메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 409-424

Pharmacokinetic optimisation of benzodiazepine therapy for acute seizures. Focus on delivery routes

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE; BRAIN RECEPTOR; CLONAZEPAM; DIAZEPAM; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE;

EID: 0033143591     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199936060-00003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (98)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 84944968582 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind study of lorazepam and diazepam in status epilepticus
    • 1. Leppik IE, Derivan AT, Homan RW, et al. Double-blind study of lorazepam and diazepam in status epilepticus. JAMA 1983; 249: 1452-4
    • (1983) JAMA , vol.249 , pp. 1452-1454
    • Leppik, I.E.1    Derivan, A.T.2    Homan, R.W.3
  • 2
    • 0015120722 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of status epilepticus with a new benzodiazepine more active than diazepam
    • 2. Gastaut J, Courjon J, Poiré R, et al. Treatment of status epilepticus with a new benzodiazepine more active than diazepam. Epilepsia 1971; 12: 197-214
    • (1971) Epilepsia , vol.12 , pp. 197-214
    • Gastaut, J.1    Courjon, J.2    Poiré, R.3
  • 3
    • 0023550663 scopus 로고
    • Midazolam: An effective intravenous agent for seizure control
    • 3. Galvin GM, Jelinek GA. Midazolam: an effective intravenous agent for seizure control. Arch Emerg Med 1987; 4: 169-72
    • (1987) Arch Emerg Med , vol.4 , pp. 169-172
    • Galvin, G.M.1    Jelinek, G.A.2
  • 4
    • 0015813232 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic profile of diazepam in man following single intravenous and oral and chronic oral administrations
    • 4. Kaplan SA, Jack ML, Alexander K, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of diazepam in man following single intravenous and oral and chronic oral administrations. J Pharm Sci 1973; 62: 1788-96
    • (1973) J Pharm Sci , vol.62 , pp. 1788-1796
    • Kaplan, S.A.1    Jack, M.L.2    Alexander, K.3
  • 6
    • 0018316316 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Intravenous and intramuscular, and oral lorazepam in humans
    • 6. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Franke K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Intravenous and intramuscular, and oral lorazepam in humans. J Pharm Sci 1979; 68: 57-63
    • (1979) J Pharm Sci , vol.68 , pp. 57-63
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Shader, R.I.2    Franke, K.3
  • 8
    • 0025999567 scopus 로고
    • A comparative pharmacokinetic study of intravenous and intramuscular midazolam in patients with epilepsy
    • 8. Bell DM, Richards G, Dhillon S, et al. A comparative pharmacokinetic study of intravenous and intramuscular midazolam in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1991; 10: 183-90
    • (1991) Epilepsy Res , vol.10 , pp. 183-190
    • Bell, D.M.1    Richards, G.2    Dhillon, S.3
  • 9
    • 0014194088 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous diazepam in the treatment of prolonged seizure activity
    • 9. Prensky AL, Raff MC, Moore MJ, et al. Intravenous diazepam in the treatment of prolonged seizure activity. N Engl J Med 1967; 276: 779-84
    • (1967) N Engl J Med , vol.276 , pp. 779-784
    • Prensky, A.L.1    Raff, M.C.2    Moore, M.J.3
  • 10
    • 0018393690 scopus 로고
    • Brain uptake of phenytoin, phenobarbital and diazepam
    • 10. Ramsay RE, Hammond EJ, Perchalski RJ, et al. Brain uptake of phenytoin, phenobarbital and diazepam. Arch Neurol 1979; 36: 535-9
    • (1979) Arch Neurol , vol.36 , pp. 535-539
    • Ramsay, R.E.1    Hammond, E.J.2    Perchalski, R.J.3
  • 11
    • 0016045050 scopus 로고
    • Diazepam treatment for acute convulsions in children
    • 11. Ferngren HG. Diazepam treatment for acute convulsions in children. Epilepsia 1974; 15: 27-37
    • (1974) Epilepsia , vol.15 , pp. 27-37
    • Ferngren, H.G.1
  • 12
    • 0026521105 scopus 로고
    • Intrarectal diazepam in epileptic adults
    • 12. Remy C, Jourdil N, Villemain D, et al. Intrarectal diazepam in epileptic adults. Epilepsia 1992; 33: 353-8
    • (1992) Epilepsia , vol.33 , pp. 353-358
    • Remy, C.1    Jourdil, N.2    Villemain, D.3
  • 13
    • 0020654929 scopus 로고
    • Clinical studies of torazepam in status epilepticus
    • Delgado-Escueta AV, Wasterlain CG,Treiman DM, et al., editors. New York: Raven Press
    • 13. Homan RW, Walker JE, Clinical studies of torazepam in status epilepticus. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Wasterlain CG,Treiman DM, et al., editors. Advances in neurology: status epilepticus. New York: Raven Press, 1983: 493-8
    • (1983) Advances in Neurology: Status Epilepticus , pp. 493-498
    • Homan, R.W.1    Walker, J.E.2
  • 14
    • 0021180902 scopus 로고
