Furcation diagnosis

Journal of Clinical Periodontology

Volumn 26, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 485-498

  Müller, Hans Peter ^a   Eger, Thomas ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b BUNDESWEHRZENTRALKRANKENHAUS KOBLENZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Furcation involvement; Lesion morphology; Periodontitis; Regenerative procedures; Tooth morphology

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MANDIBLE; MAXILLA; MOLAR TOOTH; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PERIODONTITIS; PREMOLAR TOOTH; REVIEW;

BICUSPID; DECISION MAKING; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FURCATION DEFECTS; HUMANS; MANDIBLE; MAXILLA; MOLAR; PERIODONTITIS;

EID: 0033172920     PISSN: 03036979     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051X.1999.260801.x     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Abbas, F., Hart, A. A. M., Ossing, J. & van der Velden, U. (1982) Effect of training and probing force on the reproducibility of pocket depth measurements. Journal of Periodontal Research 17, 226-234.
2. Albandar, J. M., Brunelle, J. A. & Kingman, A. (1999) Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988-1994. Journal of Periodontology 70, 13-29.
3. Aeppli, D. M., Boen, J. R. & Bandt, C. L. (1985) Measuring and interpreting increases in probing depth and attachment loss. Journal of Periodontology 56, 262-264.
4. Agresti, A. (1988) A model for agreement between ratings on an ordinal scale. Biometrics 44, 539-548.
5. Anderegg, C. R., Metzler, D. G. & Nicoll, B. K. (1995) Gingiva thickness in guided tissue regeneration and associated recession at facial furcation defects. Journal of Periodontology 66, 397-402.
6. Anderson, R., McGarrah, H., Lamb, R. & Eick, J. (1983) Root surface measurements of mandibular molars using stereophotogrammetry. Journal of the American Dental Association 107, 613-615.
7. Armitage, G. C. (1996) Periodontal diseases: diagnosis. Annals of Periodontology 1, 37-215.
8. Basaraba, N. (1990) Furcation invasions. In: Periodontal diseases, 2nd edition, eds. Schluger, S., Yuodelis, R., Page, R. C. & Johnson, R. H., pp. 541-559. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger.
9. Benn, D. K. (1990) Limitations of the digital image subtraction technique in assessing alveolar bone crest changes due to misalignment errors during image capture. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 19, 97-104.
10. Booker, B. W. III. & Loughlin, D. M. (1985) A morphologic study of the mesial root surface of adolescent maxillary first bicuspids. Journal of Periodontology 56, 666-670.
11. Bower, R. C. (1979a) Furcation morphology relative to periodontal treatment: furcation entrance architecture. Journal of Periodontology 50, 23-27.
12. Bower, R. C. (1979b) Furcation morphology relative to periodontal treatment: furcation root surface anatomy. Journal of Periodontology 50, 366-374.
13. Brägger, U. & Pasquali, L. (1989) Color conversion of alveolar bone density changes in digital subtraction images. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 16, 209-214.
14. Brägger, U., Pasquali, L., Weber, H. & Kornman, K. S. (1989) Computer-assisted densitometric image analysis (CADIA) for the assessment of alveolar bone density changes in furcations. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 16, 46-52.
15. Brown, L. J. & Löe, H. (1990) Prevalence, extent, severity and progression of periodontal disease. In: Classification and epidemiology of periodontal diseases, eds. Löe, H. & Brown, L. J., Periodontology 2000 2, 57-71.
16. Brown, L. J., Oliver, R. C. & Löe, H. (1990) Evaluating periodontal status of US employed adults. Journal of the American Dental Association 121, 226-232.
17. Carlsen, O. (1987) Dental morphology. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
18. Carnevale, G., Pontoriero, R. & Hürzeler, M. B. (1995) Management of furcation involvement. In: Surgical, nonsurgical, occlusal and furcation therapies, eds. Caffesse, R. G. & Quiñones, C. R. Periodontology 2000 9, 69-89.
19. Carranza, F. A., Jr. & Takei, H. H. (1990) Treatment of furcation involvement and combined periodontal-endodontic therapy. In: Glickman's clinical periodontology, 7th edition, ed. Carranza, F. A., Jr., pp. 860-874. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
20. Chace, R., Sr. & Low, S. B. (1993) Survival characteristics of periodontally-involved teeth: a 40-year study. Journal of Periodontology 64, 701-705.
