Job satisfaction of logistics managers: Female versus male perspectives

Transportation Journal

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-19

  Johnson, James C ^a   McClure, Diane J ^b   Schneider, Kenneth C ^b  

^a ST CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033192401     PISSN: 00411612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. th ed., (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1955), pp. 473-474.
2. 2 John Ruskin as quoted in Bartlett, p. 605.
3. 3 Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (New York: Crown Publishers, 1991), p. xii.
4. 4 Karen Bemowski, "Quality Progress's 1997 Salary Survey," Quality Progress (November 1997), p. 65; Diane E. Lewis, "Disenchanted Women Give Up Careers to Stay Home," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 6, 1998), p. D7, and Stuart Silverstein, "Study Finds Wide Disparities in Pay of Female Managers," Los Angeles Times (October 23, 1997), p. D3.
5. 4 Karen Bemowski, "Quality Progress's 1997 Salary Survey," Quality Progress (November 1997), p. 65; Diane E. Lewis, "Disenchanted Women Give Up Careers to Stay Home," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 6, 1998), p. D7, and Stuart Silverstein, "Study Finds Wide Disparities in Pay of Female Managers," Los Angeles Times (October 23, 1997), p. D3.
6. 4 Karen Bemowski, "Quality Progress's 1997 Salary Survey," Quality Progress (November 1997), p. 65; Diane E. Lewis, "Disenchanted Women Give Up Careers to Stay Home," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 6, 1998), p. D7, and Stuart Silverstein, "Study Finds Wide Disparities in Pay of Female Managers," Los Angeles Times (October 23, 1997), p. D3.
7. 5 Diane E. Lewis, "More Women Are Becoming Family's Primary Breadwinner," Minneapolis Star Tribune (February 23, 1998), p. D2.
8. 6 Robert J. Bowman, "Just Short of Perfection," Distribution (September 1997), p. 29.
9. 7 Martha C. Cooper and Bernard J. La Londe, "1997 Career Patterns of Women in Logistics," 1997 Annual Conference Proceedings (Oak Park, IL: Council of Logistics Management, 1998), p. 99.
10. 8 See Faludi, chapters 9 and 13.
11. 9 Barbara A. Gutek, Aaron Groff Cohen and Ann Tsui, "Reactions to Perceived Sex Discrimination," Human Relations (June 1996), pp. 791-813.
12. 10 Joseph B. White and Carol Hymowitz, "Watershed Generation of Women Executives Is Rising to the Top," The Wall Street Journal (February 10, 1997), pp. Al, A6.
13. 11 David D. Kirkpatrick, "Women's Presence In High-Level Jobs Weak, Study Says," The Wall Street Journal (October 18, 1996), p. B16.
14. 12 See the following books by Deborah Tannen: Gender and Discourse (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Talking 9 to 5: Women and Men in the Workplace: Language, Sex and Power (Dresden, TN: Avon Books, 1995); That's Not What I Meant: How Conversational Styles Makes or Breaks Relationships (Westminster, MD: Ballatine Books, 1991), and You Just Don't Understand (Westminster, MD: Ballatine Books, 1991).
15. 12 See the following books by Deborah Tannen: Gender and Discourse (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Talking 9 to 5: Women and Men in the Workplace: Language, Sex and Power (Dresden, TN: Avon Books, 1995); That's Not What I Meant: How Conversational Styles Makes or Breaks Relationships (Westminster, MD: Ballatine Books, 1991), and You Just Don't Understand (Westminster, MD: Ballatine Books, 1991).
16. 12 See the following books by Deborah Tannen: Gender and Discourse (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Talking 9 to 5: Women and Men in the Workplace: Language, Sex and Power (Dresden, TN: Avon Books, 1995); That's Not What I Meant: How Conversational Styles Makes or Breaks Relationships (Westminster, MD: Ballatine Books, 1991), and You Just Don't Understand (Westminster, MD: Ballatine Books, 1991).
17. 12 See the following books by Deborah Tannen: Gender and Discourse (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Talking 9 to 5: Women and Men in the Workplace: Language, Sex and Power (Dresden, TN: Avon Books, 1995); That's Not What I Meant: How Conversational Styles Makes or Breaks Relationships (Westminster, MD: Ballatine Books, 1991), and You Just Don't Understand (Westminster, MD: Ballatine Books, 1991).
