Pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis

Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 53, Issue 5-6, 1999, Pages 255-263

  McFarlane, I G ^a  

^a KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Asialoglycoprotein receptor; Auto antibodies; Autoimmunity; Hepatitis

Indexed keywords

ASIALOGLYCOPROTEIN; AUTOANTIBODY; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 7; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FAMILY HISTORY; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS HEPATITIS;

EID: 0033149863     PISSN: 07533322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0753-3322(99)80096-1     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Abuaf N, Johanet C, Chretien P, Martini E, Soulier E, Laperche S, et al. Characterization of the liver cytosol antigen type 1 reacting with auto-antibodies in chronic active hepatitis. Hematology 1992 ; 16 : 892-8.
2. Albani S, Carson DA. A multistep molecular mimicry hypothesis for the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Today 1996 ; 17 : 466-70.
3. Arya SK, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC. Dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of human T-cell growth factor and gamma interferon messenger RNA. J Immunol 1984 ; 133 : 273-6.
4. Bartholomaeus WN, Shellam GR, Allan JE, Reed WD, Joske RA. Auto-antibodies to liver-specific lipoprotein following hepatitis induced by mouse cytomegalovirus. Clin Exp Immunol 1983 ; 52 : 89-97.
5. Baum H, Davies H, Peakman M. Molecular mimicry in the MHC: Hidden clues to autoimmunity? Immunol Today 1996 ; 17 : 64-70.
6. Bayraktar Y, Bayraktar M, Gurakar A, Hassanein TI, Van Thiel DH. A comparison of the prevalence of auto-antibodies in individuals with chronic hepatitis C and those with autoimmune hepatitis: The role of interferon in the development of autoimmune diseases. Hepatogastroenterol 1997 ; 44 : 417-25.
7. Bix M, Locksley RM. Natural T-cells: Cells that co-express NKRP-1 and TCR. J Immunol 1995 ; 155 : 1020-2.
8. Boumpas DT, Anatassiou ED, Older SA, Tsokos GC, Nelson DL, Balow JE. Dexamethasone inhibits human interleukin-2 but not interleukin-2 receptor gene expression in vitro at the level of nuclear transcription. J Clin Invest 1991 ; 87 : 1739-47.
9. Cookson S, Constantini PK, Clare M, Underbill JA, Czaja AJ, Donaldson PT. Multiple cytokine gene polymorphisms in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 1998 ; 28 : 392A.
10. Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, Santrach PJ, Moore SB, Taswell HF, Homburger HA. Evidence against hepatitis viruses as important causes of severe autoimmune hepatitis in the United States. J Hepatol 1993 ; 18 : 342-52.
11. Daniels CK, Smith KM, Schmucker DL. Asialoorosomucoid hepato-biliary transport is unaltered by the loss of liver asialoglycoprotein receptors in aged rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1987 ; 186 : 246-50.
12. Diao J, Michalak TI. Virus-induced anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor autoimmunity in experimental hepadnaviral hepatitis. Hepatology 1997 ; 25 : 689-96.
13. Doherty DG, Underbill JA, Donaldson PT, Manabe K, Mieli-Vergani G, Eddleston ALWF, et al. Polymorphism in the human complement C4 genes and genetic susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmunity 1994 ; 18 : 243-9.
14. Donaldson PT, Doherty DG, Hayllar KM, McFarlane I, Johnson PJ, Williams R. Susceptibility to autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: Human leukocyte antigens DR4 and A1-B8-DR3 are independent risk factors. Hepatology 1991 ; 13 : 701-6.
15. Eaton MD, Murphy WD, Hanford VL. Heterogenetic antibodies in acute hepatitis. J Exp Med 1944 ; 79 : 539-57.
16. Eddleston ALWF, Williams R. Inadequate antibody response to HBAg or suppressor T-cell defect in development of active chronic hepatitis. Lancet 1974 ; ii : 1543-5.
