Photoinduced electron transfer from excited [tris(2,2'- bipyridine)ruthenium(II)]2+ to a series of anthraquinones with small positive or negative Gibbs energy of reaction. Marcus behavior and negative activation enthalpies

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics

Volumn 1, Issue 15, 1999, Pages 3481-3490

  Frank, Rudolf ^a   Greiner, Gerhard ^a   Rau, Hermann ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETONITRILE; ALKALI; AMMONIUM DERIVATIVE; ANTHRAQUINONE DERIVATIVE; ELECTROLYTE; RUTHENIUM DERIVATIVE;

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL REACTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIFFUSION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENERGY; ENTHALPY; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MODEL; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL;

EID: 0033179102     PISSN: 14639076     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/a902486g     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. 1 (a) D. Rehm and A. Weller, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 1969, 73, 834;
2. (b) D. Rehm and A. Weller, Isr. J. Chem., 1970, 8, 259.
3. 2 (a) R.A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys., 1956, 24, 966;
4. (b) R. A. Marcus, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1964, 15, 155;
5. (c) R. A. Marcus, Angew. Chem., 1993, 105, 1161.
6. 3 (a) L. J Calcaterra, G. L. Closs and J. R. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 670;
7. (b) G. L. Closs, L. T. Calcaterra, N. J. Green, K. W. Penfield and J. R. Miller, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 3673;
8. (c) I. R. Gould, D. Ege, J. E. Moser and S. Farid, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4290.
9. 4 (a) I. R. Gould, R. H. Young, L. J. Mueller and S. Farid, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8176;
10. (b) I. R. Gould, R. H. Young, L. J. Mueller, A. C. Albrecht and S. Farid, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8188;
11. (c) I. R. Gould and S. Farid, Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 522;
12. (d) M. G. Kuzmin, Pure Appl. Chem., 1993, 65, 1653;
13. (e) M. G. Kuzmin, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 1996, 102, 51;
14. (f) N. A. Sadovskii, M. G. Kuzmin, H. Görner and K. Schaffner, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1998, 282, 456.
15. 5 M. Z. Hoffmann, F. Bolletta, L. Moggiand and G. L. Hug, J. Phys. Chem., Ref. Data, 1989, 18, 219.
16. 6 (a) D. Plancherel, J. G. Vos and A. von Zelewski, J. Photochem., 1987, 36, 267;
17. (b) J. R. Darwent and K. Kalyanasundaram, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2, 1981, 77, 373;
18. (c) A Vlcek jr. and F. Bolletta, Inorg. Chem. Acta, 1983, 76, L227.
19. 7 (a) N. Kitamura, S. Okano and S. Tazuke, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1982, 90, 13;
20. (b) N. Kitamura, R. Obata, H.-B. Kim and S. Tazuke, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 2033;
21. (c) N. Kitamura, H.-B. Kim, S. Okano and S. Tazuke, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 5750;
22. (d) H.-B. Kim, N. Kitamura, Y. Kawanishi and S. Tazuke, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 5757;
23. (e) N. Kitamura, R. Obata, H.-B. Kim and S. Tazuke, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 5764.
24. 8 R. Frank and H. Rau, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays.-Bas, 1995, 114, 556.
25. 9 E. I. Kapinus and H. Rau, J. Phys. Chem., 1998, 102, 5569.
26. 10 (a) T. Ohno, A. Yoshimura and N. Mataga, J. Phys. Chem., 1990, 94, 4871;
27. (b) T. Kakitani, N. Matsuda, A. Yoshimori and N. Mataga, Prog. React. Kinet., 1995, 20, 347;
28. (c) N. Mataga, T. Ashai, Y. Kanda, T. Okada and T. Kakitani, Chem. Phys., 1988, 127, 249.
29. 11 J. R. Bolton, M. D. Archer, in Electron tranfer in inorganic, organic and biological systems, Adv. Chem. Ser., ed. J. R. Bolton, N. M. Mataga and P. G. McLendon, ACS, Washington, DC, 1991, vol. 228, p. 7.
30. 12 (a) M. V. Smoluchowski, Z. Physik. Chem. (Leipzig), 1918, 92, 129;
31. (b) P. Debye, Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 1942, 82, 265;
32. (c) M. Eigen, Z. Physik. Chem., (Wiesbaden), 1954, 1, 176.
33. 13 C. Chiorboli, M. T. Indelli, M. A. Rampi-Scandola and F. Scandola, J. Phys. Chem., 1988, 92, 156.
34. 15a