18. 13 Robert Schrank, "Two Women, Three Men on a Raft," Howard Business Review (May-June 1994), pp. 68-80.
19. 14 Steve Hamm, "Why Women Are So Invisible," Business Week (August 25, 1997), p. 136, and Kathleen Reardon, "The Memo Every Woman Keeps In Her Desk," Harvard Business Review (March-April 1993), pp. 16-22.
20. 14 Steve Hamm, "Why Women Are So Invisible," Business Week (August 25, 1997), p. 136, and Kathleen Reardon, "The Memo Every Woman Keeps In Her Desk," Harvard Business Review (March-April 1993), pp. 16-22.
21. 15 Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps and Work and Career Satisfactions of Managerial and Professional Women," International Journal of Manpower (January 1996), pp. 47-55; Diane Dodd-McCue and Gail B. Wright. "Men, Women, and Attitudinal Commitment: The Effects of Workplace Experiences and Socialization," Human Relations (August 1996), pp. 1065-1091; Felice N. Schwartz, "Management Women and the New Facts of Life," Harvard Business Review (January-February 1989), pp. 65-76 and Felice N. Schwartz, "Woman As A Business Imperative," Harvard Business Review (March-April 1992), pp. 105-113.
22. 15 Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps and Work and Career Satisfactions of Managerial and Professional Women," International Journal of Manpower (January 1996), pp. 47-55; Diane Dodd-McCue and Gail B. Wright. "Men, Women, and Attitudinal Commitment: The Effects of Workplace Experiences and Socialization," Human Relations (August 1996), pp. 1065-1091; Felice N. Schwartz, "Management Women and the New Facts of Life," Harvard Business Review (January-February 1989), pp. 65-76 and Felice N. Schwartz, "Woman As A Business Imperative," Harvard Business Review (March-April 1992), pp. 105-113.
23. 15 Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps and Work and Career Satisfactions of Managerial and Professional Women," International Journal of Manpower (January 1996), pp. 47-55; Diane Dodd-McCue and Gail B. Wright. "Men, Women, and Attitudinal Commitment: The Effects of Workplace Experiences and Socialization," Human Relations (August 1996), pp. 1065-1091; Felice N. Schwartz, "Management Women and the New Facts of Life," Harvard Business Review (January-February 1989), pp. 65-76 and Felice N. Schwartz, "Woman As A Business Imperative," Harvard Business Review (March-April 1992), pp. 105-113.
24. 15 Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps and Work and Career Satisfactions of Managerial and Professional Women," International Journal of Manpower (January 1996), pp. 47-55; Diane Dodd-McCue and Gail B. Wright. "Men, Women, and Attitudinal Commitment: The Effects of Workplace Experiences and Socialization," Human Relations (August 1996), pp. 1065-1091; Felice N. Schwartz, "Management Women and the New Facts of Life," Harvard Business Review (January-February 1989), pp. 65-76 and Felice N. Schwartz, "Woman As A Business Imperative," Harvard Business Review (March-April 1992), pp. 105-113.
25. 16 See: Sally Apgar, Cheryl A. Meyer, and Jane Freedman, "Delivering the Results is the Secret to Success," Minneapolis Star Tribune (July 27, 1997), pp. Al, A12-14; Sandra Early, "Woman Executives: The Waiting Game," Corporate Report Minnesota (July 1997), pp. 32-50; Linda Hilelstein and Stephanie Anderson Forest, "Woman: Breaking Through," Business Week (February 17, 1997), pp. 64-70; Toni Mack, "High Finance With a Touch of Theater," Forbes (May 18, 1998), pp. 140-154; Patricia Sellers, "Women, Sex and Power," Fortune (August 5, 1996), pp. 42-56, and White and Hymowitz.
