy 19, ed. SW Bailey, pp. 601-29. Washington. DC: Mineral. Soc. Am.
119. Reynolds RC Jr. 1992. X-ray diffraction studies of illite/smectite from rocks, <1 μm randomly oriented powders, and <1 μm oriented powder aggregates: the absence of laboratory-induced artifacts. Clays Clay Miner. 40: 387-96
120. Reynolds RC Jr, DiStefano MP, Lahann RW. 1992. Randomly interstratified serpentine/chlorite: its detection and quantification by powder X-ray diffraction methods. Clays Clay Miner. 40:262-67
121. Reynolds RC Jr, Hower J. 1970. The nature of interlayering in mixed-layer illite-montmorillonites. Clays Clay Miner. 18:25-36
122. Rich CI. 1968. Hydroxy interlayers in expansible layer silicates. Clays Clay Miner. 16:15-30
123. Righi D, Velde B, Meunier A. 1995. Clay stability in clay-dominated soil systems. Clay Miner. 30:45-54
124. Robert M. 1973. The experimental transformation of mica toward smectite; relative importance of total charge and tetrahedral substitution. Clays Clay Miner. 21:167-74
125. Robinson D, Wright VR 1987. Ordered illite-smectite and kaolinite-smectite: pedogenic minerals in a Lower Carboniferous paleosol sequence, South Wales. Clay Miner. 22:109-18
126. Ross GJ, Kodama H. 1976. Experimental alteration of a chlorite into a regularly interstratified chlorite-vermiculite by chemical oxidation. Clays Clay Miner. 24:183-90
127. Ryan PC, Reynolds RC Jr. 1996. The origin and diagenesis of grain-coating serpentine/chlorite, Tuscaloosa Formation. Am. Mineral. 81:213-25
128. Sakharov BA, Drits VA. 1973. Mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite: a comparison of observed and calculated diffraction patterns. Clays Clay Miner. 21:15-17
129. Sato T, Murakami T, Watanabe T 1996. Change in layer charge of smectites and smectite layers in illite/smectite during diagenetic alteration. Clays Clay Miner. 44:460-69
130. Sawhney BL. 1972. Selective sorption and fixation of cations by clay minerals: a review. Clays Clay Miner. 20:93-100
131. Schiffman P, Fridleifsson GO, 1991. The smectite to chlorite transition in Drillhole NJ-15, Nesjavellir Geothermal Field, Iceland: XRD, BSE and electron microprobe investigations. J. Metamorph Geol. 9:679-96
132. Schreyer W, Medenbach O, Abraham K, Gebert W, Muller WF. 1982. Kulkeite, a new metamorphic phyllosilicate mineral: ordered 1:1 chlorite/talc mixed-layer. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 80:103-9
133. Schultz LG, Shepard AO, Blackmon PD, Starkey HC. 1971. Mixed-layer kaolinite-montmorillonite from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Clays Clay Miner. 19:137-50
134. Senkayi AL. Dixon JB, Hossner LR. 1981. Transformation of chlorite to smectite through regularly interstratified intermediates. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45:650-56
135. Shau YH, Feather ME, Essene EJ, Peacor DR. 1991. Genesis and solvus relations of submicroscopically intergrown paragonite and phengite in a blueshist from northern California. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol 106:367-78
136. Shau YH, Peacor DR. 1992. Phyllosilicates in hydrothermally altered basalts from DSDP Hole 504B, Leg 83 - a TEM and AEM study. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 112:119-33
137. Shinoyama A, Johns WD, Sudo T. 1969. Montmorillonite-kaolinite clay in acid clay deposits from Japan. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Tokyo, 1969, 1:225-31
138. Shutov VD, Drits VA, Sakharov BA. 1969. On the mechanism of a postsedimentary transformation of montmorillonite into hydromica. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Tokyo, 1969. 1:523-32
139. Small JS 1994. Fluid composition, mineralogy and morphological changes associated with the smectite-to-illite reaction: an experimental investigation of the effect of organic acid anions. Clay Miner. 29:539-54
140. Środoń J. 1980. Synthesis of mixed-layer kaolinite/smectite. Clays Clay Miner. 28:419-24
141. Środoń J, Andreolli C, Elsass F, Robert M. 1990. Direct high-resolution transmission electron microscopic measurement of expandability of mixed-layer illite/smectite in bentonite rock. Clays Clay Miner. 38:373-79