17. Fiorentino DF, Bond MW, Mosmann TR. Two types of mouse T-helper cell. IV. Th2 clones secrete a factor that inhibits cytokine production by Th1 clones. J Exp Med 1989 ; 170 : 2081-95.
18. Franco A, Barnaba V, Natali P, Balsano C, Musca A, Balsano F. Expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on human hepatocytes. Hepatology 1988 ; 8 : 449-54.
19. Franco A, Barnaba V, Ruberti G, Benvenuto R, Balsano C, Musca A. Liver-derived T-cell clones in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: Accessory cell function of hepatocytes expressing class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1990 ; 54 : 382-94.
20. Fujinama RS, Oldstone MB. Amino acid homology between the encephalitogenic site of myelin basic protein and virus: Mechanism for autoimmunity. Science 1985 ; 230 : 1043-5.
21. Galbraith RM, Eddlestone ALWF, Williams R, Webster ADB, Pattison J, Doniach D, et al. Enhanced antibody responses in active chronic hepatitis: Relation to HLA-B8 and HLA-B12 and porto-systemic shunting. Lancet 1976 ; i : 930-4.
22. Gatti G, Cavallo R, Sartori ML, del Ponte D, Masera R, Salvadori A, et al. Inhibition by cortisol of human natural killer (NK) cell activity. J Steroid Biochem 1987 ; 26 : 49-58.
23. Goldstein PE, Devier J, Cremer M. Acute hepatitis and drug-related lupus induced by minocycline treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1997 ; 91 : 143-6.
24. Gough A, Chapman S, Wagstaff K, Emery P, Elias E. Minocylcine induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome. Br Med J 1996 ; 312 : 169-72.
25. Groothuis GMM, Weitering JG, Hardonk MJ, Meijer DKF. Heterogeneity of rat hepatocytes in transport and hepatic binding of asialo alkaline phosphatase after induction of selective acinar damage by N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and carbon tetrachloride. Biochem Pharmacol 1983 ; 32 : 2721-7.
26. Gumucio JJ. Hepatocyte heterogeneity: The coming of age from the description of a biological curiosity to a partial understanding of its physiological meaning and regulation. Hepatology 1989 ; 9 : 154-60.
27. Hardonk MJ, Scholtens HB. A histochemical study about the zonal distribution of the galactose-binding protein in rat liver. Histochemistry 1980 ; 69 : 289-97.
28. Haynes BF, Fauci AS. The differential effect of in vivo hydrocortisone on the kinetics of subpopulations of human peripheral blood thymus derived lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1978 ; 61 : 703-7.
29. Huppertz H-I, Treichel U, Gassel AM, Jeschke R, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Autoimmune hepatitis following hepatitis A virus infection. J Hepatol 1995 ; 23 : 204-8.
30. Ikeda T, Kurebayashi Y. A rat model of acute liver necrosis induced by a monoclonal antibody to liver-specific antigen and complement. Hepatology 1991 ; 13 : 1152-7.
31. Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG. Meeting report: International autoimmune hepatitis group. Hepatology 1993 ; 18 : 998-1005.
32. Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG, Williams R. Azathioprine for long-term maintenance of remission in autoimmune hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1995 ; 333 : 958-63.
33. Jungermann K. Metabolic zonation of liver parenchyma. Semin Liver Dis 1988 ; 8 : 329-41.
34. Kalvenes MB, Flo R, Kailand KH, Haukenes G. Elevated rubella antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease. J Med Virol 1994 ; 44 : 30-6.
35. Kohda H, Sekiya C, Kanai M, Yoshida Y, Uede T, Kikuchi K, et al. Flow cytometric and functional analysis of mononuclear cells infiltrating the liver in experimental autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1990 ; 82 : 473-8.
36. Krawitt EL, Kilby AE, Albertini RJ, Schanfield MS, Chastenay BF, Harper PC, et al. Immunogenetic studies of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: HLA, immunoglobulin allo-types and auto-antibodies. Hepatology 1987 ; 7 : 1305-10.
