Genetic structure and gene flow among Komodo dragon populations inferred by microsatellite loci analysis

Molecular Ecology

Volumn 8, Issue 12 SUPPL. 1, 1999, Pages

  Ciofi, Claudio ^a,b   Bruford, Mike W ^a,c  

^a ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

^c CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Effective population size; Gene flow; Komodo monitor; Microsatellite loci; Population structure; Reptiles

Indexed keywords

ALLELE; GENE FLOW; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC CONSERVATION; GENETIC DIVERSITY; GENETIC VARIANCE; MICROSATELLITE DNA; POPULATION;

AMPHIBIA; REPTILIA; VARANUS KOMODOENSIS;

EID: 0033367760     PISSN: 09621083     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00734.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (105)

1. Allen PJ, Amos W, Pomeroy PP, Twiss SD (1995) Microsatellite variation in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) shows evidence of genetic differentiation between two British breeding colonies. Molecular Ecology, 4, 653-662.
2. Allendorf FW, Phelps SR (1981) Use of allelic frequencies to describe population structure. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38, 1507-1514.
3. Allendorf FW, Leary RF (1986) Heterozygosity and fitness in natural populations of animals. In: Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity (ed. Soulé ME), pp. 57-76. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
4. Auffenberg W (1981) The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Dragon. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
5. Avise JC (1994) Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution. Chapman & Hall, New York.
6. Ballou JD, Gilpin M, Foose TJ (1995) Population Management for Survival and Recovery. Columbia University Press, New York.
7. ™ Software for Population Genetics. University of Montpellier II, Laboratoire Génome et Populations, Montpellier, France.
8. Brewer BA, Lacy RC, Foster ML, Alaks G (1990) Inbreeding depression in insular and central populations of Peromyscus mice. Journal of Heredity, 81, 257-266.
9. Bruford MW, Hanotte O, Burke T (1998) Multi-locus and single-locus DNA fingerprinting. In: Molecular Genetics Analysis of Populations: a Practical Approach (ed. Hoelzel AR), pp. 287-336. IRL Press, Oxford.
10. Chappell J, Shackleton NJ (1986) Oxygen isotopes and sea level. Nature, 324, 137-140.
11. Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B (1987) Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18, 237-268.
12. Ciofi C, Bruford MW (1998) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the Komodo dragon Varanus komodoensis. Molecular Ecology, 7, 134-136.
13. Craig JL (1994) Meta-populations: is management as flexible as nature? In: Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals (eds Olney PJS, Mace GM, Feistner ATC), pp. 50-63. Chapman & Hall, London.
14. Culotta E (1995) Endangered species: minimum population size grows larger. Science, 270, 31-32.
15. Dallas JF (1992) Estimation of microsatellite mutation rates in recombinant inbred strains of mouse. Mammalian Genome, 3, 452-456.
16. Dobson AP, Mace GM, Poole J, Brett RA (1991) Conservation biology: The ecology and genetics of endangered species. In: Genes in Ecology (eds Berry RJ, Crawford TJ, Hewitt GM), pp. 405-430. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
17. Ellegren H (1995) Mutation rates at porcine microsatellite loci. Mammalian Genome, 6, 376-377.
18. Ellegren H, Hartman G, Johansson M, Andersson L (1993) Major histocompatibility complex monomorphism and low-levels of DNA-fingerprinting variability in a reintroduced and rapidly expanding population of beavers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 90, 8150-8153.
19. Ellstrand NC, Elam DR (1993) Population genetic consequences of small population size - implications for plan conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24, 217-242.
20. Estoup A, Garnery L, Solignac M, Cornuet J-M (1995a) Microsatellite variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations: hierarchical genetic structure and test of the infinite allele and stepwise mutation models. Genetics, 140, 679-695.