21. Christgau, M., Wenzel, A. Hiller, K.-A. & Schmalz, G. (1996) Quantitative digital subtraction radiography for assessment of bone density changes following periodontal guided tissue regeneration. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 25, 25-33.
22. Cutress, T. W. (1976) Histopathology of periodontal disease in sheep. Journal of Periodontology 47, 643-650.
23. Dunlap, R. M. & Gher, M. E. (1985) Root surface measurements of the mandibular first molar. Journal of Periodontology 56, 234-238.
24. Eickholz, P. (1995) Reproducibility and validity of furcation measurements as related to class of furcation invasion. Journal of Periodontology 66, 984-989.
25. Eickholz, P. & Hausmann, E. (1997) Evidence for healing of class II and III furcations after GTR therapy: digital subtraction and clinical measurements. Journal of Periodontology 68, 636-644.
26. Eickholz, P. & Kim, T.-S. (1998) Reproducibility and validity of the assessment of clinical furcation parameters as related to different probes. Journal of Periodontology 69, 328-336.
27. Eickholz, P. & Staehle, H. J. (1994) The reliability of furcation measurements. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21, 611-614.
28. Eskow, R. N. & Kapin, S. H. (1984) Furcation invasions: correlating a classification system with therapeutic considerations. Part I. Examination, diagnosis and classification. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 5, 527-532.
29. Everett, F. G., Jump, E. B., Holder, T. D. & Williams, G. G. (1958) The intermediate bifurcational ridge. A study of the morphology of the bifurcation of the lower first molar. Journal of Dental Research 34, 162-169.
30. Farrar, J. N. (1884) Radical and heroic treatment of alveolar abscess by amputation of roots of teeth. Dental Cosmos 26, 79-81.
31. Fedi, P. F., Jr. (1985) The periodontal syllabus, 2nd edition, pp. 169-170. Philadelphia: Lea & Febinger.
32. Fleiss, J. L. (1981) Statistical methods for rates and proportions, 2nd edition, pp. 1-8. 112-137, 212-236. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
33. Fleiss, J. L. (1986) The design and analysis of clinical experiments, pp. 1-32. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
34. Fleiss, J. L. & Cohen, J. (1973) The equivalence of weighted κ and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability. Educational and Psychological Measurements 33, 613-619.
35. Fowler, C., Garrett, S., Crigger, M. & Egelberg, J. (1982) Histologic probe position in treated and untreated human periodontal tissues. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 9, 373-385.
36. Fuhrmann, R. A. W., Bücker, A. & Diedrich, P. R. (1997) Furcation involvement: comparison of dental radiographs and HR-CT-slices in human specimens. Journal of Periodontal Research 32, 409-418.
37. Gher, M. W. & Dunlap, R. W. (1985) Linear variation of the root surface area of the maxillary first molar. Journal of Periodontology 56, 39-43.
38. Gibbs, C. H., Hirschfeld, J. W., Lee, J. G., Low, S. B., Magnusson, I., Thousand, R. R., Yemeni, P. & Clark, W. B. (1988) Description and clinical evaluation of a new computerized periodontal probe - the Florida Probe. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 15, 137-144.
39. Glickman, I. (1958) Clinical periodontology, 2nd edition, pp. 694-696. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
40. Goldman, M. J., Ross, I. F. & Goteiner, D. (1986) Effect of periodontal therapy on patients maintained for 15 years or longer. A retrospective study. Journal of Periodontology 57, 347-353.
41. Goodson, J. M. (1986) Clinical measurements of periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 13, 446-455.
42. Goodson, J. M., Tanner, A. C. R., Haffajee, A. D., Sornberger, G. C. & Socransky, S. S. (1982) Patterns of progression and regression of advanced destructive periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 9, 472-481.
43. Graham, P. & Jackson, R. (1993) The analysis of ordinal agreement data: beyond weighted κ. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46, 1055-1062.
44. Grewe, J. M., Meskins, L. H. & Miller, T. (1965) Cervical enamel projections: prevalence, location, and extent with associated periodontal implicated. Journal of Periodontology 36, 460-465.