37. Lew W, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K. Analysis of the suppression of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta production in human peripheral blood mononuclear adherent cells by glucocorticoid hormone. J Immunol 1988 ; 140 : 1895-902.
38. Lewis JH, Zimmerman HJ. Drug-induced autoimmune liver disease. In: Krawitt EL, Wiesner RH, Nishioka M, eds. Autoimmune Liver Diseases. 2nd Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998. p. 627-49.
39. Lidman K. Clinical diagnosis in patients with smooth muscle antibodies. Acta Med Scand 1976 ; 200 : 403-7.
40. Lindgren S, Braun HB, Michel G, Nemeth A, Nilsson S, Thome-Kromer B, et al. Absence of LKM-1 antibody reactivity in autoimmune and hepatitis C related chronic liver disease in Sweden. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997 ; 32 : 175-8.
41. Lobo-Yeo A, Senaldi G, Portmann B, Mowat AP, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D. Class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression on hepatocytes. A study in children with liver disease. Hepatology 1990 ; 12 : 224-32.
42. Loeper J, Descatoire V, Maurice M, Beaune P, Belghiti J, Houssin D, et al. Cytochromes P-450 in human hepatocyte plasma membrane: Recognition by several antibodies. Gastroenterology 1993 ; 104 : 203-16.
43. + LKM-specific and anti-clonotypic T-cell responses in LKM-1 antibody-positive autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 1996 ; 24 : 1416-21.
44. Lohr H, Treichel U, Poralla T, Manns M, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, et al. The human hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor is a target for liver-infiltrating T-cells in auto-immune chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 1990 ; 12 : 1314-20.
45. Lohr H, Treichel U, Poralla T, Manns M, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Liver-infiltrating T helper cells in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis stimulate the production of auto-antibodies against the human asialoglycoprotein receptor in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol 1992 ; 88 : 45-9.
46. Lohse AW, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Remission of experimental autoimmune hepatitis is associated with antigen-specific and non-specific immunosuppression. Clin Exp Immunol 1993 ; 94 : 163-7.
47. Lohse AW, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Evidence for spontaneous immunosuppression in autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 1995 ; 22 : 381-8.
48. Lohse AW, Meyer zum Buschenfelde K-H. The German animal models of autoimmune hepatitis. In: McFarlane IG, Williams R, eds. Molecular Basis of Autoimmune Hepatitis. Austin, Texas: R.G. Landes; 1996. p. 153-63.
49. Mackay IR, Morris PJ. Association of autoimmune active heptitis with HL-A1, 8. Lancet 1972 ; ii : 793-5.
50. Mackay IR, Weiden S, Hasker J. Autoimmune hepatitis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965 ; 124 : 767-80.
51. Malcolm A, Heap TR, Eckstein RP, Lunzer MR. Minocycline induced liver injury. Am J Gastroenterol 1996 ; 91 : 1641-3.
52. Manns MP, Griffin KJ, Sullivan KF, Johnson EF. LKM-1 auto-antibodies recognize a short linear sequence in P450IID6, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. J Clin Invest 1991 ; 88 : 1370-8.
53. McFarlane BM. Hepatocellular membrane antigens. In: McFarlane IG, Williams R, eds. Molecular Basis of Autoimmune Hepatitis. Austin: R.G. Landes; 1996. p. 75-104.
54. McFarlane BM, Bridger C, Tibbs CJ, Saleh MG, Fuzio A, Verucchi G, et al. Virus-induced autoimmunity in hepatitis C virus infections: A rare event. J Med Virol 1994 ; 42 : 66-72.
55. McFarlane BM, McSorley CG, Vergani D, McFarlane IG, Williams R. Serum auto-antibodies reacting with the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor protein (hepatic lectin) in acute and chronic liver disorders. J Hepatol 1986 ; 3 : 196-205.
