Application of ecological research to the development of a new South African water law

Journal of the North American Benthological Society

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 132-142

  Palmer, Carolyn G ^a  

^a RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033105685     PISSN: 08873593     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1468013     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. ANZECC (AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION COUNCIL). 1992. Australian water quality guidelines. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Melbourne, Australia. (Available from: Environment Australia, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.)
2. th edition American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and American Pollution Control Federation, Washington, DC.
3. ARMITAGE, P. D., AND G. E. PETTS. 1992. Biotic score and prediction to assess the effects of water abstractions on river macroinvertebrates for conservation purposes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Systems 2:1-17.
4. ARTHINGTON, A. L., J. M. KING, J. H. O'KEEFFE, S. E. BUNN, J. A. DAY, B. J. PUSEY, D. R. BLUDHORN, AND R. E. THARME. 1992. Development of an holistic approach for assessing environmental water requirements for riverine ecosystems. Pages 69-76 in J. J. Pigram and B. P. Hoopwer (editors). Water allocations for the environment. Proceedings of an International Seminar and Workshop, 27-29 November 1991, Armidale, Australia. (Available from: Centre for Water Policy Research, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.)
5. ASHTON, P. J., H. R. VAN VLIET, AND H. M. MACKAY. 1995. The use of environmental capacity concepts in water quality management: a South African perspective. New World Water 1995:45-48.
6. CCREM (CANADIAN COUNCIL OF RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MINISTERS). 1987. Canadian water quality guidelines. Prepared by the Task Force on Water Quality Guidelines of the Canadian Council of Resource and Environmental Ministers. CCREM, Toronto, Ontario.
7. CHUTTER, F. M. 1972. An empirical biotic index of the quality of water in South African streams and rivers. Water Research 6:19-30.
8. CHUTTER, F. M. 1994. The rapid biological assessment of stream and river quality by means of the macroinvertebrate community in South Africa. Pages 217-234 in M. C. Uys (editor). Proceedings of a Joint South African Australian Workshop: Classification of Rivers and Environmental Health Indicators, 7-11 February 1994, Cape Town, South Africa. Water Research Commission Report No. TT 63/94. Water Reseacph Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
9. CHUTTER, F. M. 1998. Research on the rapid biological assessment of water quality impacts in streams and rivers. Water Research Commission Report No. 422/1/98. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
10. COOPER, J. A., A. E. L. RAMM, AND T. D. HARRISON. 1994. The estuarine health index: a new approach to scientific information transfer. Ocean and Coastal Management 25:103-141.
11. COURTEMANCH, D. L. 1994. Bridging the old and new art of biological monitoring. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 13:117-121.
12. DALLAS, H. F., AND J. A. DAY. 1993. The effect of water quality variables on riverine ecosystems: a review. Water Research Commission Report TT61.93. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
13. DALLAS, H. F., J. A. DAY, D. MUSIBONO, AND E. G. DAY. 1998. Water quality requirements for riverine biota. Water Research Commission Report No. 626/ 1/98. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
14. DALLAS, H. F., J. A. DAY, AND E. 3G. REYNOLDS. 1994. The effects of water quality variables on riverine biotas. Water Research Commission Report 351/ 1/94. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
15. DALLINGER, R., AND P. S. RAINBOW. 1993. Ecotoxicology of metals in invertebrates. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.
16. DAVIS, J. A., AND L. A. BARMUTA. 1989. An ecologically useful classification of mean and near-bed flows in streams and rivers. Freshwater Biology 21:271-282.
17. DWAF (DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY). 1993. South African water quality guidelines. Volume 1. Domestic use. Volume 2. Recreational use. Volume 3. Industrial use. Volume 4. Agricultural water use. DWAF, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: DWAF, Pvt. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
18. DWAF (DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY). 1995. You and your water rights. DWAF, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: DWAF, Pvt. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
19. DWAF (DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY). 1996a. Water law principles: discussion document. DWAF, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: DWAF, Pvt. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
20. DWAF (DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY). 1996b. South African water quality guidelines. Volume 7. Aquatic ecosystems. DWAF, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: DWAF, Pvt. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
21. DWAF (DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY). 1996c. The philosophy and practice of integrated catchment management: implications for water resources management in South Africa. Water Research Commission Report TT 81/96. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
22. DWAF (DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY). 1997. White paper on a national water policy for South Africa. DWAF, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: DWAF, Pvt. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
23. EEKHOUT, S., J. M. KING, AND A. WACKERNAGEL. 1997. Classification of South African rivers. Volume 1. The Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: The Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Pvt. Bag X447, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
24. ESTES, C. C., AND J. F. OSBORNE. 1986. Review and analysis of methods for quantifying instream flow requirements. Water Resources Bulletin 22: 389-398.
25. FAUSCH, K. D., J. R. KARR, AND P. B. YANT. 1984. Regional application of an Index of Biotic Integrity based on fish communities. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113:39-55.
26. FRISSELL, C. A., W. J. LISS., C. E. WARREN, AND M. D. HURLEY. 1986. A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: viewing streams in a watershed context. Environmental Management 10:199-214.