    • Lorazepam: A controlled trial in patients with intractable partial complex seizures
    • 14. Walker JE, Homan RW, Crawford IL. Lorazepam: a controlled trial in patients with intractable partial complex seizures. Epilepsia 1984; 25: 464-6
    • (1984) Epilepsia , vol.25 , pp. 464-466
    • Walker, J.E.1    Homan, R.W.2    Crawford, I.L.3
  • 16
    • 0030069622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for benzodiazepines
    • 16. Laurijssens BE, Greenblatt DJ. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships for benzodiazepines. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996; 30: 52-76
    • (1996) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.30 , pp. 52-76
    • Laurijssens, B.E.1    Greenblatt, D.J.2
  • 17
    • 0024556550 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic and electroencephalographic study of intravenous diazepam, midazolam, and placebo
    • 17. Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, Gunderman J, et al. Pharmacokinetic and electroencephalographic study of intravenous diazepam, midazolam, and placebo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 45: 356-5
    • (1989) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.45 , pp. 356-365
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Ehrenberg, B.L.2    Gunderman, J.3
  • 18
    • 0025204233 scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalographic effects of benzodiazepines: II. Pharmacodynamic modeling of the encephalographic effects of midazolam and diazepam
    • 18. Bührer M, Maitre PO, Crevoisier C, et al. Electroencephalographic effects of benzodiazepines: II. Pharmacodynamic modeling of the encephalographic effects of midazolam and diazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48: 555-67
    • (1990) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.48 , pp. 555-567
    • Bührer, M.1    Maitre, P.O.2    Crevoisier, C.3
  • 19
    • 0029085756 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous modeling of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam and diazepam
    • 19. Mould DR, DeFeo TM, Reele S, et al., Simultaneous modeling of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam and diazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 35-43
    • (1995) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.58 , pp. 35-43
    • Mould, D.R.1    Defeo, T.M.2    Reele, S.3
  • 20
    • 0024336476 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic und dynamic study of intravenous lorazepam: Comparison with intravenous diazepam
    • 20. Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, Gunderman J, et al. Kinetic und dynamic study of intravenous lorazepam: comparison with intravenous diazepam. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 250: 134-40
    • (1989) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.250 , pp. 134-140
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Ehrenberg, B.L.2    Gunderman, J.3
  • 21
    • 0025324309 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous modeling of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of benzodiazepines: I. Larazepam
    • 21. Gupta SK, Ellinwood EH, Nikaido AM, et al. Simultaneous modeling of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of benzodiazepines: I. Larazepam. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1990; 18: 89-102
    • (1990) J Pharmacokinet Biopharm , vol.18 , pp. 89-102
    • Gupta, S.K.1    Ellinwood, E.H.2    Nikaido, A.M.3
  • 22
    • 0020693064 scopus 로고
    • Rate of entrance of benzodiazepines into the brain determined by eye movement recording
    • 22. Tedeschi G, Smith AT, Dhillon S, et al. Rate of entrance of benzodiazepines into the brain determined by eye movement recording. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 15: 103-7
    • (1983) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.15 , pp. 103-107
    • Tedeschi, G.1    Smith, A.T.2    Dhillon, S.3
  • 23
    • 0029035114 scopus 로고
    • Transport of small molecules through the Mood-brain barrier; biology and methodology
    • 23. Pardridge WM. Transport of small molecules through the Mood-brain barrier; biology and methodology. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 1995; 15:5-36
    • (1995) Adv Drug Delivery Rev , vol.15 , pp. 5-36
    • Pardridge, W.M.1
  • 24
    • 0003048747 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
    • Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, editors. New York: Raven Press Ltd.
    • 24. Sato S. Benzodiazepines: clonazepam. In: Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press Ltd., 1989: 765-84
    • (1989) Antiepileptic Drugs. 3rd Ed. , pp. 765-784
    • Sato, S.1
  • 25
    • 0002146975 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepines: Diazepam
    • Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, editors. New York: Raven Press Ltd.
