From 'nationhood' to regionalism to the North West Province: 'Bophuthatswananess' and the birth of the 'new' South Africa

African Affairs

Volumn 98, Issue 393, 1999, Pages 509-534

  Jones, Peris Sean ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION; NATION STATE; REGIONALISM; STATE BUILDING;

NORTH WEST PROVINCE; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0033371220     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008065     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Independent, London, 16 March 1994.
2. J. Crush (ed.), The Power of Development (Routledge, London, 1995).
3. P. S. Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress": modernisation and nation-building in South Africa's bantustan periphery - the case of Bophuthatswana', Journal of Southern African Studies (forthcoming 2000); P. S. Jones, ' "The basic assumptions as regards the nature and requirements of a capital city": identity, modernization and urban form at Mafikeng's margins', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research (forthcoming 2000).
4. P. S. Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress": modernisation and nation-building in South Africa's bantustan periphery - the case of Bophuthatswana', Journal of Southern African Studies (forthcoming 2000); P. S. Jones, ' "The basic assumptions as regards the nature and requirements of a capital city": identity, modernization and urban form at Mafikeng's margins', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research (forthcoming 2000).
5. L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (James Currey, London, 1989); R. P. Webner and T. Ranger (eds), Postcolonial Identities in Africa (Zed Books, London, 1996).
6. L. Vail (ed.), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (James Currey, London, 1989); R. P. Webner and T. Ranger (eds), Postcolonial Identities in Africa (Zed Books, London, 1996).
7. See R. Southall, J. Segar and A. Donaldson (eds), Undoing Independence; Regionalism and reincorporation of Transkei into South Africa (Grahamstown, South Africa, 1992) for an extensive review of the bantustan literature; R. Southall, South Africa's Transkei: The political economy of an 'independent' bantustan (Heinemann, London, 1982); J. Peires, 'The implosion of Transkei and Ciskei', African Affairs, 91 (1992), pp. 365-87. The failure of ethnic nationalism is described in L. Bank, 'The failure of ethnic nationalism: land, power, and the politics of clanship on the South African highveld', Africa, 65, 4 (1995) pp. 565-91. M. Lawrence and A. Manson examine Mangope's shifting discourses in 'The Dog of the Boers: the rise and fall of Mangope in Bophuthatswana', Journal of Southern African Studies, 20, 3 (1994), pp. 447-61. Ethno-nationalistic dimensions of Bophuthatswana, and indeed bantustan nation-building itself, are situated alongside apartheid discourse's interplay with modernization and progress, in Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress" '.
8. See R. Southall, J. Segar and A. Donaldson (eds), Undoing Independence; Regionalism and reincorporation of Transkei into South Africa (Grahamstown, South Africa, 1992) for an extensive review of the bantustan literature; R. Southall, South Africa's Transkei: The political economy of an 'independent' bantustan (Heinemann, London, 1982); J. Peires, 'The implosion of Transkei and Ciskei', African Affairs, 91 (1992), pp. 365-87. The failure of ethnic nationalism is described in L. Bank, 'The failure of ethnic nationalism: land, power, and the politics of clanship on the South African highveld', Africa, 65, 4 (1995) pp. 565-91. M. Lawrence and A. Manson examine Mangope's shifting discourses in 'The Dog of the Boers: the rise and fall of Mangope in Bophuthatswana', Journal of Southern African Studies, 20, 3 (1994), pp. 447-61. Ethno-nationalistic dimensions of Bophuthatswana, and indeed bantustan nation-building itself, are situated alongside apartheid discourse's interplay with modernization and progress, in Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress" '.
9. See R. Southall, J. Segar and A. Donaldson (eds), Undoing Independence; Regionalism and reincorporation of Transkei into South Africa (Grahamstown, South Africa, 1992) for an extensive review of the bantustan literature; R. Southall, South Africa's Transkei: The political economy of an 'independent' bantustan (Heinemann, London, 1982); J. Peires, 'The implosion of Transkei and Ciskei', African Affairs, 91 (1992), pp. 365-87. The failure of ethnic nationalism is described in L. Bank, 'The failure of ethnic nationalism: land, power, and the politics of clanship on the South African highveld', Africa, 65, 4 (1995) pp. 565-91. M. Lawrence and A. Manson examine Mangope's shifting discourses in 'The Dog of the Boers: the rise and fall of Mangope in Bophuthatswana', Journal of Southern African Studies, 20, 3 (1994), pp. 447-61. Ethno-nationalistic dimensions of Bophuthatswana, and indeed bantustan nation-building itself, are situated alongside apartheid discourse's interplay with modernization and progress, in Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress" '.
