Phytochromes are Pr-ipatetic kinases

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

Volumn 2, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 393-397

  Reed, Jason W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033215310     PISSN: 13695266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00011-4     Document Type: Review

References (28)

1. Fankhauser C, Chory J Light control of plant development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 13:1997;203-229.
2. Deng X-W, Quail PH Signaling in light-controlled development. Sem Cell Dev Biol. 1999;. in press.
3. Quail PH An emerging molecular map of the phytochromes. Plant Cell Environ. 20:1997;657-665.
4. Mathews S, Sharrock RA Phytochrome gene diversity. Plant Cell Environ. 20:1997;666-671.
5. Whitelam GC, Devlin PF Roles of different phytochromes in Arabidopsis photomorphogenesis. Plant Cell Environ. 20:1997;752-758.
6. Pratt LH Distribution and localization of phytochrome within the plant. Kendrick RE, Kronenberg GHM Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edn. 1994;163-185 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
7. Sakamoto K, Nagatani A Nuclear localization activity of phytochrome B. Plant J. 10:1996;859-868.
8. Yamaguchi R, Nakamura M, Mochizuki N, Kay SA, Nagatani A Light dependent translocation of a phytochrome B-GFP fusion protein to the nucleus in transgenic Arabidopsis. J Cell Biol. 145:1999;437-445. The authors show that a biologically active phyB::GFP fusion localizes to the nucleus in Arabidopsis plants in red light but not in darkness. Together with its predecessor [7], this work provides the first convincing demonstration that a phytochrome may act in the nucleus.
9. Kircher S, Kozma-Bognar L, Kim L, Adam E, Harter K, Schäfer E, Nagy F Light quality-dependent nuclear import of the plant photoreceptors phytochromes A and B. Plant Cell. 11:1999;1445-1456. This paper extends the study of phytochrome nuclear localization to a second phytochrome. Both rice phyA::GFP and tobacco phyB::GFP fusions move to the nucleus in a light-dependent fashion in transgenic tobacco plants. PhyA and phyB move to the nucleus under different light conditions that correspond to the conditions under which they are each known to act. This correlation suggests that nuclear localization is important to phytochrome function.
10. Chattopadhyay S, Ang L-H, Puente P, Deng X-W, Wei N Arabidopsis bZIP protein HY5 directly interacts with light-responsive promoters in mediating light control of gene expression. Plant Cell. 10:1998;673-683.
11. Osterlund MT, Ang L-H, Deng X-W The role of COP1 in repression of Arabidopsis photomorphogenic development. Trends Cell Biol. 9:1999;113-118.
12. Ang L-H, Chattopadhyay S, Wei N, Oyama T, Okada K, Batschauer A, Deng X-W Molecular interaction between COP1 and HY5 defines a regulatory switch for light control of Arabidopsis development. Mol Cell. 1:1998;213-222. HY5 and COP1 proteins interact in a yeast two-hybrid system as well as in vitro. In onion cells, GFP fusions to COP1 and HY5 colocalize in a speckled pattern in the nucleus.
13. Stacey MG, Hicks SN, von Arnim AG Discrete domains mediate the light-responsive nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of Arabidopsis COP1. Plant Cell. 11:1999;349-363. The COP1 protein is in the nucleus in dark-grown plants but leaves the nucleus in the light. The authors have used GUS and GFP fusions to dissect the domains of COP1 that mediate nuclear localization. They have identified a bipartite nuclear localization signal as well as a cytoplasmic localization signal. Presumably, in the intact protein the utilization of one or the other of these signals is regulated by light.
14. von Arnim AG, Deng X-W Light inactivation of Arabidopsis photomorphogenic repressor COP1 involves a cell-specific regulation of its nucleocytoplasmic partitioning. Cell. 79:1994;1035-1045.
15. Oyama T, Shimura Y, Okada K The Arabidopsis HY5 gene encodes a bZIP protein that regulates stimulus-induced development of root and hypocotyl. Genes Devel. 11:1997;2983-2995.
16. Yeh K-C, Wu S-H, Murphy JT, Lagarias JC A cyanobacterial phytochrome two-component light sensory system. Science. 277:1997;1505-1508.
17. Yeh K-C, Lagarias JC Eukaryotic phytochromes: light-regulated serine/threonine protein kinases with histidine kinase ancestry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;13976-13981. Using purified recombinant phytochromes from oat or the alga Mesotaenium caldariorum, the authors demonstrate autophosphorylation activity as well as trans-phosphorylation of two artificial substrate proteins. The autophosphorylation activities are light-regulated, with Pfr and 'cycled' Pr having greater activity than 'naive' Pr. These results confirm a longstanding hypothesis - originally formed on the basis of work with phyA purified from plant material - that phytochromes are kinases. The paper also describes a cryptic repeat of a histidine-kinase-like domain in higher plant phytochromes.