56. McFarlane BM, Sipos J, Gove CD, McFarlane IG, Williams R. Antibodies against the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor perfused in situ preferentially attach to periportal liver cells in the rat. Hepatology 1990 ; 11 : 408-15.
57. McFarlane IG. Editorial review: Autoimmunity in liver disease. Clin Sci 1984 ; 67 : 569-78.
58. McFarlane IG. Autoimmunity and hepatotropic viruses. Semin Liver Dis 1991 ; 11 : 223-33.
59. McMillan R, Longmire R, Yelenosky R. The effect of corticosteroids on human IgG synthesis. J Immunol 1976 ; 116 : 1592-5.
60. Michalak TI, Lau JYN, McFarlane BM, Alexander GJ, Eddleston ALWF, Williams R. Antibody-directed complement-mediated cytotoxicity to hepatocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Exp Immunol 1995 ; 100 : 227-32.
61. Mitchitaka K, Durazzo M, Tillmann HL, Walker D, Philipp T, Manns MP. Analysis of hepatitis C virus genome in patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 2. Gastroenterology 1994 ; 106 : 1603-10.
62. Mori T, Mori Y, Yoshida H, Ueda S, Iesato K, Wakashin Y, et al. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of sensitized spleen cells against target liver cells - In vivo and in vitro study with a mouse model of experimental autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 1985 ; 5 : 770-7.
63. Munoz LE, de Villiers D, Markham D, Markham D, Whaley K, Thomas HC. Complement activation in chronic liver disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1982 ; 47 : 548-54.
64. Muratori L, Cataleta M, Muratori P, Lenzi M, Bianchi FB. Liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 and liver cytosol antibody type 1 concentrations in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Gut 1998 ; 42 : 721-6.
65. Myozaki M, Kamiyasu M, Miura T, Watanabe Y, Nakanishi T, Yamashita U. Induction of autoimmune hepatitis and auto-antibodies to liver antigens by neonatal thymectomy in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1996 ; 104 : 133-43.
66. Norrby E, Orvell C, Vandvik B, Cherry JD. Antibodies against measles virus polypeptides in different disease conditions. Infect Immun 1981 ; 34 : 718-24.
67. Norris SM, Heneghan MA, Doherty DG, Yuen RMF, O'Grady JG, McFarlane IG. Human natural T-cells exhibit reduced KIR expression in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 1998 ; 28 : 547A.
68. Nouri-Aria KT, Hegarty JE, Alexander GJM, Eddleston ALWF, Williams R. Effect of corticosteroids on suppressor-cell activity in 'autoimmune' and viral chronic active hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1982 ; 307 : 1301-4.
69. Nouri-Aria KT, Hegarty JE, Alexander GJM, Eddleston ALWF, Williams R. IgG production in 'autoimmune' chronic active hepatitis. Effect of prednisolone on T- and B-lymphocyte function. Clin Exp Immunol 1985 ; 61 : 290-6.
70. Nouri-Aria KT, Donaldson PT, Hegarty JE, Eddleston ALWF, Williams R. HLA A1-B8-DR3 and suppressor cell function in first-degree relatives of patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. J Hepatol 1985 ; 1 : 235-41.
71. O'Brien CJ, Vento S, Donaldson PT, McSorley CG, McFarlane IG, Williams R, Eddleston ALWF. Cell-mediated immunity and discrete suppressor T-cell defects to liver-derived antigens in families of patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Lancet 1986 ; i : 350-3.
72. Ogawa M, Mori Y, Mori T, Ueda S, Yoshida H, Kato I, et al. Adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune hepatitis in mice - Cellular interaction between donor and recipient mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1988 ; 73 : 276-82.
73. Opelz G, Vogten AGM, Summerskill WHJ, Schalm SW, Terasaki PI. HLA determinant in chronic active liver disease: A possible relation of HLA-Dw3 to prognosis. Tissue Antigens 1977 ; 9 : 36-40.
