Molecular mechanisms of cytokinin action

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

Volumn 2, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 359-364

  D'Agostino, Ingrid B ^a   Kieber, Joseph J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033214172     PISSN: 13695266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00005-9     Document Type: Review

References (38)

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16. Riou-Khamlichi C, Huntly R, Jacqmard A, Murray JAH Cytokinin activation of Arabidopsis cell division through a D-type cyclin. Science. 283:1999;1541-1544. This paper demonstrates that cytokinins may modulate the cell cycle by regulating CycD3 expression. The authors show that the steady-state level of CycD3 mRNA is induced both in cultured cells and intact tissue by cytokinin, and CycD3 expression was found to localize to proliferating tissue. In a crucial experiment, they demonstrate that constitutive overexpression of CycD3 is sufficient to bypass the requirement for cytokinin in tissue culture, suggesting that cytokinins may increase cell division by up-regulating this gene.
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22. Rupp H-M, Frank M, Werner T, Strnad M, Schmülling T Increased steady state mRNA levels of the STM and KNATI homeobox genes in cytokinin overproducing Arabidopsis thaliana indicate a role for cytokinins in the shoot apical meristem. Plant, J. 18:1999;557-563. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the ipt gene under the control of a heat shock promoter displayed an elevated steady state mRNA levels of KNAT1 and STM1, which was correlated to increased levels of cytokinins. This suggests that cytokinin may influence SAM development, at least partly by activating KNAT1 and STM1, meristem-specific homeobox genes.
23. Ori N, Juarez MT, Jackson D, Yamaguchi J, Banowetz GM, Hake S Leaf senescence is delayed in tobacco plants expressing the maize homeobox gene knotted1 under the control of a senescence-activated promoter. Plant Cell. 11:1999;1073-1080. Leaves of transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing maize kn1 under the control of a senescence-specific promoter accumulate elevated levels of cytokinins and display a delay in senescence. This suggests that there may be a complex, interdependent relationship between cytokinin levels and expression of the kn1 gene family.
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28. ••]), and also demonstrated that at least one type B ARR interacts with the AHPs in the yeast two-hybrid system.
29. Brandstatter I, Kieber JJ Two genes with similarity to bacterial response regulators are rapidly and specifically induced by cytokinin in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 10:1998;1009-1020. Using differential display to screen for cytokinin specific messages, two genes, IBC6 and IBC7, with homology to bacterial response regulators were identified in Arabidopsis. These genes had characteristics of cytokinin primary response genes; their steady state-level of mRNA was induced rapidly and specifically by cytokinin, and this induction was resistant to cycloheximide treatment. This observation, along with their homology to known signaling proteins, suggests a role for IBC6 and IBC7 in cytokinin signal transduction.
30. ••] to show that other type A Arabidopsis ARR genes are also regulated by cytokinin.
31. Taniguchi M, Kiba T, Sakakibara H, Ueguchi C, Mizuno T, Sugiyama T Expression of Arabidopsis response regulator homologs is induced by cytokinins and nitrate. FEBS Lett. 429:1998;259-262. The steady state mRNA levels of five Arabidopsis response regulators (including IBC6 and IBC7, which have now been renamed ARR4 and ARR5) were found to accumulate in response to cytokinin treatment. Transcripts also accumulated upon nitrate application to nitrogen starved cells, which suggests that this may reflect an alteration in cytokinin content in response to changing nitrogen levels.
32. Miyata S-i, Urao T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K Characterization of genes for two-component phosphorelay mediators with a single HPt domain in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 437:1998;11-14. Three Arabidopsis genes, ATHP1, ATHP2, and ATHP3, encoding histidine phosphotransfer proteins were identified by in silica screening of the Arabidopsis EST database. The genes were shown to rescue the growth defect of a yeast YPD disruption, confirming that they are functional HPt domains. The pattern of expression of these genes was determined by northern analysis.
33. •]. A novel aspect of this work is that it was shown that purified AHP1 protein was capable of transferring a phosphate to two ARR proteins in vitro. This suggests that the Arabidopsis proteins may function in a manner analogous to their bacterial counterparts.
34. Sakai H, Aoyama T, Bono H, Oka A Two-component response regulators from Arabidopsis thaliana contain a putative DNA-binding motif. Plant Cell Physiol. 39:1998;1232-1239.
35. Lohrmann J, Buchholz G, Keitel C, Sweere C, Kircher S, Bäurle I, Kudla J, Harter K Differentially-expressed and nuclear-localized response regulator-like proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana with transcription factor properties. Plat Biol. 1999;. in press. This paper provides evidence that the type B ARR proteins are transcription factors. The authors demonstrate that the putative output domain is capable of promoting transcription in yeast when fused to a Gal4 DNA binding domain, and that this domain is capable of directing nuclear localization.
36. Morgan BA, Bouquin N, Merrill GF, Johnston LH A yeast transcription factor bypassing the requirement for SBF and DSC1/MBF in budding yeast has homology to bacterial signal transduction proteins. EMBO J. 14:1995;5679-5689.
37. Vogel JP, Schuerman P, Woeste KW, Brandstatter I, Kieber JJ Isolation and characterization of Arabidopsis mutants defective in induction of ethylene biosynthesis by cytokinin. Genetics. 149:1998;417-427. A simple seedling screen based on the ethylene-mediated triple response was used to isolate mutants that fail to elevate ethylene biosynthesis in response to exogenous cytokinin. Four such mutants were analyzed for cytokinin-responsiveness in additional assays, and also for their effects on induction of ethylene biosynthesis by other factors.
38. D'Agostino IB, Kieber JJ Phosphorelay signal transduction: the emerging family of plant response regulators. Trends Biochem Sci. 1999;. in press.