18. Wong Y-S, McMichael RJ, Lagarias J Properties of a polycation-stimulated protein kinase associated with purified Avena phytochrome. Plant Physiol. 91:1989;709-718.
19. Biermann B, Pao L, Feldman L Pr-specific phytochrome phosphorylation in vitro by a protein kinase present in anti-phytochrome maize immunoprecipitates. Plant Physiol. 105:1994;243-251.
20. Lapko VN, Jiang X-Y, Smith DL, Song P-S Mass spectrometric characterization of oat phytochrome A: isoforms and posttranslational modifications. Prot Sci. 8:1999;1-13.
21. Ni M, Tepperman JM, Quail PH PIF3, a phytochrome-interacting factor necessary for normal photoinduced signal transduction, is a novel basic helix-loop-helix protein. Cell. 95:1998;657-667. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, the authors identify a phytochrome-interacting protein called PIF3. PIF3 can interact with either phyA or phyB, and when overexpressed it confers increased light responsiveness in transgenic plants. Antisense plants have decreased light responsiveness, suggesting that the protein is a true phytochrome signaling component. A PIF3::GUS fusion protein localizes to the nucleus of onion cells, and the gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein with a PAS domain. The data suggest that phytochromes may regulate transcription through direct interaction with transcription factors including PIF3. It remains to be determined whether phytochromes can phosphorylate PIF3.
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23. Fankhauser C, Yeh K-C, Lagarias JC, Zhang H, Elich TD, Chory J PKS1, a substrate phosphorylated by phytochrome that modulates light signaling in Arabidopsis. Science. 284:1999;1539-1541. From a yeast two-hybrid screen the authors identified a protein called PKS1 that can be phosphorylated in a light-regulated fashion by oat phyA in vitro. It is also phosphorylated in vivo, and this phosphorylation is stimulated by red light or phyB overexpression. It interacts with both phyA and phyB, and localizes to the cytoplasm. Overexpression of PKS1 in transgenic plants confers an elongated hypocotyl, suggesting that PKS1 may repress phytochrome responses. No phenotype was seen in antisense lines. PKS1 is the first protein shown to be phosphorylated in a light-regulated fashion by phytochrome both in vitro and in vivo.
24. Ahmad M, Jarillo JA, Smirnova O, Cashmore AR The CRY1 blue light photoreceptor of Arabidopsis interacts with phytochrome A in vitro. Mol Cell. 1:1998;939-948. Oat phyA can phosphorylate both blue light photoreceptors cryptochrome 1 and cryptochrome 2 in vitro, and interact with them in yeast two-hybrid assays. The phosphorylation was not regulated by light, but in vivo cry1 was phosphorylated more in red light treated plants. The findings suggest that phytochromes may regulate cryptochromes by phosphorylating them, a hypothesis consistent with findings of interactions between red and blue light responses in physiological assays.
25. Casal JJ, Mazzella MA Conditional synergism between cryptochrome 1 and phytochrome B is shown by the analysis of phyA, phyB, and hy4 simple, double, and triple mutants in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 118:1998;19-25.
26. Casal JJ, Boccalandro H Co-action between phytochrome B and HY4 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta. 197:1995;213-218.
27. Guo H, Yang H, Mockler T, Lin C Regulation of flowering time by Arabidopsis photoreceptors. Science. 279:1998;1360-1363.
28. Shinomura T, Uchida K, Furuya M Elementary responses of photoperception by phytochrome A for high irradiance response of hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1999;. in press. The authors investigated a high irradiance response to far-red light, using inhibition of Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation as their assay. They find that pulses of far-red light can mimic continuous far-red light, and that if each pulse of far-red light is followed by a pulse of red light, the response is eliminated. These results suggest that Pfr is not the active species in mediating the response, in contrast to the longstanding dogma in the field. Instead, 'cycled' Pr or some other novel form of phyA may be the active form.