    • 25. Schmidt D. Benzodiazepines: diazepam. In: Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press Ltd., 1989: 735-64
    • (1989) Antiepileptic Drugs. 3rd Ed. , pp. 735-764
    • Schmidt, D.1
  • 26
    • 0003388981 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepines: Lorazepam
    • Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, editors. New York: Raven Press Ltd.
    • 26. Human RW, Unwin DH. Benzodiazepines: lorazepam. In: Levy R, Mattson R, Meldrum B, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press Ltd., 1989: 841-54
    • (1989) Antiepileptic Drugs. 3rd Ed. , pp. 841-854
    • Human, R.W.1    Unwin, D.H.2
  • 28
    • 0020321640 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of cerebrospinal fluid
    • 28. Bonati M, Kanto J, Tognoni G. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Pharmacokinet 1982; 7: 312-35
    • (1982) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.7 , pp. 312-335
    • Bonati, M.1    Kanto, J.2    Tognoni, G.3
  • 29
    • 0020658898 scopus 로고
    • Concentration-independent plasma protein binding of benzodiazepines
    • 29. Moschitto LJ, Greenblatt DJ. Concentration-independent plasma protein binding of benzodiazepines. J Pharm Pharmacol 1983; 35: 179-80
    • (1983) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.35 , pp. 179-180
    • Moschitto, L.J.1    Greenblatt, D.J.2
  • 30
    • 0023134477 scopus 로고
    • Absorption of benzodiazepines on charcoal and its correlation with in vitro and in vivo data
    • 30. El-Khordagui LK, Saleh AM, Khalil SA. Absorption of benzodiazepines on charcoal and its correlation with in vitro and in vivo data. Pharm Acta Helv 1987; 62: 28-32
    • (1987) Pharm Acta Helv , vol.62 , pp. 28-32
    • El-Khordagui, L.K.1    Saleh, A.M.2    Khalil, S.A.3
  • 31
    • 0020620059 scopus 로고
    • In vitro quantitation of benzodiazepine lipophilicity: Relation to in vivo distribution
    • 31. Greenblatt DJ, Arendt RM, Abernethy DR, et al. In vitro quantitation of benzodiazepine lipophilicity: relation to in vivo distribution. Br J Anaesth 1983; 55: 985-9
    • (1983) Br J Anaesth , vol.55 , pp. 985-989
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Arendt, R.M.2    Abernethy, D.R.3
  • 33
    • 0016492553 scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid of diazepam and its metabolites in man
    • 33. Kanto J, Kangas L, Siirtola T. Cerebrospinal fluid of diazepam and its metabolites in man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1975; 36: 328-34
    • (1975) Acta Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.36 , pp. 328-334
    • Kanto, J.1    Kangas, L.2    Siirtola, T.3
  • 35
    • 0018920775 scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid and concentrations and serum protein binding of lorazepam and its conjugate
    • 35. Aaltonen L, Kanto J, Salo M. Cerebrospinal fluid and concentrations and serum protein binding of lorazepam and its conjugate. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1980; 46: 156-8
    • (1980) Acta Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.46 , pp. 156-158
    • Aaltonen, L.1    Kanto, J.2    Salo, M.3
  • 36
    • 0020518360 scopus 로고
    • CSF penetration and pharmacokinetics of midazolam
    • 36. Sjövall S, Kanto J, Himberg JJ, et al. CSF penetration and pharmacokinetics of midazolam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 25: 247-51
    • (1983) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.25 , pp. 247-251
    • Sjövall, S.1    Kanto, J.2    Himberg, J.J.3
  • 37
    • 0023543720 scopus 로고
    • Clonazepam pharmacokinetics, brain uptake, and receptor interactions
    • 37. Greenblatt DJ, Miller LG, Shader RI. Clonazepam pharmacokinetics, brain uptake, and receptor interactions. J Clin Psychiatry 1987; 48: 4-11
    • (1987) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 4-11
    • Greenblatt, D.J.1    Miller, L.G.2    Shader, R.I.3
  • 39
    • 0023165027 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepine receptor occupancy in vivo: Correlation with brain concentrations and pharmacodynamic actions
    • 39. Miller LG, Greenblatt DJ, Paul SM, et al. Benzodiazepine receptor occupancy in vivo: correlation with brain concentrations and pharmacodynamic actions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 240: 516-22
    • (1987) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.240 , pp. 516-522
    • Miller, L.G.1    Greenblatt, D.J.2    Paul, S.M.3
  • 40
    • 0001933707 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepines: Mechanism of action
    • Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. New York: Raven Press
    • 40. Macdonald RL. Benzodiazepines: mechanism of action. In: Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, editors. Antiepileptic drugs. 4th ed. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 695-703
    • (1995) Antiepileptic Drugs. 4th Ed. , pp. 695-703
    • Macdonald, R.L.1
  • 41
    • 0017181881 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of diazepam in man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig and rat
    • 41. Klotz U, Antonin KH, Bieck PR. Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of diazepam in man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig and rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1976; 199: 67-73
    • (1976) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.199 , pp. 67-73
    • Klotz, U.1    Antonin, K.H.2    Bieck, P.R.3
  • 43
    • 0013570528 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of clonazepam in man and laboratory animals
    • Schneider H, Janz D, Gardner-Thorpe C, et al., editors Berlin: Springer
    • 43. Knop HJ, Van Der Kleijn E, Edmunds LC. Pharmacokinetics of clonazepam in man and laboratory animals. In: Schneider H, Janz D, Gardner-Thorpe C, et al., editors. Clinical pharmacology of anti-epileptic drugs. Berlin: Springer, 1974: 247-59
    • (1974) Clinical Pharmacology of Anti-epileptic Drugs , pp. 247-259
    • Knop, H.J.1    Van Der Kleijn, E.2    Edmunds, L.C.3
  • 44
    • 0022447819 scopus 로고
    • Clonazepam pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in neonatal seizures
    • 44. André M, Boutroy MJ, Dubruc C, et al. Clonazepam pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in neonatal seizures. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 30: 585-9
    • (1986) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.30 , pp. 585-589
    • André, M.1    Boutroy, M.J.2    Dubruc, C.3
  • 45
    • 0018130481 scopus 로고
    • Effects of aging and liver disease on disposition of iorazepam
    • 45. Kraus JW, Desmond PV, Marshall JP, et al. Effects of aging and liver disease on disposition of Iorazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 411-9
    • (1978) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.24 , pp. 411-419
    • Kraus, J.W.1    Desmond, P.V.2    Marshall, J.P.3
  • 46
    • 0026567909 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of lorazepam in critically ill neonates with seizures
    • 46. McDermott CA, Kowalczyk AL, Schniltzer ER, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lorazepam in critically ill neonates with seizures. J Pediatr 1992; 120: 479-83
    • (1992) J Pediatr , vol.120 , pp. 479-483
    • McDermott, C.A.1    Kowalczyk, A.L.2    Schniltzer, E.R.3
  • 47
  • 48
    • 0024468762 scopus 로고
    • The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in pediatric patients
    • 48. Payne K, Mattheyse FJ, Liebenberg D, et al. The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in pediatric patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 37: 267-72
    • (1989) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.37 , pp. 267-272
    • Payne, K.1    Mattheyse, F.J.2    Liebenberg, D.3
  • 49
    • 0026048409 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in children: Comparative study of intranasal and intravenous administration
    • 49. Rey E, Delaunay L, Pons G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in children: comparative study of intranasal and intravenous administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 41: 355-7
    • (1991) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.41 , pp. 355-357
    • Rey, E.1    Delaunay, L.2    Pons, G.3
  • 50
    • 0024988352 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in critically ill neonates
    • 50. Jacqz-Aigrain E., Wood C, Robieux I. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in critically ill neonates. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 39: 191-2
    • (1990) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.39 , pp. 191-192
    • Jacqz-Aigrain, E.1    Wood, C.2    Robieux, I.3
  • 51
    • 0031034344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diazepam metabolism by cDNA-expressed human 2C P450s: Identification of P4502C18 and P4502C19 as low Km diazepam N-demethylases
    • 51. Jung F, Richardson TH, Raucy JL, et al. Diazepam metabolism by cDNA-expressed human 2C P450s: identification of P4502C18 and P4502C19 as low Km diazepam N-demethylases. Drug Metab Dispos 1997; 25: 133-9
    • (1997) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.25 , pp. 133-139