21. Estoup A, Tailliez C, Cornuet J-M, Solignac M (1995b) Size homoplasy and mutational processes of interrupted microsatellites in two bee species, Apis mellifera and Bambus terrestris (Apidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 12, 1074-1084.
22. Falconer DS, Mackay TFC (1996) Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. Longman, New York.
23. Finch MO, Lambert DM (1996) Kinship and genetic divergence among populations of tuatara Sphenodon punctatus as revealed by minisatellite DNA profiling. Molecular Ecology, 5, 651-658.
24. Foltz DW, Hoogland JL (1983) Genetic evidence of outbreeding in the black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus. Evolution, 37, 273-281.
25. Frankel OH, Soulé ME (1981) Conservation and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
26. Frankham R (1995) Effective population size/adult population size ratios in wildlife: a review. Genetic Research, 66, 95-107.
27. Frankham R (1996) Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife. Conservation Biology, 10, 1500-1508.
28. Franklin IR (1980) Evolutionary changes in small populations. In: Conservation Biology: an Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective (eds Soulé ME, Wilcox BA), pp. 135-150. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
29. Franklin IR, Frankham R (1998) How large must populations be to retain evolutionary potential? Animal Conservation, 1, 69-70.
30. Goldstein DB, Pollock DD (1997) Launching microsatellites: a review of mutation processes and methods of phylogenetic inference. Journal of Heredity, 88, 335-342.
31. Goldstein DB, Schlötterer C (1999) Microsatellites - Evolution and Applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
32. Goldstein DB, Ruiz-Linares A, Feldman M, Cavalli-Sforza LL (1995a) Genetic absolute dating based on microsatellites and origin of modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 92, 6720-6727.
33. Goldstein DB, Ruiz-Linares A, Feldman M, Cavalli-Sforza LL (1995b) An evaluation of genetic distances for use with microsatellite loci. Genetics, 139, 463-471.
34. Gottelli D, Sillero-Zubiri C, Applebaum GD et al. (1994) Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: the Ethiopian wolf Cams simensis. Molecular Ecology, 3, 301-312.
35. Hartl DL, Clark AG (1989) Principles of Population Genetics. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
36. Hedrick PW (1995) Gene flow and genetic restoration: The Florida panther as a case study. Conservation Biology, 9, 996-1007.
37. Hedrick PW, Miller PS (1992) Conservation Genetics: technique and principles. Ecological Applications, 2, 30-46.
38. Hillis DM, Dixon MT, Jones AL (1991) Minimal genetic variation in a morphologically diverse species (Florida tree snail, Liguus fasciatus). Journal of Heredity, 82, 282-286.
39. Hoelzel AR, Halley J, Campagna C et al. (1993) Elephant seal genetic variation and the use of simulation models to investigate historical population bottlenecks. Journal of Heredity, 84, 443-449.
40. Houlden BA, England PR, Taylor AC, Greville WD, Shervin WB (1996) Low genetic variability of the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) in south eastern Australia following a severe population bottleneck. Molecular Ecology, 5, 269-282.
41. Jordan WC, Bruford MW (1998) New perspectives on mate choice and the MHC. Heredity, 81, 127-133.
42. Jongsma D (1970) Eustatic sea level changes in the Arafura sea. Nature, 228, 150-151.
43. Jorde PE, Ryman N (1995) Temporal allele frequency change and estimation of effective size in populations with overlapping generations. Genetics, 139, 1977-1090.
44. Keller LF, Arcese P, Smith JNM, Hochachka WM, Stearns SC (1994) Selection against inbred song sparrows during a natural population bottleneck. Nature, 372, 356-357.
45. Kimura M (1983) The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
46. Kimura M, Crow JF (1963) The measurement of effective population number. Evolution, 17, 279-288.
47. Kimura M, Weiss GH (1964) The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance. Genetics, 49, 561-576.
48. Lade JA, Murray ND, Marks CA, Robinson NA (1996) Microsatellite differentiation between Phillip Island and mainland Australian populations of the red fox Vulpes vulpes. Molecular Ecology, 5, 81-87.
49. Lande R (1988) Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science, 241, 1455-1460.