35. 15 (a) C. R. Bock, J. A. Connor, A. R. Gutierrez, T. J. Meyer, D. G. Whitten, B. P. Sullivan and J. K. Nagle, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, 101, 4815;
36. (b) W. E. Jones and M. A. Fox, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 5095.
37. 16 As the quenching process is a bimolecular reaction this quantum yield is not a characteristic property of the quencher or donor but it is a function of the reaction conditions, especially of the quencher concentration. With increasing quencher concentration it approaches an upper limit. The quencher concentration in this work is so high that this limit is reached.
38. 17 R. Frank and H. Rau, EPA Newsletter, 1999, 65, 39.
39. 18 (a) A. E. Brodsky, L. L. Gordienko and L. S. Degtiarev, Electrochim. Acta, 1968, 13, 1095;
40. (b) M. E. Peover, J. Chem. Soc., 1962, 4540;
41. (c) A. Aumüller and S. Hünig, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1986, 165;
42. (d) H. Shalev and D. H. Evans, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2667;
43. (e) R. G. Compton, B. A. Coles, M. B. G. Pilkington and D. Bethell, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1990, 86, 663;
44. (f) K. Umemoto, Chem. Lett., 1985, 1415;
45. (g) J. Posdorfer, M. Olbrich-Stock and R. N. Schindler, Z. Phys. Chem., N. F. München 1991, 171, 33.
46. 19 (a) I. Piljac, M. Tkalcec and B. Grabaric, Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 1369;
47. (b) V. D. Bezuglyi, L. V. Shkodina and T. A. Alekseeva, Soviet Electrochemistry, 1984, 19, 1282;
48. (c) M. E. Peover and J. D. Davies, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1963, 6, 46;
49. (d) R. L. Blankespoor, D. L. Schutt, M. B. Tubergen and R. L. DeJong, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 2059;
50. (e) S. Lazarov, A. Trifonov and J. Panajotov, Z. Phys. Chem., 1965, 233, 49.
51. 20 C. Chiorboli, F. Scandola and H. Kisch, J. Phys. Chem., 1986, 90, 2211.
52. 21 Reaction spectra are available as supplementary material.†
53. 22 (a) R. M. Wightman, J. R. Cockrell, R. W. Murray, J. N. Burnett and S. B. Jones, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 90, 2526;
54. (b) J. L. Roberts jr., H. Sugimoto, W. C. Barrette jr., and D. T. Sawyer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 4556.
55. 23 J. Mayer and R. Kraslukianis, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1991, 87, 2943.
56. 24 (a) W. R. Fawcett and G. Liu, J. Phys. Chem., 1992, 96, 4231;
57. (b) P. Suppan, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 1990, 50, 293.
58. NaClO4. In eqn. (1) the diffusion controlled rate constants are dependent on η, but also the activation controlled ones if they represent adiabatic reactions with the longitudinal relaxation times in the pre-exponential factor. (See e.g. D. F. Calef and P. G. Wolynes, J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 78, 430, 3387; E. M. Kosower and D. Huppert, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1986, 37, 127; G. Grampp, W. Harrer and W. Jaenicke, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1, 1987, 83, 161.)
59. NaClO4. In eqn. (1) the diffusion controlled rate constants are dependent on η, but also the activation controlled ones if they represent adiabatic reactions with the longitudinal relaxation times in the pre-exponential factor. (See e.g. D. F. Calef and P. G. Wolynes, J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 78, 430, 3387; E. M. Kosower and D. Huppert, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1986, 37, 127; G. Grampp, W. Harrer and W. Jaenicke, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1, 1987, 83, 161.)
60. NaClO4. In eqn. (1) the diffusion controlled rate constants are dependent on η, but also the activation controlled ones if they represent adiabatic reactions with the longitudinal relaxation times in the pre-exponential factor. (See e.g. D. F. Calef and P. G. Wolynes, J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 78, 430, 3387; E. M. Kosower and D. Huppert, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1986, 37, 127; G. Grampp, W. Harrer and W. Jaenicke, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1, 1987, 83, 161.)
61. 26 (a) W. Roth, T. Bastigkeit and S. Boerner, Liebigs Ann., 1996, 1313;
62. (b) Wei, J. Chem. Eng. Sci., 1996, 51, 2995;
63. (c) M. Mozuirkewich, J. J. Lamb and S. W. Benson, J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 6435;