26. 16 See: Sally Apgar, Cheryl A. Meyer, and Jane Freedman, "Delivering the Results is the Secret to Success," Minneapolis Star Tribune (July 27, 1997), pp. Al, A12-14; Sandra Early, "Woman Executives: The Waiting Game," Corporate Report Minnesota (July 1997), pp. 32-50; Linda Hilelstein and Stephanie Anderson Forest, "Woman: Breaking Through," Business Week (February 17, 1997), pp. 64-70; Toni Mack, "High Finance With a Touch of Theater," Forbes (May 18, 1998), pp. 140-154; Patricia Sellers, "Women, Sex and Power," Fortune (August 5, 1996), pp. 42-56, and White and Hymowitz.
27. 16 See: Sally Apgar, Cheryl A. Meyer, and Jane Freedman, "Delivering the Results is the Secret to Success," Minneapolis Star Tribune (July 27, 1997), pp. Al, A12-14; Sandra Early, "Woman Executives: The Waiting Game," Corporate Report Minnesota (July 1997), pp. 32-50; Linda Hilelstein and Stephanie Anderson Forest, "Woman: Breaking Through," Business Week (February 17, 1997), pp. 64-70; Toni Mack, "High Finance With a Touch of Theater," Forbes (May 18, 1998), pp. 140-154; Patricia Sellers, "Women, Sex and Power," Fortune (August 5, 1996), pp. 42-56, and White and Hymowitz.
28. 16 See: Sally Apgar, Cheryl A. Meyer, and Jane Freedman, "Delivering the Results is the Secret to Success," Minneapolis Star Tribune (July 27, 1997), pp. Al, A12-14; Sandra Early, "Woman Executives: The Waiting Game," Corporate Report Minnesota (July 1997), pp. 32-50; Linda Hilelstein and Stephanie Anderson Forest, "Woman: Breaking Through," Business Week (February 17, 1997), pp. 64-70; Toni Mack, "High Finance With a Touch of Theater," Forbes (May 18, 1998), pp. 140-154; Patricia Sellers, "Women, Sex and Power," Fortune (August 5, 1996), pp. 42-56, and White and Hymowitz.
29. 16 See: Sally Apgar, Cheryl A. Meyer, and Jane Freedman, "Delivering the Results is the Secret to Success," Minneapolis Star Tribune (July 27, 1997), pp. Al, A12-14; Sandra Early, "Woman Executives: The Waiting Game," Corporate Report Minnesota (July 1997), pp. 32-50; Linda Hilelstein and Stephanie Anderson Forest, "Woman: Breaking Through," Business Week (February 17, 1997), pp. 64-70; Toni Mack, "High Finance With a Touch of Theater," Forbes (May 18, 1998), pp. 140-154; Patricia Sellers, "Women, Sex and Power," Fortune (August 5, 1996), pp. 42-56, and White and Hymowitz.
30. 17 Rae Andre, "A Comparison of Career Status and Attitudes Among Men and Women in Logistics," Logistics and Transportation Review (Vol. 31, No. 2, 1995), p. 186.
31. 18 Amy Aronson, "Trendicators: A Shaky Economy, or Just Frazzled Nerves?" Working Women (April 1995), p. 16.
32. 19 "Nine to Five: How Workers Feel," The Wall Street Journal (September 19, 1997), p. R4.
33. 20 Peter M. Lynagh, Paul R. Murphy, and Richard F. Poist, "Career-Related Perspectives Regarding Women in Logistics: A Comparative Analysis," Transportation Journal (Fall 1996), pp. 36-37.
34. 21 See: Aaron Bernstein, "Who Says Job Anxiety is Easing?" Business Week (April 7, 1997), p. 38; Kenneth Labich, "Kissing Off Corporate America," Fortune (February 20, 1995), pp. 44-52, and Betsy Morris, "Executive Women Confront Midlife Crisis," Fortune (September 18, 1995), pp. 60-86.
35. 21 See: Aaron Bernstein, "Who Says Job Anxiety is Easing?" Business Week (April 7, 1997), p. 38; Kenneth Labich, "Kissing Off Corporate America," Fortune (February 20, 1995), pp. 44-52, and Betsy Morris, "Executive Women Confront Midlife Crisis," Fortune (September 18, 1995), pp. 60-86.