27. GERRITSEN, J. 1995. Additive biological indices for resource management. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 14:451-457.
28. GOETSCH, P.-A., AND C. G. PALMER. 1997. Salinity tolerances of selected macroinvertebrates of the Sabie River, Kruger National Park, South Africa. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32:31-41.
29. GROBLER, E., H. H. DU PREEZ, AND J. H. J. VAN VUREN. 1989a. Toxic effects of zinc and iron on the routine oxygen consumption of Tilapia sparmanni (Cichlidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 94C:207-214.
30. GROBLER, E., J. H. J. VAN VUREN, AND H. H. DU PREEZ. 1989b. Routine oxygen consumption of Tilapia sparmanni (Cichlidae) following acute exposure to atrazine. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 93C:37-42.
31. HART, D. D. 1994. Building a stronger partnership between ecological research and biological monitoring. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 13:110-116.
32. HOHLS, D. R. 1996. National biomonitoring programme for riverine ecosystems: framework document for the programme. National Biomonitoring Programme Report Series No. 1. Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa.
33. HUGHES, D. A., J. H. O'KEEFFE, V. SMAKHTIN, AND J. KING. 1997. Development of an operating rule model to simulate time series of reservoir releases for instream flow requirements. Water SA 23:21-30.
34. HUGHES, R. M., AND R. F. NOSS. 1992. Biological diversity and biological integrity: current concerns for lakes and streams. Fisheries 17(1):11-16.
35. JEWITT, G. P. W., G. L. HERITAGE, D. C. WEEKS, J. A. MACKENZIE, A. VAN NIEKERK, A. H. M. GORGENS, J. H. O'KEEFFE, K. ROGERS, AND M. HORN. 1998. Modelling abiotic-biotic links in the Sabie River. Water Research Commission Report 777/1/98. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
36. JOWETT, I. G., J. RICHARDSON, B. J. F. BIGGS, C. W. HICKEY, AND J. M. QUINN. 1991. Microhabitat preferences of benthic invertebrates and the development of generalized Deleatidium spp. habitat suitability curves, applied to four New Zealand rivers. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 25:187-199.
37. KARR, J. R. 1981. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 6(1):21-37.
38. KERSHNER, J. L., AND W. M. SNIDER. 1992. Importance of a habitat-level classification system to design instream flow studies. Pages 179-194 in P. J. Boon, P. Calow, and G. E. Petts (editors). River conservation and management. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
39. KING, J. M. 1981. The distribution of invertebrate communities in a small South African River. Hydrobiologia 83:43-65.
40. KING, J. M. 1996. Discussion document for policy development: quantifying the amount of water required for the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Law Review. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: DWAF, Pvt. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
41. KING, J. M., J. A. DAY, P. R. HURLY, B. R. DAVIES, AND M. P. HENSHALL-HOWARD. 1987. Macroinvertebrate communities and environment in a southern African mountain stream. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45:2168-2181.
42. KING, J. M., AND D. LOUW. 1998. Instream flow assessments for regulated rivers in South African using the Building Block Methodology. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 1:109-124.
43. KING, J. M., AND R. E. THARME. 1994. Assessment of the instream flow incremental methodology and initial development of alternative instream flow methodologies for South Africa. Water Research Commission Report No 295/1/94. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
44. KLEYNHANS, C. J. 1996. A qualitative procedure for assessment of the habitat integrity status of the Luvuvhu River (Limpopo system), South Africa. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 5:1-14.
45. LOUW, D. 1998. Starter document for Mkomazi IFR study. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: Environmental Studies Unit, DWAF, Pvt. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
46. NEWSON, M. D. 1996. An assessment of the current and potential role of fluvial geomorphology in support of sustainable river management practice in South Africa. Water Research Commission Report KV83/96. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.)
47. O'KEEFFE, J. H., B. R. DAVIES, J. M. KING, AND P. H. SKELTON. 1989. The conservation status of southern African rivers. Pages 266-289 in B. J. Huntley (editor). Biodiversity in southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, South Africa.
48. PALMER, C. G., P.-A. GOETSCH, AND J. H. O'KEEFFE. 1996. Development of a recirculating artificial stream to investigate the use of macroinvertebrates as water quality indicators. Water Research Commission Report 475/1/96. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
49. PALMER, C. G., J. H. O'KEEFFE, AND A. R. PALMER. 1991. Are macro-invertebrate species assemblages associated with biotopes in the Buffalo River, eastern Cape, southern Africa? Journal of the North American Benthological Society 10:349-357.
50. PALMER, C. G., J. H. O'KEEFFE, AND A. R. PALMER. 1993a. Macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in the middle and lower reaches of the Buffalo River, eastern Cape. Part 2: Functional morphology and behaviour. Freshwater Biology 29:455-462.
51. PALMER, C. G., J. H. O'KEEFFE, A. R. PALMER, T. DUNNE, AND S. RADLOFF. 1993b. Macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in the middle and lower reaches of the Buffalo River, eastern Cape. Part 1: Dietary variability. Freshwater Biology 29: 441-453.
