Dietary carbohydrate and its effects on metabolism and substrate stores in sedentary and active individuals

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 393-415

  Graham, Terry E ^a   Adamo, Kristi B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adipose tissue; De novo lipogenesis; Glycogen; Insulin; Liver; Triglyceride

Indexed keywords

BODY COMPOSITION; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

BODY COMPOSITION; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY FATS; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; HUMANS;

EID: 0033210515     PISSN: 10667814     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/h99-030     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Aarsland, A., Chinkes, D., and Wolfe, R.R. (1997). Hepatic and whole-body fat synthesis in humans during carbohydrate overfeeding. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65: 1774-1782.
2. Abbott, W.G.H., Howard, B.V., Christin, L., Freymond, D., Lillioja, S., Boyce, V.L., Anderson, T.E., Bogardus, C., and Ravussin, E. (1988). Short-term energy balance: Relationship with protein, carbohydrate, and fat balances. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 18) 255: E332-E337.
3. Acheson, K.J., Schutz, Y., Bessard, T., Anantharaman, K., Flatt, J., and Jequier, E. (1988). Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate overfeeding in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48: 240-247.
4. Adamo, K.B., Tarnopolsky, M.A., and Graham, T.E. (1998). Dietary carbohydrate and postexercise synthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 38) 275: E229-E234.
5. American Dietetic Association and Canadian Dietetic Association. (1993). Position stand on: Nutrition for physical fitness and athletic performance for adults. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 93: 691-696.
6. Astrand, P.O., Hultman, E., Juhlin-Dannefelt, A., and Reynolds, G. (1986). Disposal of lactate during and after strenuous exercise in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 61: 338-343.
7. Bangsbo, J., Gollnick, P.D., Graham, T.E., and Saltin, B. (1991). Substrates for muscle glycogen synthesis in recovery from intense exercise in man. J. Physiol. 434: 423-440.
8. Bergstrom, J., Guarnieri, G., and Hultman, E. (1971). Carbohydrate metabolism and electrolyte changes in human muscle tissue during heavy work. J. Appl. Physiol. 30: 122-125.
9. Bergstrom, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., and Saltin, B. (1967). Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol. Scand. 71: 140-150.
10. Blom, P.C.S., Hostmark, A.T., Vaage, O., Kardel, K.R., and Maehlem, S. (1987). Effect of different post-exercise sugar diets on the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19: 491-496.
11. Bosch, A.N., Dennis, S.C., and Noakes, T.D. (1994). Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on fuel substrate turnover and oxidation during prolonged exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 76: 2364-2372.
12. 2 uptake and blood flow. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 34) 271: E496-E504.
13. Brundin, T., and Wahren, J. (1991). Influence of a mixed meal on splanchnic and interscapular energy expenditure in humans. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 23) 260: E232-E237.
14. Burke, L. (1996). Nutrition for post-exercise recovery. Aust J. Sci. Med. Sport 6: 2-14.
15. Burke, L.M., Collier, G.R., and Hargreaves, M. (1993). Muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise: Effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrate feedings. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 1019-1023.
16. Calles-Escandon, J., Goran, M.I., O'Connell, M., Nair, K.S., and Danforth, E., Jr. (1996). Exercise increases fat oxidation at rest unrelated to changes in energy balance or lipolysis. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 33) 270: E1009-E1014.
17. Coggan, A.R., and Coyle, E.F. (1987). Reversal of fatigue during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion or ingestion. J. Appl. Physiol. 63: 2388-2395.
18. Connett, R.J., and Sahlin, K. (1996). Control of glycolysis and glycogen metabolism. In: L.B. Rowell and J.T. Shepherd (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology: Section 12: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems (pp. 870-911). New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Costill, D.L., Bowers, R., Branam, G., and Sparks, K. (1971). Muscle glycogen utilisation during prolonged exercise on successive days. J. Appl. Physiol. 31: 834-838.