36. 21 See: Aaron Bernstein, "Who Says Job Anxiety is Easing?" Business Week (April 7, 1997), p. 38; Kenneth Labich, "Kissing Off Corporate America," Fortune (February 20, 1995), pp. 44-52, and Betsy Morris, "Executive Women Confront Midlife Crisis," Fortune (September 18, 1995), pp. 60-86.
37. 22 See: Stephanie Armour, "Management Loses Its Allure," USA Today (October 15, 1997), pp. B1-2; Keith H. Hammond and others, "Work and Family," Business Week (September 15, 1997), pp. 96-99; Keith H. Hammond and Gabrielle Saveri, "Accountants Have Lives, Too, You Know," Business Week (February 23, 1998), pp. 88-90; Sue Shellenbarger, "More Execs Resigning For Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (March 15, 1998), p. D5, and Jon Tevlin, "Report Says Workers Need More Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 15, 1998), pp. Al, All.
38. 22 See: Stephanie Armour, "Management Loses Its Allure," USA Today (October 15, 1997), pp. B1-2; Keith H. Hammond and others, "Work and Family," Business Week (September 15, 1997), pp. 96-99; Keith H. Hammond and Gabrielle Saveri, "Accountants Have Lives, Too, You Know," Business Week (February 23, 1998), pp. 88-90; Sue Shellenbarger, "More Execs Resigning For Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (March 15, 1998), p. D5, and Jon Tevlin, "Report Says Workers Need More Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 15, 1998), pp. Al, All.
39. 22 See: Stephanie Armour, "Management Loses Its Allure," USA Today (October 15, 1997), pp. B1-2; Keith H. Hammond and others, "Work and Family," Business Week (September 15, 1997), pp. 96-99; Keith H. Hammond and Gabrielle Saveri, "Accountants Have Lives, Too, You Know," Business Week (February 23, 1998), pp. 88-90; Sue Shellenbarger, "More Execs Resigning For Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (March 15, 1998), p. D5, and Jon Tevlin, "Report Says Workers Need More Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 15, 1998), pp. Al, All.
40. 22 See: Stephanie Armour, "Management Loses Its Allure," USA Today (October 15, 1997), pp. B1-2; Keith H. Hammond and others, "Work and Family," Business Week (September 15, 1997), pp. 96-99; Keith H. Hammond and Gabrielle Saveri, "Accountants Have Lives, Too, You Know," Business Week (February 23, 1998), pp. 88-90; Sue Shellenbarger, "More Execs Resigning For Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (March 15, 1998), p. D5, and Jon Tevlin, "Report Says Workers Need More Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 15, 1998), pp. Al, All.
41. 22 See: Stephanie Armour, "Management Loses Its Allure," USA Today (October 15, 1997), pp. B1-2; Keith H. Hammond and others, "Work and Family," Business Week (September 15, 1997), pp. 96-99; Keith H. Hammond and Gabrielle Saveri, "Accountants Have Lives, Too, You Know," Business Week (February 23, 1998), pp. 88-90; Sue Shellenbarger, "More Execs Resigning For Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (March 15, 1998), p. D5, and Jon Tevlin, "Report Says Workers Need More Family Time," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 15, 1998), pp. Al, All.
42. 23 See: Sarah Hardesty and Nehama Jacobs, Success and Betrayal: The Crisis of Women in Corporate America (New York: Franklin Watts, 1986).
43. 24 Martha C. Cooper and Bernard J. La Londe, "1997 Career Patterns of Women in Logistics," 1997 Annual Conference Proceedings of the Council of Logistics Management (Oak Brook, IL: Council of Logistics Management, 1998), p. 112.
44. 25 Peter M. Lynagh, Paul R. Murphy, and Richard F. Poist, "Women's Views Regarding Employment in Transportation and Logistics: A Status Report," Journal of Transportation Law, Logistics and Policy (Winter 1998), p. 170.
45. 26 Diane Dodd-McCue and Gail B. Wright, "Men, Women and Attitudinal Commitment: The Effects of Workplace Experiences and Socialization," Human Relations (August 1996), pp. 1065-1091, and Diane E. Lewis, "Disenchanted Women Give Up Careers To Stay Home," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 6, 1998), p. D7.