45. Gürgan, C., Gröhndahl, K. & Wennström, J. L. (1994) Radiographic detectability of bone loss in the bifurcation of mandibular molars: an experimental study. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 23, 143-148.
46. Haffajee, A. D., Socransky, S. S. & Goodson, J. M. (1983) Comparison of different data analyses for detecting changes in attachment level. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 10, 298-310.
47. Hamp, S.-E. & Nyman, S. (1989) Treatment of furcation-involved teeth. In: Textbook of clinical periodontology, 2nd edition, ed. Lindhe, J., pp. 515-533. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
48. Hamp, S.-E., Nyman, S. & Lindhe, J. (1975) Periodontal treatment of multirooted teeth. Results after 5 years. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2, 126-135.
49. Hardekopf, J. D., Dunlap, R. M., Ahl, D. R. & Pelleu, G. B., Jr. (1987) The "furcation arrow". A reliable radiographic image? Journal of Periodontology 58, 258-261.
50. Heins, P. J. & Canter, S. R. (1968) Furca involvement: a classification of bony deformities. Periodontics 6, 84-88.
51. Hirschfeld, L. & Wasserman, B. A. (1978) A long-term survey of tooth loss in 600 treated periodontal patients. Journal of Periodontology 49, 225-237.
52. Hou, G.-L. & Tsai, C.-C. (1993) Relationship between palatoradicular grooves and localized periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 20, 678-682.
53. Hou, G.-L. & Tsai, C.-C. (1994) The morphology of root fusion in Chinese adults (I). Grades, types, location and distribution. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21, 260-264.
54. Hou, G.-L. & Tsai, C.-C. (1997a) Types and dimensions of root trunk correlating with diagnosis of molar furcation involvements. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 24, 129-135.
55. Hou, G.-L. & Tsai, C.-C. (1997b) Cervical enamel projections and intermediate bifurcational ridge correlated with molar furcation involvements. Journal of Periodontology 68, 687-693.
56. Hou, G.-L., Chen, S. F., Wu, Y.-M. & Tsai, C. C. (1994) The topography of the furcation entrance in Chinese molars. Furcation entrance dimensions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21, 451-456.
57. Hou, G.-L., Tsai, C.-C. & Huang, J.-S. (1997) Relationship between molar root fusion and localized periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 68, 313-319.
58. Hunter, F. M., Martin, N. D. & Stevenson, A. R. L. (1992) Evaluation of a pressure sensitive periodontal probe tip by measuring its histologic relation to periodontal attachments. Journal of Dental Research 72 (special issue), abstract # 528, 581.
59. Janssen, P. T. M., Faber, J. A. J. & van Palenstein Helderman, W. H. (1987) Non-Gaussian distribution of differences between duplicate probing depth measurements. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14, 345-349.
60. Joseph, I., Varma, B. R. R. & Bhat, K. M. (1996) Clinical significance of furcation anatomy of the maxillary first premolar: a biometric study on extracted teeth. Journal of Periodontology 67, 386-389.
61. Karayiannis, A., Lang, N. P., Joss, A. & Nyman, S. (1992) Bleeding on probing as ist relates to probing pressure and gingival health in patients with a reduced but healthy periodontitis. A clinical study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 19, 471-475.
62. Kawasaki, K., Hasegawa, M. & Hara, K. (1976) Cervical enamel projections in human molars: frequency, location, extent, with associated furcation involvement. Japanese Journal of Conservative Dentistry 19, 139-148.
63. Kim, T.-S., Knittel, M., Staehle, H. J. & Eickholz, P. (1996) Reproducibility and validity of furcation measurements using a pressure-calibrated probe. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 23, 826-831.
64. Kühner, M. & Raetzke, P. (1991) Sensitivität der Taschendiagnostik in Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der Sondierungen. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 46, 533-535.
65. Lang, N. P., Nyman, S., Senn, C. & Joss, A. (1991) Bleeding on probing as it relates to probing pressure and gingival health. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 18, 257-261.
66. Langer, B. S. & Wagenberg, B. D. (1997) The diagnosis and management of vertical defects within the furcation. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 18, 111-120.
67. Larato, D. C. (1970) Furcation involvements: incidence and distribution. Journal of Periodontology 46, 499-501.
68. Larato, D. C. (1975) Some anatomical factors related to furcation involvements. Journal of Periodontology 46, 608-609.
