Political Advertising and Public Mood: A Study of Children's Political Orientations

Political Communication

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 387-407

  Rahn, Wendy M ^a   Hirshorn, Rebecca M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b Health Care Financing Administration   (United States)

Author keywords

Emotions; Mood; National Identity; Political Advertising; Political Socialization

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033248846     PISSN: 10584609     EISSN: 10917675     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/105846099198550     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Adler, R., & Faber, R. J. (1980). Background: Children’s television viewing patterns. In R. P. Alder, G. Lesser, L. K. Meringoff, T. S. Robertson, J. R. Rossiter, & S. War (Eds.), The effects of television advertising on children: Review and recommendations (pp. 13-28). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
2. Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1965). The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations, an analytic study. Boston: Little, Brown.
3. Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York: Verso.
4. Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S. (1995). Going negative: How political advertisements shrink and polarize the electorate. New York: Free Press.
5. Aronson, E., Ellsworth, P., Carlsmith, J. M., & Gonzales, M. H. (1990). Methods of research in social psychology (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
6. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. M. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
7. Bartels, L. M. (1997, August). Campaign quality: Standards of evaluation, benchmarks for reform. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
8. Batson, C. D., Turk, C. L., Shaw, L. L., & Klein, T. R. (1995). Information function of empathetic emotion: Learning that we value the other’s welfare. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 300-313.
9. Bennett, W. L. (1992). The governing crisis: Media, money, and marketing in American elections. New York: St. Martin’s.
10. Berkowitz, L., & Troccoli, B. (1986). An examination of the assumptions in the demand characteristics thesis: With special reference to the Velten mood induction procedure. Motivation and Emotion, 10, 339-351.
11. Billing, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
12. Brehm, J., & Rahn, W. (1997). Individual-level evidence for the causes and consequences of social capital. American Journal of Political Science, 41, 999-1023.
13. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475-482.
14. Butler, L., Koopman, C., & Zimbardo, P. (1995). The psychological impact of viewing the film JFK: Emotions, beliefs, and behavioral intentions. Political Psychology, 16, 237-258.
15. Capella, J., & Jamieson, K. H. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press.
16. Chaffee, S. H., & Yang, S.-M. (1990). Communication and political socialization. In O. Ichilov (Ed.), Political socialization, citizenship education, and democracy (pp. 137-157). New York: Teachers College Press.
17. Clore, G. L. (1992). Cognitive phenomenology: Feelings and the construction of judgment. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgment (pp. 133-163). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In R. S. Wyer, Jr., & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition: Vol. 1. Basic processes (2nd ed., pp. 323-414). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Condry, J. (1989). The psychology of television. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Conover, P. J. (1989). Political socialization: Where’s the politics? In W. Crotty (Ed.), Political science: Looking to the future: Vol. 3. Political behavior (pp. 125-152). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
21. Conover, P. J., Crewe, I. M., & Searing, D. D. (1991). The nature of citizenship in the United States and Great Britain: Empirical comments on theoretical themes. Journal of Politics, 53, 800-832.
22. Cook, T. (1985). The bear market in political socialization and the costs of misunderstood psychological theories. American Political Science Review, 79, 1070-1093.
23. Dawson, R. E., Prewitt, K., & Dawson, K. S. (1977). Political socialization: An analytic study. Boston: Little, Brown.
24. Deaux, K. (1993). Reconstructing social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 4-12.
25. Delli Carpini, M. X. (1986). Stability and change in American politics: The coming of age of the generation of the 1960s. New York: New York University Press.
26. Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
27. Dennis, J. (1986). Preadult learning of political independence: Media and family communication effects. Communication Research, 13, 401-433.
28. Devine, D. J. (1972). The political culture of the United States: The influence of member values on regime maintenance. Boston: Little, Brown.