52. PALMER, C. G., B. PECKHAM, AND F. SOLTAU. The role of legislation in river conservation. In P. J. Boon, B. R. Davies, and G. Petts (editors). Global perspectives in river conservation: research, policy and practice. John Wiley and Sons, London, UK (in press).
53. PEGRAM, G. C., G. QUIBELL, AND A. H. M. GORGENS. 1996. Non-point sources in South Africa - a situation assessment. Water Research Commission Document K5/665/0/1. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
54. PLAFKIN, J. L., M. T. BARBOUR, K. D. PORTER, S. K. GROSS, AND R. M. HUGHES. 1989. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. EPA/ 440/4-89-001. US Environmental Protection Agency, Assessment and Watershed Division, Washington, DC.
55. REYNOLDSON, T. B., AND J. L. METCALFE-SMITH. 1992. An overview of the assessment of aquatic ecosystem health using benthic invertebrates. Journal of Ecosystem Health. 1:295-308.
56. RICHTER, B., J. V. BAUMGARTNER, R. WIGINGTON, AND D. BRAUN. 1997. How much water does a river need? Freshwater Biology 37:231-249.
57. ROBERTSON, A. L., J. LANCASTER, L. R. BELAYEA, AND A. G. HILDREW. 1997. Hydraulic habitat and the assemblage structure of stream benthic microcrustacea. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16:562-575.
58. ROUX, D. J., S. H. J. JOOSTE, AND H. M. MACKAY. 1996. Substance-specific water quality criteria for the protection of South African freshwater ecosystems: methods for derivation and initial results from some inorganic substances. South African Journal of Science 92:198-206.
59. ROUX, D. J., C. THIRION, M. SMIDT, AND M. J. EVERETT. 1994. A procedure for assessing biotic integrity in rivers - application to three river systems flowing through the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Institute for Water Quality Studies Report No. N 0000/00REQ/0894. Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa.
60. ROWNTREE, K. M. (EDITOR). 1996. The hydraulics of physical biotopes - terminology, inventory and calibration. Water Research Commission Report KV84/96. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
61. SLABBERT, J. L., J. OOSTHUIZEN, E. HILL, AND E. A. VENTER. 1998a. Development of procedures to assess whole effluent toxicity. Water Research Commission Report 453/1/98. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
62. SLABBERT, J. L., J. OOSTHUIZEN, E. A. VENTER, E. HILL, AND M. DU PREEZ. 1998b. Development of guidelines for toxicity bioassaying of drinking and environmental waters in South Africa. Water Research Commission Report 358/1/98. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
63. STANFORD, J. A. 1997. Toward a robust water policy for the western USA: synthesis of the science. Aquatic Ecosystem Symposium. A Report to the Western Water Policy Advisory Commission. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
64. STATZNER, B., AND B. HIGLER. 1986. Stream hydraulics as a major determinant of benthic invertebrate zonation patterns. Freshwater Biology 16:127-139.
65. SUTER, G. W. 1993. Ecological risk assessment. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.
66. THARME, R. 1996. Review of international methodologies for the quantification of the instream flow requirements of rivers. Discussion Document: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Law Review. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: DWAF, Pvt. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
67. THARME, R. 1997. Sabie Sand IFR Workshop. Final Workshop Report. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. (Available from: Environmental Studies, DWAF, Pvt. Bag, X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.)
68. USEPA (US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY). 1986. Quality criteria for water - 1986. EPA/440/ 5-86-001. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, USEPA, Washington DC.
69. UYS, M. C., P. A. GOETSCH, AND J. H. O'KEEFFE. 1996. National biomonitoring programme for riverine ecosystems: ecological indicators, a review and recommendations. National Biomonitoring Programme Report Series No. 4. Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa.
70. VAN COLLER, A. L., AND K. H. ROGERS. 1996. A basis for determining the instream flow requirements of the riparian vegetation along the Sabie River within the Kruger National Park. Centre for Water in the Environment Report No. 2/96. Centre for Water in the Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
71. VAN COLLER, A. L., K. H. ROGERS, AND G. L. HERITAGE. 1997. Linking riparian vegetation types and fluvial geomorphology along the Sabie River within the Kruger National Park, South Africa. African Journal of Ecology 35:194-212.
72. VAN DER MERWE, W., AND D. C. GROBLER. 1990. Water quality management in the Republic of South Africa: preparing for the future. Water SA 16:49-54.
73. WADESON, R. A. 1994. A geomorphological approach to the identification and classification of instream flow environments. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 20:1-24.
74. WEEKS, D. C., J. H. O'KEEFFE, A. FOURIE, AND B. R. DAVIES. 1996. A pre-impoundment study of the Sabie Sand River system, Mpumalanga, with special reference to the predicted impacts on the Kruger National Park. Volume 1. The ecological status of the Sabie-Sand River system. Water Research Commission Report 294/1/96. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
75. WILLIAMS, M. L. 1996. Macroinvertebrate community structure and species responses to chlorine in treated sewage effluent in the Umbilo and Umzinduze rivers, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa. MSc Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.