20. Costill, D.L., and Hargreaves, M. (1992). Carbohydrate, nutrition and fatigue. Sports Med. 13: 86-92.
21. Costill, D.L., Sherman, W.M., Fink, W.J., Maresh, C., Witten, M., and Miller, J.M. (1981). The role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 1831-1836.
22. Coyle, E.F. (1991). Timing and method of increased carbohydrate intake to cope with heavy training, competition and recovery. J. Sports Sci. (Suppl.) 9: 29-52.
23. Coyle, E.F., Hamilton, M.T., Gonzalez-Alonso, J., Montain, S.J., and Ivy, J.L. (1991). Carbohydrate metabolism during intense exercise when hyperglycemic. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 834-840.
24. Essen, B. (1978). Studies on the regulation of metabolism in human skeletal muscle using intermittent exercise as an experimental model. Acta Physiol. Scand. (Suppl.) 454: 1-32.
25. Flatt, J.-P. (1995). Use and storage of carbohydrate and fat. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61: 952S-959S.
26. Flynn, M.G., Costill, D.L., Hawley, J.A., Fink, P.D., Neufer, P.D., Fielding, R.A., and Sleeper, J.D. (1987). Influence of selected carbohydrate drinks on cycling performance and glycogen use. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19: 37-40.
27. Guezennec, C.Y., Satabin, P., Duforez, D., Koziet, J., and Antoine, J.M. (1993). The role of type and structure of complex carbohydrates response to physical exercise. Int. J. Sports Med. 14: 224-231.
28. Hamilton, K.S., Gibbons, F.K., Bracy, D.P., Lacy, B.D., Cherrington, A.D., and Wasserman, D.H. (1996). Effect of prior exercise on the partitioning of an intestinal glucose load between splanchnic bed and skeletal muscle. J. Clin. Invest. 98: 125-135.
29. Hayashi, T., Wojtaszewski, J.F.P., and Goodyear, L.J. (1997). Exercise regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 36) 273: E1039-E1051.
30. Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., and Saltin, B. (1967). Muscle glycogen during prolonged severe exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 71: 129-139.
31. Hudgins, L.C., Hellerstein, M., Seidman, C., Neese, R., Diakun, J., and Hirsch, J. (1996). Human fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by a eucaloric low fat, high carbohydrate diet. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 2081-2091.
32. Hultman, E., and Bergstrom, J. (1967). Muscle glycogen in relation to diet studied in normal subjects. Acta Med. Scand. 182: 109-117.
33. Hultman, E., Bergstrom, J., and Roch-Norland, A.E. (1971). Glycogen storage in human skeletal muscle. Acta Med. Scand. 182: 109-107.
34. Ivy, J.L, Katz, A.L., Cutler, C.L., Sherman, W.M., and Coule, E.F. (1988). Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: Effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion. J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 1480-1485.
35. Jensen, M.D., Johnson, C.M., Cryer, P.E., and Murray, M.J. (1995). Thermogenesis after a mixed meal: Role of leg and splanchnic tissues in men and women. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 31) 268: E433-438.
36. Jequier, E., and Tappy, L. (1999). Regulation of body weight in humans. Physiol Rev. 79: 451-480.
37. Kiens, B., Raven, A.B., Valeur, A.K., and Richter, E.A. (1990). Benefit of dietary simple carbohydrates on the early postexercise muscle glycogen repletion in male athletes [Abstract]. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22: S88.
38. Lavin, J.H., Wittert, G., Sun, W.-M., Horrowitz, M., Morley, J.E., and Read, N.W. (1996). Appetite regulation by carbohydrate: Role of blood glucose and gastrointestinal hormones. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 34). 271: E209-E214.
39. Laybutt, D.R., Chisholm, D.J., and Kraegen, E.W. (1997). Specific adaptations in muscle and adipose tissue in response to chronic systemic glucose oversupply in rats. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 36) 273: E1-E9.
40. Liu, S., Baracos, V.E., Quinney, H.A., and Clandinin, M.T. (1996). Dietary fat modifies exercise-dependent glucose transport in skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 1219-1224.
41. MacDougall, J.D., Ward, G.R., Sale, D.G., et al. (1977). Muscle glycogen repletion after high intensity intermittent exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 42: 129-132.
42. Murray, R., Paul, G.L., Seifert, J.G., Eddy, D.E., and Halaby, G.A. (1989). The effects of glucose, fructose, and sucrose ingestion during exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21: 275-282.