74. Parker DR, Kingham JGC. Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis is primarily a disease of later life. Quart J Med 1997 ; 90 : 289-96.
75. Pedersen BK, Beyer JM, Rasmussen A, Klarlund K, Horslev-Petersen K, Pedersen BN, et al. Azathioprine as single drug in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis induces complete suppression of natural killer cell activity. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 1984 ; 92 : 221-5.
76. Pederson JS, Toh BH, Locarnini SA, Gust ID, Shyamala GNS. Auto-antibody to intermediate filaments in viral hepatitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1981 ; 21 : 154-61.
77. Prince HE, Ettenger RB, Dorey FJ, Fine RN, Fahey JL. Azathioprine suppression of natural killer activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in renal transplant recipients. J Clin Immunol 1984 ; 4 : 312-8.
78. Poralla T, Ramadori G, Dienes HO, Manns M, Gerken G, Dippold W, et al. Liver cell damage caused by monoclonal antibody against an organ-specific membrane antigen in vivo and in vitro. J Hepatol 1987 ; 4 : 373-80.
79. Prados E, Cuervas Mons V, de la Mata M, Fraga E, Rimola A, Prieto M, et al. Outcome of autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1998 ; 66 : 1645-50.
80. Ratziu V, Samuel D, Sebagh M, Farges O, Saliba F, Ichai P, et al. Long-term follow-up after liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis: Evidence of recurrence of primary disease. J Hepatol 1999 ; 30 : 131-41.
81. Rose NR. Fundamental concepts of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. In: Krawitt EL, Wiesner RH, Nishioka M, eds. Autoimmune Liver Diseases. 2nd Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998. p. 1-20.
82. Scully LJ, Toze C, Sengar DPS, Goldstein R. Early-onset autoimmune hepatitis is associated with a C4 gene deletion. Gastroenterology 1993 ; 104 : 1478-84.
83. Shih WWH, Ellison GW, Myers LW, Durkos-Smith D, Fahey JL. Locus of selective depression of human natural killer cells by azathioprine. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1982 ; 23 : 672-81.
84. Sierra-Honigmann MR, Murphy PA. T cell receptor independent immunosuppression induced by dexamethasone in murine T helper cells. J Clin Invest 1992 ; 89 : 556-60.
85. Simpson KJ, Lukacs NW, Colletti L, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL. Cytokines and the liver. J Hepatol 1997 ; 27 : 1120-32.
86. Stockert RJ. The asialoglycoprotein receptor: Relationships between structure, function and expression. Physiol Rev 1995 ; 3 : 591-609.
87. Takahashi H, Zeniya M. The Japanese animal models of autoimmune hepatitis. In: McFarlane IG, Williams R, eds. Molecular Basis of Autoimmune Hepatitis. Austin: R.G. Landes; 1996. p. 165-76.
88. Targan SR, Landers C, Vidrich A, Czaja AJ. High-liter antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in type-1 autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1995 ; 108 : 1159-66.
89. Treichel U, McFarlane BM, Seki T, Krawitt EL, Alessi N, Stickel F, et al. Demographics of anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor auto-antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1994 ; 107 : 799-804.
90. Treichel U, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. The asialoglycoprotein receptor in autoimmune liver disease. In: Krawitt EL, Wiesner RH, Nishioka M, eds. Autoimmune Liver Diseases. 2nd Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998. p. 273-86.
91. Treichel U, Paietta E, Poralla T, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, Stockert RJ. Effects of cytokines on synthesis and function of the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. J Cell Physiol 1994 ; 158 : 527-34.
92. Triger DR, Kurtz JB, MacCallum FO, Wright R. Raised antibody titers to measles and rubella viruses in chronic active hepatitis. Lancet 1972 ; I : 665-7.
93. Toda G, Zeniya M, Watanabe F, Imawari M, Kiyosawa K, Nishioka M, et al. Present status of autoimmune hepatitis in Japan - Correlating the characteristics with international criteria in an area with a high rate of HCV infection. J Hepatol 1997 ; 26 : 1207-12.