    • Jung, F.1    Richardson, T.H.2    Raucy, J.L.3
  • 52
    • 0027468597 scopus 로고
    • Identification of the human hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in clonazepam metabolism
    • 52. Seree EJ, Pisano PJ. Placidi M, et al. Identification of the human hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in clonazepam metabolism. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1993; 7: 69-75
    • (1993) Fundam Clin Pharmacol , vol.7 , pp. 69-75
    • Seree, E.J.1    Pisano, P.J.2    Placidi, M.3
  • 53
    • 0024373348 scopus 로고
    • Oxidation of midazolam and triazolam by human liver cytochrome P450111A4
    • 53. Kronbach T, Mathys D, Umenu M, et al. Oxidation of midazolam and triazolam by human liver cytochrome P450111A4. Mol Pharmacol 1989; 36: 89-96
    • (1989) Mol Pharmacol , vol.36 , pp. 89-96
    • Kronbach, T.1    Mathys, D.2    Umenu, M.3
  • 54
    • 0017095638 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of lorazepam
    • 54. Elliott HW. Metabolism of lorazepam. Br J Anesth 1976; 48: 1017-23
    • (1976) Br J Anesth , vol.48 , pp. 1017-1023
    • Elliott, H.W.1
  • 55
    • 0018360264 scopus 로고
    • Absorption of diazepam in man following rectal and parenteral administration
    • 55. Magnussen I, Oxlund HRW, Alsbirk KE, et al. Absorption of diazepam in man following rectal and parenteral administration. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1979; 45: 87-90
    • (1979) Acta Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.45 , pp. 87-90
    • Magnussen, I.1    Oxlund, H.R.W.2    Alsbirk, K.E.3
  • 56
    • 0020456258 scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of diazepam after intravenous, oral and rectal administration in adult epileptic patients
    • 56. Dhillon S, Oxley J, Richens A. Bioavailability of diazepam after intravenous, oral and rectal administration in adult epileptic patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 13: 427-32
    • (1982) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.13 , pp. 427-432
    • Dhillon, S.1    Oxley, J.2    Richens, A.3
  • 57
    • 0019964810 scopus 로고
    • Absorption of diazepam from the rectum and its effect on interictal spikes in the EEG
    • 57. Milligan N, Dhillon S, Oxley J, et al. Absorption of diazepam from the rectum and its effect on interictal spikes in the EEG. Epilepsia 1982; 23: 323-31
    • (1982) Epilepsia , vol.23 , pp. 323-331
    • Milligan, N.1    Dhillon, S.2    Oxley, J.3
  • 58
    • 0016789978 scopus 로고
    • Plasma levels of diazepam after parenteral and rectal administration in children
    • 58. Agurell S, Berlin A, Ferngren H, et al. Plasma levels of diazepam after parenteral and rectal administration in children, Epilepsia 1975; 16: 277-83
    • (1975) Epilepsia , vol.16 , pp. 277-283
    • Agurell, S.1    Berlin, A.2    Ferngren, H.3
  • 59
    • 0017706962 scopus 로고
    • Plasma-diazepam in infants after rectal administration in solution and by suppository
    • 59. Knudsen FU. Plasma-diazepam in infants after rectal administration in solution and by suppository. Acta Pacdiatr Scand 1977; 66: 563-7
    • (1977) Acta Pacdiatr Scand , vol.66 , pp. 563-567
    • Knudsen, F.U.1
  • 60
    • 0018130015 scopus 로고
    • Blood levels of diazepam after single rectal administration in infants and children
    • 60. Dulac O, Aicardi J, Key E, et al. Blood levels of diazepam after single rectal administration in infants and children. J Paediatr 1978; 36: 1039-41
    • (1978) J Paediatr , vol.36 , pp. 1039-1041
    • Dulac, O.1    Aicardi, J.2    Key, E.3
  • 61
    • 0018118081 scopus 로고
    • Plasma concentration of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in children after a single rectal or intramuscular dose of diazepam
    • 61. Meberg A, Langlset A, Bredesen JE, et al. Plasma concentration of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in children after a single rectal or intramuscular dose of diazepam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 14: 273-6
    • (1978) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 273-276
    • Meberg, A.1    Langlset, A.2    Bredesen, J.E.3
  • 62
    • 0019778073 scopus 로고
    • Diazepam in rectal solution as premedication in children, with special reference to scrum concentrations
    • 62. Manila MAK, Ruoppi MK, Ahlström-Bengs E, et al. Diazepam in rectal solution as premedication in children, with special reference to scrum concentrations. Br J Anacsth 1981; 53: 1269-72
    • (1981) Br J Anacsth , vol.53 , pp. 1269-1272
    • Manila, M.A.K.1    Ruoppi, M.K.2    Ahlström-Bengs, E.3