69. Leib, A. M., Berdon, J. K. & Sabes, W. R. (1967) Furcation involvements correlated with enamel projections from the cementoenamel junction. Journal of Periodontology 38, 330-334.
70. Lindhe, J. & Nyman, S. (1975) The effect of plaque control and surgical pocket elimination on the establishment and maintenance of periodontal health. A longitudinal study of periodontal therapy in cases of advanced disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2, 67-79.
71. Majzoub, Z. & Kon, S. (1992) Tooth morphology following root resection procedures in maxillary first molars. Journal of Periodontology 63, 290-296.
72. Masters, D. H. & Hoskins, S. W. (1964) Projection of cervical enamel into molar furcations. Journal of Periodontology 35, 49-53.
73. McFall, W. T. (1982) Tooth loss in 100 treated patients with periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontology 53, 539-549.
74. Mealey, B. L., Neubauer, M. F., Butzin, C. A. & Waldrop, T. C. (1994) Use of furcal bone sounding to improve accuracy of furcation diagnosis. Journal of Periodontology 65, 649-657.
75. Moriarty, J. D., Scheitler, L. E., Hutchens, L. H., Jr. & Delong, E. R. (1988) Inter-examiner reproducibility of probing pocket depths in molar furcation sites. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 15, 68-72.
76. Moriarty, J. D., Hutchens, L. H. & Scheitler, L. E. (1989) Histological evaluation of periodontal probe penetration in untreated facial molar furcations. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 16, 21-26.
77. Moskow, B. S. & Canut, P. M. (1990a) Studies on root enamel. (1). Some historical notes on cervical enamel projections. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 17, 29-31.
78. Moskow, B. S. & Canut, P. M. (1990b) Studies on root enamel. (2). Enamel pearls. A review of their morphology, localization, nomenclature, occurrence, classification, histogenesis and incidence. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 17, 275-281.
79. Müller, H.-P. & Eger, T. (1997) The overall significance of regenerative procedures in the treatment of furcations. Quintessence International 28, 321-328.
80. Müller, H.-P. & Eger, T. (1998) Furkationsbehandlungen. Berlin: Quintessenz Verlags-GmbH.
81. Müller, H.-P., Eger, T. & Lange, D. E. (1995) Management of furcation-involved teeth. A retrospective analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 22, 911-917.
82. Nyman, S. & Lindhe, J. (1998) Examination of patients with periodontal disease. In: Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry, 3rd edition, eds. Lindhe, J., Karring, T. & Lang, N. P., pp. 383-395. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
83. Pedersen, P. O. & Thyssen, H. (1942) Den cervicale emajerands forlob hos eskimoer. Odontologisk Tidskrift 50, 444-492.
84. Page, R. C. & Schroeder, H. E. (1982) Periodontitis in man and other animals. A comparative review, pp. 158-187. Basel: Karger.
85. Payot, P., Haroutunian, B., Pochon, Y., Herr, P., Bickel, M. & Cimasoni, G. (1987a) Densitometric analysis of lower molar interradicular areas in superposable radiographs. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14, 1-7.
86. Payot, P., Bickel, M. & Cimasoni, G. (1987b) Longitudinal quantitative radiodensitometric study of treated and untreated lower molar furcation involvements. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14, 8-18.
87. Pontoriero, R., Lindhe, J., Nyman, S., Karring, T., Rosenberg, E. & Sanavi, F. (1989) Guided tissue regeneration in the treatment of furcation defetcs in mandibular molars. A clinical study of degree III involvements. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 16, 170-174.
88. Ramfjord, S. P. & Ash, M. M. (1979) Periodontology and periodontics, pp. 247-309. Philadelphia: Saunders.
89. Rams, T. E., Listgarten, M. A. & Slots, J. (1996) Utility of 5 major putative periodontal pathogens and selected clinical parameters to predict periodontal breakdown in patients on maintenance care. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 23, 346-354.
90. Renvert, S., Badersten, A., Nilvéus, R. & Egelberg, J. (1981) Healing after treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects (I). Comparative study of clinical methods. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 8, 387-399.