94. Van der Sluijs P, Braakman I, Meijer DKF, Groothuis GMM. Heterogeneous acinar localization of the asialoglycoprotein internalization system in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 1988 ; 8 : 1521-9.
95. Vento S, Eddleston ALWF. Immunological aspects of chronic active hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1987 : 68 : 225-32.
96. Vento S, O'Brien CJ, McFarlane BM, McFarlane IG, Eddleston ALWF, Williams R. T-lymphocyte sensitization to hepatocyte antigens in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: Evidence for different underlying mechanisms and different antigenic determinants as targets. Gastroenterology 1986 ; 91 : 810-7.
97. Vento S, O'Brien CJ, McFarlane IG, Williams R, Eddleston ALWF. T-cell inducers of suppressor lymphocytes control liver-directed autoreactivity. Lancet 1987 ; i : 886-7.
98. Vento S, Garofano T, Di Perri G, Dolci L, Concia E, Bassetti D. Identification of hepatitis A virus as a trigger for auto-immune chronic hepatitis type 1 in susceptible individuals. Lancet 1991 ; 337 : 1183-7.
99. Vento S, Guealla L, Mirandola F, Cainelli F, Di Perri G, Solbiati M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus as a trigger for autoimmune hepatitis in susceptible individuals. Lancet 1995 ; 346 : 608-9.
100. Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G. Pathogenetic mechanisms: Evidence from human studies. In: McFarlane IG, Williams R, eds. Molecular Basis of Autoimmune Hepatitis. Austin: R.G. Landes; 1996. p. 143-51.
101. Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G, Mondelli M, Portmann B, Eddleston AL. Immunoglobulin on the surface of isolated hepatocytes is associated with antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and liver damage. Liver 1987 ; 7 : 307-15.
102. Vergani D, Wells L, Larcher VF, Nasaruddin BA, Davies ET, Mieli-Vergani G, et al. Genetically determined low C4: A predisposing factor to autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Lancet 1985 ; ii : 294-8.
103. Voorschuur AH, Kuiper J, Neelissen JAM, Boers W, Van Berkel TJC. Different zonal distribution of the asialoglycoprotein receptor, the α-macroglobulin receptor/low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein and the lipoproteinremnant receptor of rat liver parenchymal cells. Biochem J 1994 ; 303 : 809-16.
104. Walport MJ, Lachmann PJ. Complement. In: Lachman PJ, Peters K, Rosen F, Walport MJ, eds. Clinical Aspects of Immunology. 5th Ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 1993. p. 347-75.
105. Walsh LJ, Cox DW. Immunoglobulin (Gm) markers and α-1-antitrypsin (pi) types in rheumatoid arthritis and early onset chronic active hepatitis. J Immunogenet 1984 ; 11 : 115-20.
106. Wen L, Peakman M, Lobo-Yeo A, McFarlane BM, Mowat AP, Mieli-Vergani G, et al. T-cell directed hepatocyte damage in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Lancet 1990 ; 336 : 1527-30.
107. Wesierska-Gadek J, Grimm R, Hitchman E, Penner E. Members of the glutathione-S-transferase are antigens in autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1998 ; 114 : 329-35.
108. Whittingham S, Matthews JD, Schanfield MS, Tait BD, Mackay IR. Interaction of HLA and Gm in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1981 ; 43 : 80-6.
109. Wies I, Henninger J, Brunner S, Waldmann C, Denzer U, Kanzler S, et al. Cloning of the target-antigen of antibodies to soluble liver antigen: Identification of a novel 50 kDa protein with two splice variants. Hepatology 1998 ; 28 : 190A.
110. Zimmerman HJ, Heller P, Hill RP. Extreme hyperglobulinemia in subacute hepatic necrosis. N Engl J Med 1951 ; 244 : 245-9.