10. See R. Southall, J. Segar and A. Donaldson (eds), Undoing Independence; Regionalism and reincorporation of Transkei into South Africa (Grahamstown, South Africa, 1992) for an extensive review of the bantustan literature; R. Southall, South Africa's Transkei: The political economy of an 'independent' bantustan (Heinemann, London, 1982); J. Peires, 'The implosion of Transkei and Ciskei', African Affairs, 91 (1992), pp. 365-87. The failure of ethnic nationalism is described in L. Bank, 'The failure of ethnic nationalism: land, power, and the politics of clanship on the South African highveld', Africa, 65, 4 (1995) pp. 565-91. M. Lawrence and A. Manson examine Mangope's shifting discourses in 'The Dog of the Boers: the rise and fall of Mangope in Bophuthatswana', Journal of Southern African Studies, 20, 3 (1994), pp. 447-61. Ethno-nationalistic dimensions of Bophuthatswana, and indeed bantustan nation-building itself, are situated alongside apartheid discourse's interplay with modernization and progress, in Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress" '.
11. See R. Southall, J. Segar and A. Donaldson (eds), Undoing Independence; Regionalism and reincorporation of Transkei into South Africa (Grahamstown, South Africa, 1992) for an extensive review of the bantustan literature; R. Southall, South Africa's Transkei: The political economy of an 'independent' bantustan (Heinemann, London, 1982); J. Peires, 'The implosion of Transkei and Ciskei', African Affairs, 91 (1992), pp. 365-87. The failure of ethnic nationalism is described in L. Bank, 'The failure of ethnic nationalism: land, power, and the politics of clanship on the South African highveld', Africa, 65, 4 (1995) pp. 565-91. M. Lawrence and A. Manson examine Mangope's shifting discourses in 'The Dog of the Boers: the rise and fall of Mangope in Bophuthatswana', Journal of Southern African Studies, 20, 3 (1994), pp. 447-61. Ethno-nationalistic dimensions of Bophuthatswana, and indeed bantustan nation-building itself, are situated alongside apartheid discourse's interplay with modernization and progress, in Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress" '.
12. See R. Southall, J. Segar and A. Donaldson (eds), Undoing Independence; Regionalism and reincorporation of Transkei into South Africa (Grahamstown, South Africa, 1992) for an extensive review of the bantustan literature; R. Southall, South Africa's Transkei: The political economy of an 'independent' bantustan (Heinemann, London, 1982); J. Peires, 'The implosion of Transkei and Ciskei', African Affairs, 91 (1992), pp. 365-87. The failure of ethnic nationalism is described in L. Bank, 'The failure of ethnic nationalism: land, power, and the politics of clanship on the South African highveld', Africa, 65, 4 (1995) pp. 565-91. M. Lawrence and A. Manson examine Mangope's shifting discourses in 'The Dog of the Boers: the rise and fall of Mangope in Bophuthatswana', Journal of Southern African Studies, 20, 3 (1994), pp. 447-61. Ethno-nationalistic dimensions of Bophuthatswana, and indeed bantustan nation-building itself, are situated alongside apartheid discourse's interplay with modernization and progress, in Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress" '.
13. M. Lawrence and A. Patterson, 'South Africa's rural chickens come home to Roost', Matlhasedi, 10 (1991).
14. G. Mare, Ethnicity and Politics in South Africa (Zed Books, London, 1993); Vail, The Creation of Tribalism.
15. G. Mare, Ethnicity and Politics in South Africa (Zed Books, London, 1993); Vail, The Creation of Tribalism.
16. J. Peires, 'Transkei on the verge of emancipation', Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8, 2 (1997), pp. 189-203.
17. Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress" '; Jones, ' "The basic assumptions as regards the nature and requirements of a capital city" '.
18. Jones, ' "To Come Together for Progress" '; Jones, ' "The basic assumptions as regards the nature and requirements of a capital city" '.
19. Informa, South African Department of Foreign Affairs, March, 1981.
20. Africa Watch in Africa South, November, 1991.
21. Black Sash, Grasping the Prickly Pear: The Bophuthatswana story (Black Sash Publications, Johannesburg, 1990).
22. Bophuthatswana Pioneer, 13, 1 (Autumn, 1991).
23. The Mail, 23 February 1990.
24. D. Schoeman, Director of Directorate of Developing Planning and Administration, North West Province, interview, Mmabatho, March 1995.
25. The Mail, 5 October 1990.
26. M. Gcinumkhonto, Deputy Secretary of the South African Communist Party, North West Province, interview, Mmabatho, February 1995.
27. The Mail, 21 February 1992.
28. Lawrence and Manson, 'Dog of the Boers'.
29. K. von Schirning, presentation to Bophuthatswana Institute of Foreign Affairs, Quantum Leap (Craft Press, Mmabatho, 1988), p. 49.
30. This strategy also included a visit to Latvia in 1993 and an address by Mangope to the UN Security Council in 1992.
31. Pioneer, 13, 1 (Autumn, 1991).
32. The following extracts are taken from Pioneer, 13, 1 (Autumn, 1991).
33. Lawrence and Manson, 'Dog of the Boers', p. 459.
34. Y. Muthien and M. Khosa, 'The Kingdom, the Volkstaat and the new South Africa: drawing South Africa's new regional boundaries', Journal of Southern African Studies, 21, 2, (1995), pp. 303-22.
