Politics, Diplomacy and Peace Processes: Pathways out of Terrorism?

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 66-82

  Wilkinson, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033272359     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559908427532     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. For useful annual surveys of major tensions and conflicts see Strategic Survey, produced by the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and published by Oxford University Press. The post-Cold War issues of Strategic Survey are now available on CD-ROM: The Military Balance and Strategic Survey. 1992/96 http://www. ism.ethz.ch/iiss. On the linkage between the recent and current patterns of conflict and terrorism see Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism in an Unstable World, (London: Routledge 1994), and Paul Wilkinson, 'International Terrorism: New Risks to World Order', in John Baylis and N.J. Rengger (eds), Dilemmas of World Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992) pp.228-60.
2. For useful annual surveys of major tensions and conflicts see Strategic Survey, produced by the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and published by Oxford University Press. The post-Cold War issues of Strategic Survey are now available on CD-ROM: The Military Balance and Strategic Survey. 1992/96 http://www. ism.ethz.ch/iiss. On the linkage between the recent and current patterns of conflict and terrorism see Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism in an Unstable World, (London: Routledge 1994), and Paul Wilkinson, 'International Terrorism: New Risks to World Order', in John Baylis and N.J. Rengger (eds), Dilemmas of World Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992) pp.228-60.
3. For useful annual surveys of major tensions and conflicts see Strategic Survey, produced by the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and published by Oxford University Press. The post-Cold War issues of Strategic Survey are now available on CD-ROM: The Military Balance and Strategic Survey. 1992/96 http://www. ism.ethz.ch/iiss. On the linkage between the recent and current patterns of conflict and terrorism see Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism in an Unstable World, (London: Routledge 1994), and Paul Wilkinson, 'International Terrorism: New Risks to World Order', in John Baylis and N.J. Rengger (eds), Dilemmas of World Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992) pp.228-60.
4. For useful annual surveys of major tensions and conflicts see Strategic Survey, produced by the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and published by Oxford University Press. The post-Cold War issues of Strategic Survey are now available on CD-ROM: The Military Balance and Strategic Survey. 1992/96 http://www. ism.ethz.ch/iiss. On the linkage between the recent and current patterns of conflict and terrorism see Richard Clutterbuck, Terrorism in an Unstable World, (London: Routledge 1994), and Paul Wilkinson, 'International Terrorism: New Risks to World Order', in John Baylis and N.J. Rengger (eds), Dilemmas of World Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992) pp.228-60.
5. Among the many instances some of the most dramatic failures of terrorism came in the 1970s. For example; in Uruguay the Tupamaros campaign led to the establishment of an emergency government and the suppression of the insurgent movement within Uruguay; in West Germany the success of the government of Chancellor Schmidt in facing down the Red Army Faction demands and defeating the gang that hijacked a Lufthansa jet to Mogadishu triggered the suicide of the RAF's leaders and the beginning of their demise as an effective force; and in Italy the Red Brigades' kidnap and brutal murder of Aldo Moro signalled the beginning of the end for Red Brigades' terrorism.
6. A notable dissenter from this hard-line policy has been Japan, which was prepared to make major concessions to terrorist demands by the Japanese Red Army in the 1970s and 80s. However, the policy of the Japanese government appears to have undergone something of a sea change in the light of the Aum nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway system and the MRTA's hostage seizure at the Japanese Ambassador's residence in Lima in 1996.
7. This is an underlying assumption of the contributors to a number of major academic symposia on democratic responses to terrorism, for example: Juliet Lodge (ed.), The Threat of Terrorism (Brighton: Wheatsheaf 1988); David A. Charters (ed.), Democratic Responses to International Terrorism (New York: Transnational Publishers Inc. 1990); and Alex P. Schmid and Ronald D. Crelinsten (eds), Western Responses to Terrorism (London: Frank Cass 1993). However, there is a real need for an up-to-date and indepth social scientific study focused exclusively on the relationship between public opinion and terrorism in democratic societies.