  • 63
    • 0020032204 scopus 로고
    • Rectal absorption of diazepam in epileptic children
    • 63. Dhillon S, Ngwane E, Richens A. Rectal absorption of diazepam in epileptic children. Arch Dis Child 1982; 57: 264-7
    • (1982) Arch Dis Child , vol.57 , pp. 264-267
    • Dhillon, S.1    Ngwane, E.2    Richens, A.3
  • 64
    • 0021048031 scopus 로고
    • Serum concentration of clonazepam after rectal administration
    • 64. Jensen PK, Abild K, Poulsen MN. Serum concentration of clonazepam after rectal administration. Acta Neurol Scand 1983; 68: 417-20
    • (1983) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.68 , pp. 417-420
    • Jensen, P.K.1    Abild, K.2    Poulsen, M.N.3
  • 65
    • 0022644291 scopus 로고
    • Plasma concentrations of elonazepam after single rectal administration
    • 65. Rylance GW, Poulton J, Cherry RC, et al. Plasma concentrations of elonazepam after single rectal administration. Arch Dis Child 1986; 61: 186-8
    • (1986) Arch Dis Child , vol.61 , pp. 186-188
    • Rylance, G.W.1    Poulton, J.2    Cherry, R.C.3
  • 66
    • 0023522471 scopus 로고
    • Bioavailahility of rectally administered lorazepam
    • 66. Graves NM, Kriel RL, Jones-Saete C. Bioavailahility of rectally administered lorazepam. Clin Neuropharm 1987; 6: 555-9
    • (1987) Clin Neuropharm , vol.6 , pp. 555-559
    • Graves, N.M.1    Kriel, R.L.2    Jones-Saete, C.3
  • 67
    • 0023019610 scopus 로고
    • The pharmacokinetics of rectal midazolam for premeditation in children
    • 67. Saint-Maurice C, Meistelman C, Rey E, et al. The pharmacokinetics of rectal midazolam for premeditation in children. Anesthesiology 1986; 65: 536-8
    • (1986) Anesthesiology , vol.65 , pp. 536-538
    • Saint-Maurice, C.1    Meistelman, C.2    Rey, E.3
  • 68
    • 0019159863 scopus 로고
    • Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. IX. Comparative biopharmaceutics of diazepam after single rectal, oral, intramuscular and intravenous administration in man
    • 68. Moolenaar F, Bakker S, Visser J, et al. Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. IX. Comparative biopharmaceutics of diazepam after single rectal, oral, intramuscular and intravenous administration in man. Int J Pharm 1980; 5: 127-37
    • (1980) Int J Pharm , vol.5 , pp. 127-137
    • Moolenaar, F.1    Bakker, S.2    Visser, J.3
  • 69
    • 0022503983 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of rectal diazepam in the prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions
    • 69. Minagawa K, Miura H, Mizuno S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of rectal diazepam in the prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions. Brain Dev 1986; 8: 53-9
    • (1986) Brain Dev , vol.8 , pp. 53-59
    • Minagawa, K.1    Miura, H.2    Mizuno, S.3
  • 70
    • 0015693947 scopus 로고
    • Diazepam elimination in premature and full term infants, and children
    • 70. Morselli PL, Principi N, Tognoni GM, et al. Diazepam elimination in premature and full term infants, and children. J Perinat Med 1973; 1: 133-44
    • (1973) J Perinat Med , vol.1 , pp. 133-144
    • Morselli, P.L.1    Principi, N.2    Tognoni, G.M.3
  • 71
    • 0024460130 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and clinical use of benzodiazepines in the management of status epileptieus
    • 71. Treiman DM. Pharmacokinetics and clinical use of benzodiazepines in the management of status epileptieus, Epilepsia 1989; 30 Suppl. 2: S4-S10
    • (1989) Epilepsia , vol.30 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Treiman, D.M.1
  • 72
    • 0000392721 scopus 로고
    • Lorazepam versus phenytoin in the treatment of generalised convulsive status epilepticus: Report of an ongoing study
    • 72. Treiman DM, De Giorgio CM, Ben-Menachem E, et al. Lorazepam versus phenytoin in the treatment of generalised convulsive status epilepticus: report of an ongoing study [abstract]. Neurology 1985; 35: 284
    • (1985) Neurology , vol.35 , pp. 284
    • Treiman, D.M.1    De Giorgio, C.M.2    Ben-Menachem, E.3
  • 73
    • 0023837005 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of status epilepticus: A prospective comparison of diazepam and phenytoin versus phenobarbital and optional phenytoin
    • 73. Shaner DM, McCurdy SA, Herring MO, et al. Treatment of status epilepticus: a prospective comparison of diazepam and phenytoin versus phenobarbital and optional phenytoin. Neurology 1988; 38: 202-7
    • (1988) Neurology , vol.38 , pp. 202-207
    • Shaner, D.M.1    McCurdy, S.A.2    Herring, M.O.3
  • 74
    • 0028157266 scopus 로고