29. Easton, D. (1975). A re-assessment of the concept of political support. British Journal of Political Science, 5, 435-457.
30. Easton, D., & Dennis, J. (1967). The child’s acquisition of regime norms: Political efficacy. American Political Science Review, 61, 25-38.
31. Finkel, S. E., & Geer, J. G. (1998). Spot check: Casting doubt on the demobilizing effect of attack advertising. American Journal of Political Science, 42, 573-595.
32. Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39-66.
33. Forgas, J. P., Burnhan, D. K., & Trimboli, C. (1988). Mood, memory, and social judgment in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 697-703.
34. Forgas, J. P., & Moylan, S. J. (1987). After the movies: The effects of transient mood states on social judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 478-489.
35. Garramone, G. M., & Atkin, C. K. (1986). Mass communication and political socialization: Specifying the effects. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 76-86.
36. Garramone, G. M., Atkin, C. K., Pinkleton, B. E., & Cole, R. T. (1990). Effects of negative advertising on the political process. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34, 299-311.
37. Goldstein, K. (1997, August). Political advertising and political persuasion in the 1996 presidential campaign. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
38. Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism: Five roads to modernity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
39. Gross, J. J., & Leveson, R. W. (1995). Emotion elicitation using films. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 87-108.
40. Hart, R. P. (1997). Rhetoric, hope, and American politics. In J. S. Trent (Ed.), Communication: Views from the helm for the twenty-first century (pp. 113-121). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
41. Hirshorn, R. (1995). Political advertising and public mood: A political socialization study. Unpublished thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
42. Hirt, E. R., Zillman, D., Erickson, G. A., & Kennedy, C. (1992). Costs and benefits of allegiance: Changes in fans’ self-ascribed competencies after team victory versus defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 724-734.
43. Hsu, M., & Price, V. (1993). Political expertise and affect: Effects on news processing. Communication Research, 20, 671-695.
44. Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987). News that matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45. Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R., & Wan, C. K. (1990). Interaction effects in multiple regression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
46. Kite, C. M., & Rahn, W. M. (1997). Political community and public mood: A comparison of the U.S. and Swedish cases. Unpublished manuscript.
47. Kornberg, A., & Clarke, H. D. (1992). Citizens and community: Political support in a representative democracy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
48. Lang, A. (1991). Emotion, formal features, and memory for televised political advertisements. In F. Biocca (Ed.), Television and political advertising: Vol. 1. Psychological processes (pp. 221-243). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
49. Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological Science, 7, 186-189.
50. Marcus, G. E., & MacKuen, M. B. (1993). Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote: The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. American Political Science Review, 87, 672-685.
51. Mayer, J. D., Gaschke, Y. N., Braverman, D. L., & Evans, T. W. (1992). Mood-congruent judgment is a general effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 119-132.
52. Mayer, J. D., & Hanson, E. (1995). Mood-congruent judgment over time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 237-244.
53. Merelman, R. D. (1986). Cultural displays: An illustration from American immigration. Qualitative Sociology, 11, 335-352.
54. Michalson, L., & Lewis, M. (1985). What do children know about emotions and when do they know it? In M. Lewis & C. Saarni (Eds.), The socialization of emotions (pp. 117-139). New York: Plenum.
55. Miller, W. (1991). The puzzle transformed: Explaining declining turnout. Political Behavior, 14, 1-43.
56. Miller, W., & Shanks, J. M. (1996). The new American voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
57. Moore, S. W., Lare, J., & Wagner, K. A. (1985). The child’s political world: A longitudinal perspective. New York: Praeger.
58. Nadeau, R., Niemi, R. G., & Amato, T. (1995). Emotions, issue importance, and political learning. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 558-574.