46. 26 Diane Dodd-McCue and Gail B. Wright, "Men, Women and Attitudinal Commitment: The Effects of Workplace Experiences and Socialization," Human Relations (August 1996), pp. 1065-1091, and Diane E. Lewis, "Disenchanted Women Give Up Careers To Stay Home," Minneapolis Star Tribune (April 6, 1998), p. D7.
47. 27 Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps and Work and Career Satisfactions of Managerial and Professional Women," International Journal of Manpower (January 1996), pp. 47-55; Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps, Work Satisfaction and Career Advancement Among Women Chartered Accountants," Journal of Managerial Psychology (July 1995), pp. 16-21, and Stephanie Lee, "CEOs: Moving Toward Employee Awareness," Trusts and Estates (November 1996), p. 8.
48. 27 Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps and Work and Career Satisfactions of Managerial and Professional Women," International Journal of Manpower (January 1996), pp. 47-55; Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps, Work Satisfaction and Career Advancement Among Women Chartered Accountants," Journal of Managerial Psychology (July 1995), pp. 16-21, and Stephanie Lee, "CEOs: Moving Toward Employee Awareness," Trusts and Estates (November 1996), p. 8.
49. 27 Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps and Work and Career Satisfactions of Managerial and Professional Women," International Journal of Manpower (January 1996), pp. 47-55; Ronald J. Burke and Carol A. McKeen, "Employment Gaps, Work Satisfaction and Career Advancement Among Women Chartered Accountants," Journal of Managerial Psychology (July 1995), pp. 16-21, and Stephanie Lee, "CEOs: Moving Toward Employee Awareness," Trusts and Estates (November 1996), p. 8.
50. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
51. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
52. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
53. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
54. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
55. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
56. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
57. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
58. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
59. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
60. 28 Janet L. Bokemeier and William B. Lacy, "Job Values, Rewards, and Work Conditions As Factors in Job Satisfaction Among Men and Women," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 28, No. 2, 1986), pp. 189-204; Faye Crosby, Jacqueline Golding, and Andrea Resnick, "Discontent Among Male Lawyers, Female Lawyers, and Female Legal Secretaries," Journal of Applied Social Psychology (Vol. 13, No. 1, 1983), pp. 183-190; Louis W. Fry and Sue Greenfeld, "An Examination of Attitudinal Differences Between Policewomen and Policemen," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 65, No. 1, 1980), pp. 123-126; Joel Lefkowitz, "Sex-Related Differences in Job Attitudes and Dispositional Variables: Now You See Them,..." Academy of Management Journal (April 1994), pp. 323-349; Bilha Mannheim, "Male and Female Industrial Workers: Job Satisfaction, Work Role Centrality, and Work Place Preference," Work and Occupations (November 1983), pp. 413-436; E. Sharon Mason, "Gender Differences in Job Satisfaction," Journal of Social Psychology (April 1995), pp. 143-151; Jo Phelan, "The Paradox of the Contented Female Worker: An Assessment of Alternative Explanations," Social Psychology Quarterly (Vol. 57, No. 2, 1994), pp. 95-107; Thomas J. Phelan and Jo Carol Phelan, "Higher Education and Early Life Outcomes," Higher Education (Vol. 12, 1983), pp. 665-680; Reba Rowe and William E. Snizek, "Gender Differences in Work Values," Work and Occupations (May 1995), pp. 215-229; Judy A. Siguaw and Earl D. Honeycutt, Jr. "An Examination of Gender Differences in Selling Behaviors and Job Attitudes," Industrial Marketing Management (Vol. 24, 1995), pp. 45-52, and Dianne B. Smith and Walter T. Plant, "Sex Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Professors," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 67, No. 2, 1982), pp. 249-251.
61. 29 Andre, p. 186.
62. 30 Andre, p. 186.
63. 31 Kenneth H. Forsythe, James C. Johnson, and Kenneth C. Schneider, "Traffic Managers: Do They Get Any Respect?" Journal of Business Logistics (Vol. 11, No. 2, 1990), pp. 89-91.
64. 32 Bernard J. La Londe, James M. Masters, Arnold B. Maltz, and Lisa R. Williams, "Traffic Managers: A Discipline in Transition," Transportation Journal (Winter 1991), p. 58.