8. This is an underlying assumption of the contributors to a number of major academic symposia on democratic responses to terrorism, for example: Juliet Lodge (ed.), The Threat of Terrorism (Brighton: Wheatsheaf 1988); David A. Charters (ed.), Democratic Responses to International Terrorism (New York: Transnational Publishers Inc. 1990); and Alex P. Schmid and Ronald D. Crelinsten (eds), Western Responses to Terrorism (London: Frank Cass 1993). However, there is a real need for an up-to-date and indepth social scientific study focused exclusively on the relationship between public opinion and terrorism in democratic societies.
9. This is an underlying assumption of the contributors to a number of major academic symposia on democratic responses to terrorism, for example: Juliet Lodge (ed.), The Threat of Terrorism (Brighton: Wheatsheaf 1988); David A. Charters (ed.), Democratic Responses to International Terrorism (New York: Transnational Publishers Inc. 1990); and Alex P. Schmid and Ronald D. Crelinsten (eds), Western Responses to Terrorism (London: Frank Cass 1993). However, there is a real need for an up-to-date and indepth social scientific study focused exclusively on the relationship between public opinion and terrorism in democratic societies.
10. Feliks Gross, 'Political Violence and Terror in 19th and 20th Century Russia and Eastern Europe' in vol.8 of A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, James F. Kirkham, Sheldon G. Levy and William J. Crotty (eds), (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office 1969) pp. 421-476.
11. See, for example, Langston Hughes, Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP (New York: Berkley Medallion Books 1962).
12. For valuable analyses of these factors see: Michael E. Brown 'The Causes and Regional Dimensions of Internal Conflict' in Michael E Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press 1996); Pauline H. Baker and John A. Ausink, 'State Collapse and Ethnic Violence: Toward a Predictive Model', Parameters 26:1 (Spring 1996) pp. 19-31; and Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict Final Report, Preventing Deadly Conflict (New York: Carnegie Corporation, December 1997) Chapter 2.
13. For valuable analyses of these factors see: Michael E. Brown 'The Causes and Regional Dimensions of Internal Conflict' in Michael E Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press 1996); Pauline H. Baker and John A. Ausink, 'State Collapse and Ethnic Violence: Toward a Predictive Model', Parameters 26:1 (Spring 1996) pp. 19-31; and Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict Final Report, Preventing Deadly Conflict (New York: Carnegie Corporation, December 1997) Chapter 2.
14. For valuable analyses of these factors see: Michael E. Brown 'The Causes and Regional Dimensions of Internal Conflict' in Michael E Brown (ed.), The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press 1996); Pauline H. Baker and John A. Ausink, 'State Collapse and Ethnic Violence: Toward a Predictive Model', Parameters 26:1 (Spring 1996) pp. 19-31; and Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict Final Report, Preventing Deadly Conflict (New York: Carnegie Corporation, December 1997) Chapter 2.
15. See Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (London: Odhams 1952); W.S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power (London: Quadrangle 1965); and J. P. Stern, Hitler: The Fuhrer and the People (London: Fontana 1975).
16. See Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (London: Odhams 1952); W.S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power (London: Quadrangle 1965); and J. P. Stern, Hitler: The Fuhrer and the People (London: Fontana 1975).
17. See Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (London: Odhams 1952); W.S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power (London: Quadrangle 1965); and J. P. Stern, Hitler: The Fuhrer and the People (London: Fontana 1975).
18. For a thoughtful and balanced English language account see D.W. Brackett, Holy Terror: Armageddon in Tokyo (New York: Weatherhill 1996).
19. For overview of current trends, see Jeffrey Kaplan, 'Right Wing Violence in North America' in Tore Bjorgo (ed.), Terror from the Extreme Right (London: Frank Cass 1995) pp.44-95.