142. Środoń J, Eberl DD. 1984. Illite. In Micas. Reviews in Mineralogy 13, ed. SW Bailey, pp. 495-544. Washington, DC: Mineral. Soc. Am
143. Środoń J, Eberl DD, Drits VA. 1999. Evolution of fundamental particle size during illiuzation of smectite and implications for the illitization mechanism. Clays Clay Miner. In press
144. Środoń J, Elsass F, McHardy WJ, Morgan DJ. 1992. Chemistry of illite-smectite inferred from TEM measurements of fundamental particles. Clay Miner. 27:137-58
145. Šucha V, Kraus I, Madejova J. 1994. Ammonium illite from anchimetamorphic shales associated with anthracite in the Zemplinicum of the western Carpathians. Clay Miner. 29:369-77
146. Sudo T. 1954. Long spacing of about 30 Å in Japanese clays. Clay Miner. 2:193-203
147. Sudo T, Hayashi H. 1956. Types of mixed layer minerals from Japan. Proc. 4th Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Miner., Univ. Park, PA. 1956. 389-112
148. Thiry M. 1981. Sédimentation continentale et altérations associées: calcitisations, ferruginisations, et silicifications. Les argiles plastiques du Sparnacien du Basin de Paris. Sci. Geol. Mem. 64:173
149. Thomas AR. 1989. A new mixed-layer mineral - regular 1:1 mixed layer kaolinite/smectite. Prog. Abstr. 26th Annu. Meet. Clay Miner. Soc., Sacramento, CA. p. 69
150. Thompson GR, Hower J. 1975. The mineralogy of glauconite. Clays Clay Miner. 23:289-300
151. Tomita K, Dozono M. 1972. Formation of an interstratified mineral by extraction of potassium from mica with sodium tetraphenylboron. Clays Clay Miner. 20:225-31
152. Vali H, Hesse R. 1990. Alkylammonium ion treatment of clay minerals in ultrathin section: a new method for HRTEM examination of expandable layers. Am. Mineral. 75:1443-46
153. Veblen DR. 1983. Microstructures and mixed layering in intergrown wonesite, chlorite, talc, biotite, and kaolinite. Am. Mineral. 68:566-80
154. Veblen DR, Ferry JM. 1983. A TEM study of the biotite-chlorite reaction and comparison with petrologic observations. Am. Mineral. 68:1160-68
155. Veblen DR, Guthrie GD, Livi KJT, Reynolds RC Jr. 1990. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction of mixed-layer illite/smectite: experimental results. Clays Clay Miner. 38:1-13
156. Velde B, Vasseur G. 1992. Estimation of the diagenetic smectite-to-illite transformation in time-temperature space. Am. Mineral. 77:967-76
157. Veniale F, van der Marel HW. 1969. Identification of some 1:1 regular interstratified trioctahedral clay minerals. Proc, Int. Clay Conf., Tokyo, 1969. 1:233-44
158. von Engelhardt W, Goldschmidt H. 1955. Ein Tonmineral der Kaolinit-Halloysit-gruppe von Provins (Frankreich). Heidelberg Beitr. Mineral. Petrogr. 4:319-24
159. Wang H, Frey M, Stern W. 1996. Diagenesis and metamaorphism of clay minerals in the Helvetic Alps of Eastern Switzerland. Clays Clay Miner. 44:96-112
160. Weaver CE. 1956, Distribution and identification of mixed-layer clays in sedimentary rocks. Am. Mineral. 41:202-21
161. Weaver CE. 1979. Geothermal alteration of clay minerals and shales: diagenesis. Tech. Rep. Off. Nucl. Waste Isol. Atlanta: Georgia Inst. Technol. 176 pp.
162. Weaver CE, Beck KC. 1971. Clay water diagenesis during burial: how mud becomes gneiss. Geol Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 134:1-96
163. Weaver CE, Wampler JM. 1970. K, Ar, illite, burial. Bull. Geol Soc. Am. 81:3423-30
164. Wei H, Roaldset E, Bjoroy M. 1996. Parallel reaction kinetics of smectite to illite conversion. Clay Miner. 31:365-76
165. Weiss Z. 1980. Single-crystal X-ray study of mixed structures of vermiculite and biotite (hydrobiotites). Clay Miner. 15:275-81
166. Wiewióra A. 1973. Mixed-layer kaolinite-smecute from Lower Silesia, Poland: final report. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Madrid, 1972. 2:75-88
167. Wiewióra A, Dubińska E, Iwasiŕiska I. 1982. Mixed-layering in Ni-containing talc-like minerals from Szklary, Lower Silesia, Poland. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Bologna-Pavia, Italy, 1981. pp. 111-25