    • Rectal diazepam for prehospital pediatric status epilepticus
    • 74. Dieckmann RA. Rectal diazepam for prehospital pediatric status epilepticus. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23: 216-24
    • (1994) Ann Emerg Med , vol.23 , pp. 216-224
    • Dieckmann, R.A.1
  • 75
    • 0002314014 scopus 로고
    • A prospective double-blind study of the effects of intravenously administered lorazepam and diazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus
    • 75. Andermann F, Cendes F, Reiher J, et al. A prospective double-blind study of the effects of intravenously administered lorazepam and diazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus [abstract]. Epilepsia 1992; 33: 3
    • (1992) Epilepsia , vol.33 , pp. 3
    • Andermann, F.1    Cendes, F.2    Reiher, J.3
  • 76
    • 0030948363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children
    • 76. Chamberlain JM, Altieri MA, Futterman C, et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing intramuscular midazolam with intravenous diazepam for the treatment of seizures in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 1997; 13: 92-4
    • (1997) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.13 , pp. 92-94
    • Chamberlain, J.M.1    Altieri, M.A.2    Futterman, C.3
  • 77
    • 0024116057 scopus 로고
    • Lorazepam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus
    • 77. Giang DW, McBride MC. Lorazepam versus diazepam for the treatment of status epilepticus. Pediatr Neurol 1988; 4: 358-61
    • (1988) Pediatr Neurol , vol.4 , pp. 358-361
    • Giang, D.W.1    McBride, M.C.2
  • 79
    • 0032566037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of rectal diazepam gel and placebo for acute repetitive seizures
    • 79. Dreifuss FE, Rosman NP, Cloyd JC, et al. A comparison of rectal diazepam gel and placebo for acute repetitive seizures. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1869-75
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.338 , pp. 1869-1875
    • Dreifuss, F.E.1    Rosman, N.P.2    Cloyd, J.C.3
  • 80
    • 0028169642 scopus 로고
    • High-dose intravenous lorazepam for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus
    • 80. Labar DR, Ali A, Root J. High-dose intravenous lorazepam for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Neurology 1994; 44: 1400-3
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , pp. 1400-1403
    • Labar, D.R.1    Ali, A.2    Root, J.3
  • 81
    • 0026724284 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous midazolam for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus
    • 81. Kumar A, Bleck TP. Intravenous midazolam for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 483-8
    • (1992) Crit Care Med , vol.20 , pp. 483-488
    • Kumar, A.1    Bleck, T.P.2
  • 82
    • 0026536735 scopus 로고
    • The use of intramuscular midazolam for acute seizure cessation or behavioral emergencies in patients with traumatic brain injury
    • 82. Wroblewski BA, Joseph AB. The use of intramuscular midazolam for acute seizure cessation or behavioral emergencies in patients with traumatic brain injury. Clin Neuropharmacol 1992; 15: 44-9
    • (1992) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.15 , pp. 44-49
    • Wroblewski, B.A.1    Joseph, A.B.2
  • 83
    • 0026636869 scopus 로고
    • Midazolam in treatment of epileptic seizures
    • 83. Lahat E, Aladjem M, Eshel G, et al. Midazolam in treatment of epileptic seizures, Pediatr Neurol 1992; 8: 215-6
    • (1992) Pediatr Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 215-216
    • Lahat, E.1    Aladjem, M.2    Eshel, G.3
  • 84
    • 0027163783 scopus 로고
    • Midazolam in the treatment of status epilepticus in children
    • 84. Rivera R, Segnini M, Baltodano A, et al. Midazolam in the treatment of status epilepticus in children. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 991-4
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 991-994
    • Rivera, R.1    Segnini, M.2    Baltodano, A.3
  • 86
    • 0027948145 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of refractory generalized status epilepticus with continuous infusion of midazolam
    • 86. Parent JM, Lowenstein DH. Treatment of refractory generalized status epilepticus with continuous infusion of midazolam. Neurology 1994; 44: 1837-40
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , pp. 1837-1840
    • Parent, J.M.1    Lowenstein, D.H.2
  • 87
    • 0029829377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasal rather than rectal benzodiazepines in the management of acute childhood seizures?