35. According to Fox these proposals were probably in order to combine poorer areas with richer areas in the event that regions might be dependent upon local revenue. R. Fox, 'Regional proposals: their constitutional and geographical significance', in A. Lemon (ed.), The Geography of Change in South Africa (Wiley, Chichester, 1995).
36. SATSWA proposals in Lawrence and Manson, 'Dog of the Boers', p. 459.
37. The SATSWA Initiative, The Current Status (Craft Press, Mmabatho, 1993).
38. See also The Star, 27 March 1993.
39. SATSWA Initiative, The Current Status, p. 71.
40. Jones, ' "The basic assumptions as regards the nature and requirements of a capital city" '.
41. The Mail, 6 April 1992.
42. Sunday Star, 18 January 1987; Star, 15 February 1987.
43. Sunday Star, 18 January 1987; Star, 15 February 1987.
44. Cited in Muthien and Khosa, 'The Kingdom', p. 309.
45. SATSWA Initiative, The Current Status, p. 74.
46. SATSWA Initiative, The Current Status, p. 73.
47. J. Drummond, 'Reincorporating the bantustans into South Africa: the question of Bophuthatswana', Geography, 76, 4, (1991), pp. 373-96.
48. Fox, 'Regional proposals'.
49. South African Institution of Race Relations, Year Book 1993-1994 (SAIRR, Johannesburg, 1994), p. 524.
50. In a vote to determine whether Bophuthatswana would take part in the elections the cabinet apparently voted 9 for and 13 against, UCDP meeting, observed by author, Montshiwa, 26 March 1995.
51. Schoeman, interview, Mmabatho, 1995.
52. Guardian (London), 1 March 1994.
53. Lawrence and Manson, 'Dog of the Boers'.
54. Peires, 'Transkei on the verge of emancipation'.
55. Peires, 'The implosion of Transkei and Ciskei'.
56. L. Bank, 'Beyond the bovine mystique: entrepteneurship, class and identity in Qwa Qwa,' paper presented to Institute of African Studies, University of Witswatersrand, 1991.
57. These sentiments were expressed to the author by a number of civil servants.
58. Peires, 'Transkei on the verge of emancipation', p. 196.
59. S. Phetwe, News Editor, Bop TV, interview, Mmabatho, February 1995.
60. S. Kotwane, Bop TV News Archives, 18 October 1994.
61. Weekly Mail & Guardian, 8 September 1995.
62. Weekly Mail & Guardian, 8 September 1995.
63. Weekly Mail & Guardian, 2 February 1996.
64. Personal communication from Professor Graeme Addison, Head of the Department of Communications, University of North West (formerly UNIBO), April 1996.
65. M. Gcinumkhonto, Deputy Secretary of the South African Communist Party, North West Province, interview, Mafikeng, 1995.
66. 'How the wild west was won', Mayibuye, December 1995.
67. Personal communication from Graeme Addison, May 1996.
68. Ephraim Phlardy Motoko, Secretary, Mafikeng Branch African National Congress, interview, Mafikeng, March 1995.
69. The North West Capital Question, report by professional team, August 1994, ref. 09PJ11.
70. Weekly Mail & Guardian, 15 September 1995.
71. Star, 1 February 1988.
72. These concerns also apply to the former Bophuthatswana police force implicated in the murder of a local trade unionist almost a year after the ANC regional victory. Personal communication from M. Gcinumkhonto, November 1996.
73. Pope Molefe, Bop TV News Archives, 8 October 1994.
74. I. Van Kessel and B. Oomen, 'One chief, one vote: the revival of traditional authorities in post-apartheid South Africa', African Affairs, 96, (1997), pp. 561-85.
75. Phlhardy, interview, Mafikeng, 1995.
76. Translated from Setswana, during UCDP meeting, Montshiwa, 1995.
77. Phlhardy, interview, Mafikeng, 1995.
78. T. Lodge, 'The South African general election 1994', African Affairs, 94, (1995), pp. 471-500.
79. Lawrence and Manson, 'Dog of the Boers'.
80. See Lawrence and Manson, 'Dog of the Boers'.
81. Local Government, Housing, Planning and Development conference, Mmabatho, 18 June 1994.
82. Some traditional leaders are amongst those recruited by the recently formed United Democratic Movement. The vice-chairman of the Council of Traditional Leaders in the North West, Chief B. Motsatsi, a former cabinet minister in the Bophuthatswana regime, has defected to the UDM from the UCDP. However, the UDM won 1·1 percent of the provincial vote in the 1999 elections, with the UCDP gaining 9·4 percent and three seats in the National Parliament. See the Independent on-line, http://www2.inc.co.za/Archives/1998, http://www.elections.co.za.