50. Lande R (1993) Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes. American Naturalist, 142, 911-927.
51. Lande R (1995) Breeding plans for small populations based on the dynamics of quantitative genetic variance. In: Population Management for Survival and Recovery (eds Ballou JD, Gilpin M, Foose TJ), pp. 318-340. Columbia University Press, New York.
52. Lande R, Barrowclough GF (1987) Effective population size, genetic variation, and their use in population management. In: Viable Populations for Conservation (ed. Soulé M), pp. 87-124. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
53. Lindenmayer DB, Lacy RC (1995) Metapopulation viability of leadbeater's possum, Gymnobelideus leadbeaterii, in fragmented old-growth forests. Ecological Applications, 5, 164-182.
54. Lynch M (1995) A quantitative-genetic perspective on conservation issues. In: Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature (eds Avise J, Hamrick J), pp. 471-501. Chapman & Hall, New York.
55. Lynch M, Gabriel W (1990) Mutation load and the survival of small populations. Evolution, 44, 1725-1737.
56. Lynch M, Lande R (1998) The critical effective size for a genetically secure population. Animal Conservation, 1, 70-72.
57. Lynch M, Conery J, Bürger R (1995) Mutation accumulation and the extinction of small populations. American Naturalist, 146, 489-518.
58. McCulloch MT, Tudhope AW, Esat TM et al. (1999) Coral record of equatorial sea-surface temperatures during the penultimate deglaciation at Huon peninsula. Science, 283, 202-204.
59. Menotti-Raymond M, O'Brien SJ (1993) Dating the genetic bottleneck of the African cheetah. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA, 90, 3172-3176.
60. Mills LS, Smouse PE (1994) Demographic consequences of inbreeding in remnant populations. Americal Naturalist, 144, 412-131.
61. Mills LS, Allendorf FW (1996) The one-migrant-per-generation rule in conservation and management. Conservation Biology, 10, 1509-1518.
62. Minch E, Ruiz-Linares A, Goldstein D, Feldman M, Cavalli-Sforza LL (1995-1997) MICROSAT (Version 1.5d): a computer program for calculating various statistics on microsatellite allele data.
63. Monk KA, de Fretes Y, Reksodiharjo-Lilley G (1997) The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Periplus Editions, Singapore.
64. Moritz C, Heideman A, Geffen E, McRae P (1997) Genetic population structure of the Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis, a marsupial in decline. Molecular Ecology, 6, 925-936.
65. Nei M (1987) Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York.
66. Nei M, Roychoudhury AK (1974) Sampling variance of heterozygosity and genetic distance. Genetics, 76, 379-390.
67. Nei M, Tajima F (1981) Genetic drift and estimation of effective population size. Genetics, 98, 625-640.
68. Nunney L (1993) The influence of mating system and overlapping generations on effective population size. Evolution, 47, 1329-1341.
69. Nunney L, Campbell KA (1993) Assessing minimum viable population size: demography meets population genetics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 234-239.
70. O'Brien SJ, Evermann JF (1988) Interactive influence of infectious disease and genetic diversity in natural populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 254-259.
71. O'Brien SJ, Roelke ME, Marker L et al. (1985) Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah. Science, 227, 1428-1434.
72. Ohta T, Kimura M (1973) A model of mutation appropriate to estimate the number of electrophoretically detectable alleles in a finite population. Genetic Research, 22, 201-204.
73. Perez-Lezaun A, Calafell F, Mateu E et al. (1997) Microsatellite variation and the differentiation of modern humans. Human Genetics, 99, 1-7.
74. PKA (1991a) Inventarisasi Komodo dan Rusa di Pulau Gilimotang. Departemen Kehutanan, Direktorat Jenderal Pelestarian Dan Conservasi Alam. Labuanbajo, Flores, Indonesia.
75. PKA (1991b) Inventarisasi Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) di Wae Wuul / Mburak. Departemen Kehutanan, Direktorat Jenderal Pelestarian Dan Conservasi Alam. Labuanbajo, Flores, Indonesia.
76. PKA (1996) Inventarisasi Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) di Pulau Komodo dan Rinca-Taman Nasional Komodo. Departemen Kehutanan, Direktorat Jenderal Pelestarian Dan Conservasi Alam. Labuanbajo, Flores, Indonesia.