20. See 'Massacre by the Nile', The Daily Telegraph, 19 November 1997.
21. This point is made powerfully in the Carnegie Commission report, Preventing Deadly Conflict (Note 7).
22. On the possibilities of a strengthened UN in the wake of the Cold War, see Boutros Boutros Ghali, An Agenda for Peace Preventative Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, (New York: United Nations 1992) and Erskine Childers and Brian Urquhart, Towards a More Effective United Nations (New York: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation 1991); on peacekeeping potentialities specifically see: Paul F. Diehl, International Peacekeeping (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1993), and Thomas G. Weiss, 'New Challenges for UN Military Operations: Implementing an Agenda for Peace', The Washington Quarterly, Winter 1993.
23. On the possibilities of a strengthened UN in the wake of the Cold War, see Boutros Boutros Ghali, An Agenda for Peace Preventative Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, (New York: United Nations 1992) and Erskine Childers and Brian Urquhart, Towards a More Effective United Nations (New York: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation 1991); on peacekeeping potentialities specifically see: Paul F. Diehl, International Peacekeeping (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1993), and Thomas G. Weiss, 'New Challenges for UN Military Operations: Implementing an Agenda for Peace', The Washington Quarterly, Winter 1993.
24. On the possibilities of a strengthened UN in the wake of the Cold War, see Boutros Boutros Ghali, An Agenda for Peace Preventative Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, (New York: United Nations 1992) and Erskine Childers and Brian Urquhart, Towards a More Effective United Nations (New York: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation 1991); on peacekeeping potentialities specifically see: Paul F. Diehl, International Peacekeeping (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1993), and Thomas G. Weiss, 'New Challenges for UN Military Operations: Implementing an Agenda for Peace', The Washington Quarterly, Winter 1993.
25. On the possibilities of a strengthened UN in the wake of the Cold War, see Boutros Boutros Ghali, An Agenda for Peace Preventative Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, (New York: United Nations 1992) and Erskine Childers and Brian Urquhart, Towards a More Effective United Nations (New York: Dag Hammarskjold Foundation 1991); on peacekeeping potentialities specifically see: Paul F. Diehl, International Peacekeeping (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1993), and Thomas G. Weiss, 'New Challenges for UN Military Operations: Implementing an Agenda for Peace', The Washington Quarterly, Winter 1993.
26. See, for example, Trevor Findlay, Cambodia: The Legacy, and Lessons of, UNTAC (New York: Oxford University Press, SIPRI Research Report No.9, 1995), and United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of UN Peacekeeping (New York: UN Dept of Public Information 1996).
27. See, for example, Trevor Findlay, Cambodia: The Legacy, and Lessons of, UNTAC (New York: Oxford University Press, SIPRI Research Report No.9, 1995), and United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of UN Peacekeeping (New York: UN Dept of Public Information 1996).
28. Allister Sparks, Tomorrow is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa's Road to Change (New York: Hill and Wang 1995).
29. See Supplement to An Agenda for Peace (General Assembly/Security Council A/5/60 S/1995/1, 3 January 1995).
30. Alex P. Schmid and Albert Jongman, 'Violent Conflicts and Human Rights Violations in the mid-1990s', Terrorism and Political Violence, 9/4 (Winter 1997) pp.166-192.
31. But for analyses of some of the huge problems involved in implementing the Peace Process see Anthony H. Cordesman, Perilous Prospects: The Peace Process and the Arab-Israeli Balance (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press 1996), and Joseph Alpher, The Netanyahu Government and the Israeli-Arab peace process (London: Institute for Jewish Policy Research, jpr/policy paper No.4, January 1997).
32. But for analyses of some of the huge problems involved in implementing the Peace Process see Anthony H. Cordesman, Perilous Prospects: The Peace Process and the Arab-Israeli Balance (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press 1996), and Joseph Alpher, The Netanyahu Government and the Israeli-Arab peace process (London: Institute for Jewish Policy Research, jpr/policy paper No.4, January 1997).