91. Risnes, S. (1978) The prevalence and distribution of cervical enamel projections reaching into the bifurcation of human molars. Scandinavian Journal of Denial Research 82, 413-419.
92. Rohlin, M., Åkesson, L., Håkansson, J., Håkansson, H. & Näsström, K. (1989) Comparison between panoramic and periapical radiography in the diagnosis of periodontal bone loss. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 18, 72-76.
93. Ross, I. F. & Evanchik, P. A. (1981) Root fusion in molars: incidence and sex linkage. Journal of Periodontology 52, 663-667.
94. Roussa, E. (1998) Anatomic characteristics of the furcation and root surfaces of molar teeth and their significance in the clinical management of marginal periodontitis. Clinical Anatomy 11, 177-186.
95. Ruttimann, U. E. & Webber, R. (1987) Voumetry of localized bone lesions by subtraction radiography. Journal of Periodontal Research 22, 215-216.
96. Ruttimann, U. E., Webber, R. L. & Schmidt, E. (1986) A robust digital method for film contrast correction in subtraction radiography. Journal of Periodontal Research 21, 486-495.
97. Samarabandu, J., Allen, K. M., Hausmann, E. & Acharya, R. (1994) Algorithm for the automated alignment of radiographs for image subtraction. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology 77, 75-79.
98. Schroeder, H.-E. & Scherle, W. F. (1987) Warum die Furkation menschlicher Zähne so unvorhersehbar bizarr gestaltet ist. Schweizer Monatsschrift für Zahnmedizin 97, 1495-1508.
99. Schumacher, G.-H. (1997) Makromorphologie der menschlichen Zähne. In: Die Evolution der Zähne. Phylogenie - Ontogenie - Variation, eds. Alt, K. W. & Türp, J. C., pp. 471-502, Berlin: Quintessenz.
100. Schumacher, G.-H., Schmidt, H., Börnig, H. & Richter, W. (1990) Anatomie und Biochemie der Zähne. Stuttgart: Fischer.
101. Spence, J. A., Aitchison, G. U., Sykes, A. R. & Atkinson, P. J. (1980) Broken mouth (premature incisor loss) in sheep: the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology 90, 275-292.
102. Steinbrenner, H., Staehle, H. J. & Eickholz, P. (1997) Reproduzierbarkeit der Erhebung von Furkationsparametern in Abhängigkeit vom Entzündungsgrad. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 52, 488-491.
103. Svärdström, G. & Wennström, J. L. (1988) Furcation topography of the maxillary and mandibular first molars. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 15, 271-275.
104. Tarnow, D. & Fletcher, P. (1984) Classification of the vertical component of furcation involvement. Journal of Periodontology 55, 283-284.
105. Taylor, R. M. S. (1978) Variation in morphology of teeth. Anthropological and forensic aspects. Springfield: Thomas.
106. Topoll, H. H., Streletz, E., Hucke, H. P. & Lange, D. E. (1988) Furkationsdiagnostik. Ein Vergleich der Aussagekraft von OPG, Röntgenstatus und intraoperativem Befund. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 43, 705-708.
107. Tsatsas, B., Mand, F. & Kerani, S. (1973) Cervical enamel projections in the molar teeth. Journal of Periodontology 44, 312-314.
108. Ursell, M. J. (1989) Relationship between alveolar bone levels measured at surgery, estimated by transgingival probing and clinical attachment level measurements. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 16, 81-86.
109. Visser, H. & Krüger, W. (1997) Can dentists recognize manipulated digital radiographs? Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 26, 67-69.
110. Wang, H.-L. Burgett, F. G., Shyr, Y. & Ramfjord, S. (1994) The influence of molar furcation involvement and mobility on future clinical periodontal attachment loss. Journal of Periodontology 65, 25-29.
111. Webber, R. L., Ruttimann, U. E. & Groehuis, R. A. J. (1984) Computer correction of projective distortions in dental radiography. Journal of Dental Research 63, 1032-1036.
112. Wenzel, A. (1989) Effect of manual compared with reference point superimposition on image quality in digital subtraction radiography. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 18, 145-150.
113. Zappa, U., Grosso, L., Simona, C., Graf, H. & Case, D. (1993) Clinical furcation diagnoses and interradicular bone defects. Journal of Periodontology 64, 219-227.