59. Neuberg, S. L., Caldini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Luce, C., Sagarin, B., & Lewis, B. P. (1997). Does empathy lead to anything more than superficial helping? Comment on Batson et al. (1997). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 510-516.
60. Newhagen, J. E., & Reeves, B. (1991). Emotion and memory responses for negative political advertising: A study of television commercials used in the 1988 presidential election. In F. Biocca (Ed.), Television and political advertising: Vol. 1. Psychological processes (pp. 197-220). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
61. Norris, P. (1996). Does television erode social capital? A reply to Putnam. PS: Political Science & Politics, 29, 474-480.
62. Owen, D. (1997). Mixed signals: Generation X’s attitudes towards the political system. In S. C. Craig & S. E. Bennett (Eds.), After the boom: The politics of generation X (pp. 85-106). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
63. Owen, D., & Dennis, J. (1992). Sex differences in politicization: The influence of the mass media. Women & Politics, 12(4), 19-41.
64. Owen, D., & Dennis, J. (1994, May). The political origins of the “grunge generation”: The development of partisan orientations. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Danvers, MA.
65. Patterson, T. (1994). Out of order. New York: Vintage Books.
66. Popkin, S. L. (1991). The reasoning voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
67. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28, 664-683.
68. Rahn, W. M. (1998, May). Generations and American national identity: A data essay. Paper presented at the Mediated Politics: Communication and the Future of Democracy conference, Washington, DC.
69. Rahn, W. M. (in press). Affect as information: The role of public mood in political reasoning. In A. Lupia, M. McCubbins, & S. Popkin (Eds.), Elements of reason. New York: Cambridge University Press.
70. Rahn, W. M., Brehm, J., & Carlson, N. (in press). National elections as institutions for generating social capital. In M. Fiorini & T. Skocpol (Eds.), Civic engagement in American democracy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
71. Rahn, W. M., Kroeger, B., & Kite, C. (1996). A framework for the study of public mood. Political Psychology, 17, 29-58.
72. Rudolph, T., Gangl, A., & Stevens, D. (n.d.). The role of emotions and efficacy in presidential campaigns. Unpublished manuscript, University of Minnesota.
73. Sears, D. O. (1990). Whither political socialization research? The question of persistence. In O. Ichilov (Ed.), Political socialization, citizenship education, and democracy (pp. 69-97). New York: Teachers College Press.
74. Sears, D. O., & Funk, C. L. (1999). Evidence of long-term persistence of adults’ political predispositions. Journal of Politics, 61, 1-28.
75. Sears, D. O., & Valentino, N. (1997). Politics matters: Political events as catalysts for preadult socialization. American Political Science Review, 91, 45-65.
76. Shah, D. (1998). Civic engagement, interpersonal trust, and television use: An individual-level assessment of social capital. Political Psychology, 19, 469-496.
77. Smith, A. (1991). National identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
78. Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotion: Toward a new conceptualization of prejudice. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 297-315). New York: Academic Press.
79. Smith, E. R., & Henry, S. (1996). The in-group becomes part of the self: Response time evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 635-642.
80. Sniderman, P. M., Brody, R. A., & Tetlock, P. E. (1991). Reasoning and choice. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
81. Spillman, L. (1997). Nation and commemoration: Creating national identities in the United States and Australia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
82. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
83. Transue, J., Rahn, W., Sullivan, J., Haney, B., Burgess, D., & Synder, M. (1997, July). Young adults’ intentions to participation in politics. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Political Psychology, Krakow, Poland.
84. Uslaner, E. M. (1998). Social capital, television, and the “mean world”: Trust, optimism, and civic participation. Political Psychology, 19, 441-467.
85. Valentino, N. A., & Sears, D. O. (1998). Event-driven political communication and the preadult socialization of partisanship. Political Behavior, 20, 127-154.
86. Verba, S., Scholzman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
87. Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. (1996). Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 557-580.
88. Young, B. M. (1990). Television advertising and children. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
89. Zullow, H. (1994). American exceptionalism and the quadrennial peak in optimism. In A. H. Miller & B. Gronbeck (Eds.), Presidential campaigns and American self images (pp. 214-230). Boulder, CO: Westview.