Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptosis independently of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or Bax in C6Bu-1 cells

Archives of Pharmacal Research

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 448-453

  Kim, Young Sook ^a   Jin, Sung Ha ^a   Lee, You Hui ^a   Kim, Shin Il ^a   Park, Jong Dae ^a  

^a Korea Ginseng Corporation   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Bax; Bcl 2; Bcl xL; Ginsenoside Rh2; Glioma

Indexed keywords

BAX PROTEIN, RAT; BCL2L1 PROTEIN, RAT; GINSENOSIDE; GINSENOSIDE RH 2; ONCOPROTEIN; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BCL X; SAPONIN;

ANIMAL; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL CULTURE; CELL SURVIVAL; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECT; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; GINSENG; MEDICINAL PLANT; METABOLISM; RAT; TIME; WESTERN BLOTTING;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; BCL-2-ASSOCIATED X PROTEIN; BCL-X PROTEIN; BLOTTING, WESTERN; CELL SURVIVAL; GINSENOSIDES; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; PANAX; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-BCL-2; RATS; SAPONINS; TIME FACTORS; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED;

EID: 0033203595     PISSN: 02536269     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02979151     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Adams, J. M. and Cory, S., The Bcl-2 protein family: Arbiters of cell survival. Science, 281, 1322-1326 (1998).
2. Antonsson, B., Conti, F., Ciavatta, A., Montessuit, S., Lewis, S., Martinou, I., Bernasconi, L., Bernard, A., Mermod, J. -J., Mazzei, G., Maundrell, K., Gambale, F., Sadoul, R. and Martinou, J. -C., Inhibition of Bax channel-forming activity by Bcl-2. Science, 277, 370-372 (1997).
3. Brady, H. J. M. and Gil-Gōmez, G., Molecules in focus Bax. The pro-apoptosis Bcl-2 family member, Bax. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 30, 647-650 (1998).
4. Cohen, G. M., Caspases: the excutions of apoptosis. Biochem. J., 326, 1-16 (1997).
5. L fails to inhibit apoptosis mediated by a novel retinoid. Oncol. Res., 10, 313-324 (1998).
6. Fujikawa-Yamamoto, K., Ota, T., Odashima, S., Abe, H. and Arichi S., Different responses in the cell cycle of tumor cells to ginsenoside Rh2. Cancer J., 1, 349-352 (1987).
7. Hockenbery, D., M., Oltvai, Z. N. Yin, X.-M., Milliman, C. L. and Korsmeyer S. J., Bcl-2 functions in an antioxident pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell, 75, 241-251 (1993).
8. Jürgensmeier, J. M., Xie, Z., Deveraux, Q., Ellerby, L., Bredesen, D. and Reed, J. C., Bax directly induces release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria. Proc. Natl. Acd. Sci., 95, 4997-5002 (1998).
9. L as an inhibitor of cytochrome c accumulation in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acd. Sci., 94, 6939-6942 (1997).
10. Kim, Y. S., Jin, S. H., Lee, Y. H. and Kim, S. I., Differential role of Protein kinase C in ginsenoside Rh2-induced apoptosis in SK-N-BE(2) and C6Bu-1 cells. Proc. 7th Int. Sym. on Ginseng. Seoul, Korea, Sept. 22-25 (1998).
11. Kim, Y. S., Kim, D. S. and Kim, S. I., Ginsenoside Rh2 and Rh3 induce differentiation of HL-60 cells into granulocytes: modulation of protein kinase C isoforms during differentiation by ginsenoside Rh2. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 30, 327-338 (1998).
12. Kyriakis, J. M., Banerjee, P., Nikolakaki, E., Dai, T., Rubie, E. A., Ahmad, M. F., Avruch, J. and Woodgett, J. R., The stress-activated protein kinase subfamily of c-jun kinases. Nature, 369, 156-160 (1994).
13. kip1. Cancer Lett., 110, 193-200 (1996).
14. Lee, Y. -N., Lee, H. -Y., Chang, H. -Y., Kim, S. -I., Lee, S. -K., Park, B. -C. and Kim, K. -W., In vitro induction of differentiation by ginsenosides in F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Eur. J. Cancer, 32A, 1420-1428 (1996).