65. 33 Anna Wilde Mathews, "Logistics Firms Flourish Amid Trend in Outsourcing," The Wall Street Journal (June 2, 1998), p. B6, and Robert Walters, "Scrambling for Jobs," Distribution (January 1996), p. 27. One factor that ameliorates this concern is that the transportation/logistics function - whether it is outsourced or not - must be managed. Thus, if this function is outsourced, transportation/logistics managerial positions may be lost on the shipper side, but additional managerial jobs will be created by the third-party provider. Therefore, a transportation/logistics manager may lose his or her position on the shipper side but can still work in their chosen career area on the third-party side of the equation.
66. 33 Anna Wilde Mathews, "Logistics Firms Flourish Amid Trend in Outsourcing," The Wall Street Journal (June 2, 1998), p. B6, and Robert Walters, "Scrambling for Jobs," Distribution (January 1996), p. 27. One factor that ameliorates this concern is that the transportation/logistics function - whether it is outsourced or not - must be managed. Thus, if this function is outsourced, transportation/logistics managerial positions may be lost on the shipper side, but additional managerial jobs will be created by the third-party provider. Therefore, a transportation/logistics manager may lose his or her position on the shipper side but can still work in their chosen career area on the third-party side of the equation.
67. 34 Laurie Joan Aron, "Logistics: From Assembly Line to Corner Office," Inbound Logistics (July 1995). p. 32.
68. 35 Lisa Harrington, "The Outsourcing Decision: Step By Step," Inbound Logistics (June 1995), pp. 18-24.
69. 36 The Council of Logistics Management membership is composed of men and women who work in the transportation/logistics industry. CLM members are employed in four broad categories of work activities: (1) shippers, (2) carrier managers, (3) additional service providers, such as managers working in warehousing, inventory control and protective packaging, and (4) consultants and professors.
70. 37 Here, and elsewhere in this article, gender differences are said to be statistically significant if the associated hypothesis test is significant at the 5 percent level or less.
71. 38 F.M. Andrews and S.B. Withey, Social Indicators of Well-Being: America's Perceptions of Life Quality, (New York: Plenum Press, 1976). The psychometric properties of this scale are examined in Joan R. Rentsch and Robert P. Steel, "Construct and Concurrent Validations of the Andrews and Withey Job Satisfaction Questionnaire." Education and Psychological Measurement (Vol. 52, No. 2, 1992), pp. 357-367.
72. 38 F.M. Andrews and S.B. Withey, Social Indicators of Well-Being: America's Perceptions of Life Quality, (New York: Plenum Press, 1976). The psychometric properties of this scale are examined in Joan R. Rentsch and Robert P. Steel, "Construct and Concurrent Validations of the Andrews and Withey Job Satisfaction Questionnaire." Education and Psychological Measurement (Vol. 52, No. 2, 1992), pp. 357-367.
73. 39 See, for example: Robert P. Steel and A.J. Mento, "The Participation-Performance Controversy Reconsidered: Subordinate Competence as a Mitigating Factor," Group and Observational Studies (Vol. 12, 1987), pp. 411-423 and R.W. Rice, D.A. Gentile, and D.B. McFarlin, "Facet Importance and Job Satisfaction," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 76, 1991), pp. 31-39.
74. 39 See, for example: Robert P. Steel and A.J. Mento, "The Participation-Performance Controversy Reconsidered: Subordinate Competence as a Mitigating Factor," Group and Observational Studies (Vol. 12, 1987), pp. 411-423 and R.W. Rice, D.A. Gentile, and D.B. McFarlin, "Facet Importance and Job Satisfaction," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 76, 1991), pp. 31-39.
75. 40 A Wall Street Journal News/NBC poll found almost exactly the same degree of discontentment among American workers as we found among transportation/ logistics managers. The survey of all American workers found that 10 percent were "somewhat dissatisfied" with their work, while 4 percent were "completely dissatisfied." See: "Nine to Five: How Workers Feel," The Wall Street Journal, (September 19, 1997), p. R4.
76. 41 (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1992).
77. 42 As quoted in John A. Byrne, "Jack: A Close-Up Look at How America's #1 Manager Runs GE," Business Week (June 8, 1998), p. 105.