43. Nicklas, B.J., Hackney, A.C., and Sharp, R.L. (1989). The menstrual cycle and exercise: Performance, muscle glycogen and substrate responses. Int. J. Sports Med. 10: 264-269.
44. Nilsson, L.H., and Hultman, E. (1973). Liver glycogen in man: The effect of total starvation or a carbohydrate-poor diet followed by carbohydrate refeeding. Scan. J. Clin. Invest. 32: 325-330.
45. Nilsson, L.H., and Hultman, E. (1974). Liver and muscle glycogen in man after glucose and fructose infusion. Scan. J. Clin. Invest 33: 5-10.
46. Norman, B., Sollevi, A., and Jansson, E. (1988). Increased IMP content in glycogen-depleted muscle fibres during submaximal exercise in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. 133: 97-100.
47. Pascoe, D., and Gladden, L. (1996). Muscle glycogen resynthesis after short term, high intensity exercise and resistance exercise. Sports Med. 21: 98-118.
48. Pasquet, P., Brigant, L., Froment, A., Koppert, G.A., Bard, D., de Garine, I., and Apfelbaum, M. (1992). Massive overfeeding and energy balance in men: The Guru Walla model. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56: 483-490.
49. Price, T. Rothman, D.L., Taylor, R., Avison, M.J., Shulman, G.I., and Shulman, R.G. (1994). Human muscle glycogen re-synthesis and after exercise: Insulin-dependent and independent phases. J. Appl. Physiol. 76: 104-111.
50. Richter, E.A. (1996). Glucose utilisation. In: R. Terjung (Ed.), Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems (pp. 912-951). New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Saltin, B., and Karlsson, J. (1972). Muscle glycogen utilisation during work of different intensities. In: B. Pernow and B. Saltin (Eds.), Muscle Metabolism During Exercise (pp. 289-299). New York: Plenum Press.
52. Schneiter, P., Di Vetta, V., Jequier, E., and Tappy, L. (1995). Effect of physical exercise on glycogen turnover and net substrate utilisation according to the nutritional state. Am. J. Physiol. (Enciocrinol. Metab. 32) 269: E1031-EI036.
53. Schrauwen, P., Lichtenbelt, W.D.v., Saris, W.H.M., and Westerterp, K.R. (1997). Role of glycogen-lowering exercise in the change of fat oxidation in response to a high-fat diet. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 36) 273: E623-E629.
54. Schrauwen, P., Lichtenbelt, W.D.v., Saris, W.H.M., and Westerterp, K.R. (1998). Fat balance in obese subjects: Role of glycogen stores. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 37) 274: E1027-E1033.
55. Schutz, Y., Fiatt, J.P., and Jequier, E. (1989). Failure of dietary fat intake to promote fat oxidation: A factor favoring the development of obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50: 307-314.
56. Schwarz, J., Neese, R.A., Turner, S., Dare. D., and Hellerstein, M.K. (1995). Short-term alterations in carbohydrate energy intake in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 96: 2735-2743.
57. Tarnopolsky, M.A., Atkinson, S.A., Phillips, S.M., and MacDougall, J.D. (1995). Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 1360-1368.
58. Taylor, R., Price, T.B., Katz, L.D., Shulman, R.G., and Shulman, G.I. (1993). Direct measurement of change in muscle glycogen concentration after a mixed meal in normal subjects. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol. Metab. 28) 265: E224-E229.
59. Thomas, C.D., Peters, J.C., Reed, G.W., Abumrad, N.N., Sun. M., and Hill, J.O. (1992). Nutrient balance and energy expenditure during ad libitum feeding of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55: 934-942.
60. Thomas, D.E., Brotherhood, J.R., and Brand Miller, J. (1991). Carbohydrate feeding before exercise: Effect of glycemic index. Int. J. Sports Med. 112: 180-186.
61. Tremblay, A., Lavallee, N., Aimeras, N., Allard, L., Despres, J-P., and Bouchard, C. (1991). Nutritional determinants of the increase in energy intake associated with a high-fat diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53: 1134-1137.
62. Tremblay, A., Plourde, G., Despres, J-P., and Bouchard, C. (1989). Impact of dietary fat content and fat oxidation on energy intake in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 49: 799-805.
63. Vollestad, N.K., Blom, P.C.S., and Gronnerod, O. (1989). Resynthesis of glycogen in different muscle fibre types after prolonged exhaustive exercise in man. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 137:15-21.
64. Walberg-Rankin, J. (1997). Glycemic index and exercise metabolism. GSSI: Sports Science Exchange 10(1).
65. Wolever, T.M.S. (1990). The glycemic index. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 62: 120-185.