15. L forms ion channel in synthetic lipid membranes. Nature, 385, 353-357 (1997).
16. Monney, L., Otter, I., Olivier, R., Ravn, U., Mirzasaleh, H., Fellay, I., Poirier, G. G. and Borner, C., Bcl-2 overexpression blocks activation of the death protease CPP32/Yama/Apopain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 221, 340-345 (1996).
17. Oltvai, Z. N., Milliman, C. L. and Korsmeyer S. J., Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell, 74, 609-619. (1993).
18. Ota, T., Fujikawa-Yamamoto, K., Zong, Z.-P., Yamazaki, M., Odashima, S., Kitagawa, I., Abe, H. and Arichi S., Plant-glycoside modulation of cell surface related to control of differentiation in cultured B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Res., 47, 3863-3867 (1987).
19. Park, J. A., Lee, K. Y., Oh, Y. J., Kim, K. W. and Lee, S. K., Activation of caspase-3 protease via a Bcl-2-insensitive pathway during the process of ginsenoside Rh2-induced apoptosis. Cancer Lett., 121, 73-81 (1997).
20. Reed, J. C., Cytochrome c: can't live with it-can't live without it. Cell, 91, 559-562 (1997).
21. Shimizu, S., Eguchi, Y., Kamiite, W., Matsuda, H. and Tsujimoto, Y., Bcl-2 expression prevents activation of the ICE protease cascade. Oncogene, 12, 2251-2257 (1996).
22. Skehan, P., Stroreng, R., Scudiero, D., Monks, A., McMahon, J., Vistica, D., Warren, J. T., Bokesch, H., Kenney, S. and Boyd, M. R., New colorimetric cytotoxicity assay for anticancer-drug screening. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 82, 1107-1112 (1990).
23. Smyth, M. J., Perry, D. K., Zhang, J., Poirier, G. G., Hannun, Y. A. and Obeid, L. M., prlCE: a downstream target for ceramide-induced apoptosis and for the inhibitory action of Bcl-2. Biochem. J., 316, 25-28 (1996).
24. Steller, H., Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide. Science, 267, 1445-1449 (1995).
25. Tsujimoto, Y., Gorham, J., Cossman, J., Jaffe, E. and Croce, C. M., The t(14;18) chromosome translocations involved in B cell neoplasms result from mistakes in VDJ joining. Science, 229, 1390-1393 (1985).
26. Thompson, C. B., Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science, 267, 1456-1462 (1995).
27. Vander Heiden, M. G., Chandel, N. S., Williamson, E. K., Schumacker, R T. and Thompson, C. B., Bcl-xL regulates the membrane potential and volume homeostasis of mitochondria. Cell, 91, 627-637 (1997).
28. Wolter, K. G., Hsu, Y. T., Smith, C. L., Nechushtan, A., Xi, X. G. and Youl, R. J., Movement of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria during apoptosis. J. Cell Biol., 139, 1281-1282 (1997).
29. L and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell, 80, 285-291 (1995).
30. Yang, J., Liu, X., Bhalla, K., Kim, C. N., Ibrado, A. M., Cai, J., Peng, T. I., Jones, D. R and Wang, X., Prevention of apoptosis by Bcl-2: release of cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked. Science, 275, 1129-1132 (1997).
31. Zanke, B. W., Lee, C., Arab, S. and Tannock, I. F., Death of tumor cells after intracellular acidification is dependent on stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK/ JNK) pathway activation and cannot be inhibited by Bcl-2 expression or interleukin 1β-converting enzyme inhibition. Cancer Res., 58, 2801-2808 (1998).
32. Zha, H., Aime-Sempe , C., Sato, T. and Reed, J. C., Proapoptotic protein Bax heterodimerizies with Bcl-2 and homodimerizies with Bax via a novel domain (BH3) distinct from BH1 and BH2. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 7440-7444 (1996).
33. Zhang, H., Heim, J. and Meyhack, B., Redistribution of Bax from cytosol to membranes is induced by apoptotic stimuli and is an early step in the apoptotic pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 251, 454-459 (1998).