77. Pollak E (1983) A new method for estimating the effective population size from allele frequency changes. Genetics, 104, 531-548.
78. Pope LC, Sharp A, Moritz C (1996) Population structure of the yellow-footed rock-wallaby Petrogale xanthopus (Gray, 1854) inferred from mtDNA sequences and microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology, 5, 629-640.
79. Raymond M, Rousset F (1995a) An exact test for population differentiation. Evolution, 49, 1280-1283.
80. Raymond M, Rousset F (1995b) GENEPOP (Version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity, 86, 248-249.
81. Rassmann K, Tautz D, Trillmich F, Gliddon C (1997) The microevolution of the Galapagos marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus assessed by nuclear and mitochondrial genetic analysis. Molecular Ecology, 6, 437-452.
82. Rice WR (1989) Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution, 43, 223-225.
83. Roelke ME, Martenson JS, O'Brien SJ (1993) The consequences of demographic reduction and genetic depletion in the endangered Florida panther. Current Biology, 3, 344-350.
84. Saccheri IJ, Brakefield PM, Nichols RA (1996) Severe inbreeding depression and rapid fitness rebound in the butterfly Bicyclus anyana (Satyridae). Evolution, 50, 2000-2013.
85. Saccheri IJ, Kuussaari M, Kankare M, Vikman P, Fortelius W, Hanski I (1998) Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation. Nature, 392, 401-494.
86. Scribner KT, Arntzen JW, Burke T (1994) Comparative analysis of intra- and interpopulation genetic diversity in Bufo bufo, using allozyme, single-locus microsatellite, minisatellite, and multilocus minisatellite data. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 737-748.
87. Seal US, Manansang J, Siswomartono D, Suhartono T, Sugarjito J (1995) Komodo Monitor Population and Habitat Viability Assessment. 4-7 December, Cisarua, Indonesia. IUCN/SSC/CBSG, Apple Valley, Minnesota.
88. Schwartz MK, Tallmon DA, Luikart G (1998) Review of DNA-based census and effective population size estimators. Animal Conservation, 1, 293-299.
89. Slatkin M (1981) Estimating levels of gene flow in natural populations. Genetics, 99, 323-335.
90. Slatkin M (1985) Rare alleles as indicators of gene flow. Evolution, 39, 53-65.
91. Slatkin M (1987) Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science, 236, 787-792.
92. Slatkin M (1995) A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics, 139, 457-462.
93. Soulé ME (1987) Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
94. Soulé ME, Wilcox BA (1980) Conservation Biology: an Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
95. Takezaki N, Nei M (1996) Genetic distances and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite DNA. Genetics, 144, 389-399.
96. Taylor AC, Sherwin WB, Wayne RK (1994) Genetic variation of microsatellite loci in a bottlenecked species: the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii. Molecular Ecology, 3, 277-290.
97. Templeton AR, Read B (1983) The elimination of inbreeding depression in a captive herd of Speke's gazelle. In: Genetics and Conservation: a Reference for Managing Wild Animal and Plant Populations (eds Schoenwald-Cox CM, Chambers SM, MacBride B, Thomas L), pp. 241-161. Benjamin/Cummings, London.
98. Villarreal X, Bricker J, Reinert HK, Gelbert L, Bushar LM (1996) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for use in population genetic analysis in the timber rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus. Journal of Heredity, 87, 152-155.
99. Waples RS (1989) A generalized approach for estimating effective population size from temporal changes in allele frequency. Genetics, 121, 379-391.
100. Wayne RK, Lehman N, Girman D et al. (1991) Conservation genetics of the endangered Isle Royale gray wolf. Conservation Biology, 5, 41-51.
101. Weir BS (1996) Genetic Data Analysis II. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
102. Weir BS, Cockerham CC (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution, 38, 1358-1370.
103. Wright S (1931) Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16, 97-159.
104. Wright S (1951) The genetical structure of populations. Annals of Eugenics, 15, 323-354.
105. Zar JH (1984) Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall International Editions.