33. For the key role of Palestinian terrorism see Walter Laqueur, The Age of Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown 1987); Barry Rubin, Revolution Until Victory? The Politics and History of the PLO (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press 1994); and Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London: Gollancz 1998) Chapter 3, 'The Internationalisation of Terrorism'.
34. For the key role of Palestinian terrorism see Walter Laqueur, The Age of Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown 1987); Barry Rubin, Revolution Until Victory? The Politics and History of the PLO (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press 1994); and Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London: Gollancz 1998) Chapter 3, 'The Internationalisation of Terrorism'.
35. For the key role of Palestinian terrorism see Walter Laqueur, The Age of Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown 1987); Barry Rubin, Revolution Until Victory? The Politics and History of the PLO (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press 1994); and Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London: Gollancz 1998) Chapter 3, 'The Internationalisation of Terrorism'.
36. See Barton Gellman and Laura Blumenfeld, 'The Religious Obsessions that drove Rabin's Killer', International Herald Tribune, 13 November 1995.
37. This position was later implicitly retracted. However, Mr Netanyahu continued, from Summer 1997 to May 1998, taking a hard line on the issue of further Israeli withdrawals from the West Bank and the continuation of settlement building at Har Homa.
38. On the origins of the cease-fires see Brian Rowan, Behind the Lines: The Story of the IRA and Loyalist Cease-fires (Belfast: Blackstaff Press 1995).
39. The IRA reiterated its refusal to accept decommissioning of weapons in a statement published in Republican News, 30 April 1998.
40. On Sunningdale see Patrick Buckland, A History of Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan 1981); and Paul Arthur, Government and Politics of Northern Ireland (Harlow: Longman 1984).
41. On Sunningdale see Patrick Buckland, A History of Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan 1981); and Paul Arthur, Government and Politics of Northern Ireland (Harlow: Longman 1984).
42. See Steve Bruce, The Red Hand (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992) for a discussion of the role of the Protestant paramilitaries.
43. On the splinter groups see Doug Dixon, 'Mortar bomb attacks blamed on dissident Republicans'; Malachi O'Doherty, 'Confusing pattern of terror splinters further', The Scotsman, 5 May 1998; and Martin Fletcher, 'Breakaway republicans blamed for bomb', The Times, 23 March 1998.
44. On the splinter groups see Doug Dixon, 'Mortar bomb attacks blamed on dissident Republicans'; Malachi O'Doherty, 'Confusing pattern of terror splinters further', The Scotsman, 5 May 1998; and Martin Fletcher, 'Breakaway republicans blamed for bomb', The Times, 23 March 1998.
45. On the splinter groups see Doug Dixon, 'Mortar bomb attacks blamed on dissident Republicans'; Malachi O'Doherty, 'Confusing pattern of terror splinters further', The Scotsman, 5 May 1998; and Martin Fletcher, 'Breakaway republicans blamed for bomb', The Times, 23 March 1998.
46. For a fuller discussion see Paul Wilkinson, 'Report of an investigation into the current and future threat to the UK and the contribution which legislation can make to measures to counter the threat', Inquiry into Legislation against Terrorism, vol. 2, (London: HMSO, October 1996) (Cm 3420) Chapters 6 and 7(iii).
47. It is worth noting that the June 1999 agreement between the Kosovo Liberation Army and NATO commits the KLA to disarming as part of a general process of demilitarization. Under the agreement the KLA undertakes to place its weapons in storage depots. Under the terms of the agreement all weapons larger than sidearms must be deposited within 30 days, and the total time allocated for the disarmament process is 90 days. Other agreed measures of demilitarization include the KLA's obligation to maintain a cease-fire, the KLA's acceptance to the authority of the peacekeeping force on security matters, the removal of the KLA roadblocks and checkpoints, and the KLA ceasing to wear uniforms and insignia. It was immediately apparent that some KLA units resented these terms, and that there were some factions determined to defy the KLA's political leadership.