64. (d) J. J. Lamb, M. Mozuirkewich and S. W. Benson, J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 6441;
65. (e) A. Menon and N. Sathyamurthy, J. Phys. Chem., 1981, 85, 1021;
66. (f) R.-R.Lii, R. A. Gorse, jr., M. C. Sauer and S. Gordon, J. Phys. Chem., 1979, 83, 1803;
67. (g) D. D. Davies, R. E. Huie and J. T. Herron, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 59, 628;
68. (h) J. Connor, A. VanRodselar, R. W. Fair and O. P. Strausz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1971, 93, 560;
69. (i) J. L. Jourdain, G. Poulet and G. LeBras, J. Chem. Phys., 1982, 76, 5827;
70. (k) M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and F. H. Field, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1978, 100, 1356;
71. (l) D. K. Sen Sharma and P. Kebarle, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 19;
72. (m) R. Hiatt and S. W. Benson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1972, 94, 6886.
73. 27 V. D. Kiselev and J. G. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 4036.
74. 28 (a) O. Hammerich and V. D. Parker, Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. B, 1983, 37, 379;
75. (b) J. B. Olson and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 756;
76. (c) J. Wang, Ch. Doubleday, jr. and N. J. Turro, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 3692.
77. 29 B. Reitstoen and V. D. Parker, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4968.
78. 30 (a) N. Sutin and B. M. Gordon, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1961, 83, 70;
79. (b) J. N. Braddock and T. J. Meyer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1973, 95, 3158;
80. (c) J. L. Cramer and T. J. Meyer, Inorg. Chem., 1974, 13, 1250.
81. 31 E. Baggott and M. J. Pilling, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans 1, 1983, 79, 221.
82. 32 (a) N. J. Turro, G. F. Lehr, J. A. Butcher, R. A. Moss and W. Guo, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1754;
83. (b) R. A. Moss, W. Lawrynowicz, N. J. Turro, I. R. Gould and Y. Cha, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 7028
84. 33 (a) S. R. L. Fernando, U. S. M. Maharoof, K. D. Deshayes, T. H. Kinstle and M. T. Ogawa, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 5783;
85. (b) H. A. Garrera, J. J. Cosa and C. M. Previtali, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 1991, 56, 267;
86. (c) R. B. Murphy and W. F. Libby, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 39;
87. (d) H. Werner, E. O. Fischer, B. Heckl and C. G. Kreiter, J. Organomet. Chem., 1971, 28, 367;
88. (e) T. Shimomura, K. J. Tölle, J. Smid and M. Scwarc, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1967, 84, 796;
89. (f) A.-M. Albrecht-Gary, C. Dietrich-Buchecker, Z. Saad and J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem., Soc., Chem. Commun., 1992, 280.
90. 34 (a) M. Mozurkewich and S. W. Benson, J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 6429;
91. (b) K. N. Houk, and N. G. Rodan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 4293;
92. (c) R. A. Marcus and N. Sutin, Inorg. Chem., 1975, 14, 213;
93. (d) R. A. Marcus, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1977, 82, 9;
94. (e) W. Stiller, R. Schmidt, E. Müller and N. V. Shokierev, Z. Phys. Chem. (Munich), 1992, 162, 119;
95. (f) Y. Chen, A. Rauk and E. Tschuikow-Roux, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 9900;
96. (g) R. A. Marcus and N. Sutin, Comments Inorg. Chem., 1986, 5, 119.
97. 34c
98. 36 K. N. Houk, N. G. Rodan and J. Mareda, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 4291.
99. 37 This is a simplification, Marcus defines an (N - 1)-dimensional hypersurface, the set of configurations which separate the reactant and product configurations to be the transition state (R. A. Marcus, in Investigation of Rates and Mechanisms of Reactions, ed. E. S. Lewis, Techniques of Chemistry, vol. VI, Part 1, ed. A. Weissberger, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1974, pp. 13-46.
100. 34b have arbitrarily used Morse curves, we have also used parabolas for G, H and TS as well as a Gaussian for G and a parabola for TS: It seems that for all forms of the surfaces the situation of negative activation enthalpy can be reached when the reaction parameters are chosen suitably.