    • 87. O'Regan ME, Brown JK, Clarke M. Nasal rather than rectal benzodiazepines in the management of acute childhood seizures? Dev Med Child Neurol 1996; 38: 1037-45
    • (1996) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 1037-1045
    • O'Regan, M.E.1    Brown, J.K.2    Clarke, M.3
  • 88
    • 0026089625 scopus 로고
    • Home use of rectal diazepam for cluster and prolonged seizures: Efficacy, adverse reactions, quality of life, and cost analysis
    • 88 Kriel RL, Cloyd JC, Hadsall RS, et al. Home use of rectal diazepam for cluster and prolonged seizures: efficacy, adverse reactions, quality of life, and cost analysis. Pediatr Neurol 1991; 7: 13-7
    • (1991) Pediatr Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 13-17
    • Kriel, R.L.1    Cloyd, J.C.2    Hadsall, R.S.3
  • 89
    • 0022457917 scopus 로고
    • A pharmacodynamic evaluation of midazolam as an antiepileptic compound
    • 89. Jawad S, Oxley J, Wilson J, et al. A pharmacodynamic evaluation of midazolam as an antiepileptic compound. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49: 1050-4
    • (1986) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 1050-1054
    • Jawad, S.1    Oxley, J.2    Wilson, J.3
  • 90
    • 0025851558 scopus 로고
    • The influence of diazepam or lorazepam on the frequency of endotracheal intubation in childhood status epilepticus
    • 90. Chiulli DA, Terndrup TE, Kanter RK, The influence of diazepam or lorazepam on the frequency of endotracheal intubation in childhood status epilepticus. J Emerg Med 1991; 9: 13-7
    • (1991) J Emerg Med , vol.9 , pp. 13-17
    • Chiulli, D.A.1    Terndrup, T.E.2    Kanter, R.K.3
  • 91
    • 0013570885 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs used in the treatment of status epilepticus (1983)
    • Cited in: Levy RH, Dreifuss FE, Malison H, et al., editors. New York: Raven Press
    • 91. Van Der Kleijn E, Baars AM, Uree TB, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs used in the treatment of status epilepticus (1983), Cited in: Levy RH, Dreifuss FE, Malison H, et al., editors. Antiepileptic drugs. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press, 1989: 776
    • (1989) Antiepileptic Drugs. 3rd Ed. , pp. 776
    • Van Der Kleijn, E.1    Baars, A.M.2    Uree, T.B.3
  • 92
    • 0021743129 scopus 로고
    • Midazolam: A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use
    • 92. Dundee JW, Halliday NJ, Harper KW, et al. Midazolam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 1984; 28: 519-43
    • (1984) Drugs , vol.28 , pp. 519-543
    • Dundee, J.W.1    Halliday, N.J.2    Harper, K.W.3
  • 93
    • 0031931727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of clobazam, midazolam, and nitrazepam in epilepsy
    • 93. Shorvon SD. The use of clobazam, midazolam, and nitrazepam in epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998; 39 Suppl, 1: S15-S23
    • (1998) Epilepsia , vol.39 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Shorvon, S.D.1
  • 94
    • 0001809861 scopus 로고
    • How to use benzodiazepines
    • Morselli PL, Pippenger CE, Penry JK, editors. New York: Raven Press
    • 94. Schmidt D. How to use benzodiazepines. In: Morselli PL, Pippenger CE, Penry JK, editors. Antiepileptic drug therapy in pediatrics. New York: Raven Press, 1983: 271-80
    • (1983) Antiepileptic Drug Therapy in Pediatrics , pp. 271-280
    • Schmidt, D.1
  • 95
    • 0025861587 scopus 로고
    • Convulsive disorders: Status epilepticus
    • 95. Bleck TP. Convulsive disorders: status epilepticus. Clin Neuropharmacol 1991; 14: 191-8
    • (1991) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 191-198
    • Bleck, T.P.1
  • 96
    • 0029943483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children, adolescents, and young adults: Etiology, outcome, and treatment
    • 96. Mitchell WG. Status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children, adolescents, and young adults: etiology, outcome, and treatment. Epilepsia 1996; 37 Suppl. 1: S74-S80
    • (1996) Epilepsia , vol.37 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Mitchell, W.G.1
  • 97
    • 0018832428 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous clonazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus in children
    • 97. Congdon PJ, Forsythe WI. Intravenous clonazepam in the treatment of status epilepticus in children. Epilepsia 1980; 21: 97-102
    • (1980) Epilepsia , vol.21 , pp. 97-102
    • Congdon, P.J.1    Forsythe, W.I.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.