Pathways of macromolecular extravasation across microvascular endothelium in response to VPF/VEGF and other vasoactive mediators

Microcirculation

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 23-44

  Feng, Dian ^a   Nagy, Janice A ^a   Pyne, Katiiyrn ^a   Hammel, Ilan ^b   Dvorak, Harold F ^a   Dvorak, Ann M ^a,c  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Endothelial gaps; Fenestrae; Trans endothelial cell pores; Vascular permeability; Vascular permeability factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF VEGF); Vesiculo vacuolar organelle (VVO)

Indexed keywords

ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH FACTOR; LYMPHOKINE; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN A;

ANIMAL; CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; DRUG EFFECT; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; MICROCIRCULATION; REVIEW; ULTRASTRUCTURE; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ANIMALS; CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; LYMPHOKINES; MICROCIRCULATION; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS;

EID: 0033094007     PISSN: 10739688     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713773925     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Baluk P, Hirata A, Thurston G, Fujiwara T, Neal CR, Michel CC, McDonald DM. (1997). Endothelial gaps: Time course of formation and closure in inflamed venules of rats. Am J Physiol 272:L155-L170.
2. Bearer EL, Orci L. (1985). Endothelial fenestral diaphragms: a quick-freeze, deep-etch study. J Cell Biol 100:418-428.
3. Berse B, Brown LF, Van De Water L, Dvorak HF, Senger DR. (1992). Vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) gene is expressed differentially in normal tissues, macrophages, and tumors. Mol Biol Cell 3:211-220.
4. Breier G, Albrecht U, Sterrer S, Risau W. (1992). Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor during embryonic angiogenesis and endothelial cell differentiation. Development. 114:521-532.
5. Brown L, Detmar M, Claffey K, Nagy J, Feng D, Dvorak A, Dvorak, H. (1997). Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: A multifunctional angiogenic cytokine. In: Regulation of Angioigenesis (I Goldberg and E Rosen, Eds.). Birkhauser Verlag. Basel.
6. Bundgaard M. (1980). Transport pathways in capillaries - in search of pores. Annu Rev Physiol 42:325-336.
7. Chaplin DJ, Olive PL, Durand RE. (1987). Intermittent blood flow in a murine tumor: radiobiological effects. Canc Res. 47:597-601.
8. Clementi F, Palade GE. (1969). Intestinal capillaries. I. Permeability to peroxidase and ferritin. J Cell Biol 41:33-58.
9. Clementi F , Palade, GE. (1969). Intestinal capillaries. II. Structural effects of EDTA and histamine. J Cell Biol 42:706-714.
10. Dvorak A. (1987). Procedural guide to specimen handling for the ultrastructural pathology service laboratory. J Electron Microsc Tech 6:255-301.
11. Dvorak A. (1991). Basophil and mast cell degranulation and recovery. In: Blood Cell Biochemistry, Vol. 4.(A Dvorak, Ed.) Plenum Press. New York. 1-415.
12. Dvorak AM, Kolm S, Morgan ES, Fox P, Nagy JA, Dvorak HF. (1996). The vesiculo-vacuolar organelle (VVO): A distinct endothelial cell structure that provides a transcellular pathway for macromolecular extravasation. J Leukoc Biol 59:100-115.
13. Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Detmar M, Dvorak AM. (1995). Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 146:1029-1039.
14. Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM, Manseau EJ, Wiberg L, Churchill WH. (1979). Fibrin gel investment associated with line 1 and line 10 solid tumor growth, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia in guinea pigs. Role of cellular immunity, myofibroblasts, microvascular damage, and infarction in line 1 tumor regression. J Natl Cancer Inst 62:1459-1472.
15. Dvorak HF, Harvey VS, McDonagh J. (1984). Quantitation of fibrinogen influx and fibrin deposition and turnover in line 1 and line 10 guinea pig carcinomas. Canc Res. 44:3348-3354.
16. Dvorak HF, Nagy JA, Dvorak JT, Dvorak AM. (1988). Identification and characterization of the blood vessels of solid tumors that are leaky to circulating macromolecules. Am J Pathol 133:95-109.
17. Dvorak HF, Orenstein NS, Carvalho AC, Churchill WH, Dvorak AM, Galli SJ, Feder J, Bitzer AM, Rypysc J, Giovinco P. (1979). Induction of a fibrin-gel investment: An early event in line 10 hepatocarcinoma growth mediated by tumor-secreted products. J Immunol 122:166-174.
18. Dvorak HF, Sioussat TM, Brown LF, Nagy, JA, Sotrel A, Manseau E., Van De Water L, Senger DR. (1991). Distribution of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) in tumors: concentration in tumor blood vessels. J Exp Med 174:1275-1278.
19. Feng D, Nagy J, Hipp J, Dvorak H, Dvorak A. (1996). Vesiculo-vacuolar organelles and the regulation of venule permeability to macromolceulcs by vascular permeability factor, histamine, and scrotonin. J Exp Med 183:1981-1986.
20. Feng D, Nagy J, Hipp J, Pyne K, Dvorak H, Dvorak A. (1997). Reinterpretation of endothelial cell gaps induced by vasoactive mediators in guinea-pig, mouse and rat: many are transcellular pores. J Physiol (London) 504:747-761.
21. Frokjaer-Jensen J. (1991). The endothelial vesicle system in cryofixed frog mesenteric capillaries analysed by ultrathin serial sectioning. J Electron Microsc Tech 19:291-304.
22. Hammel I, Dvorak AM, Galli SJ. (1987). Defective cytoplasmic granule formation. I. Abnormalities affecting tissue mast cells and pancreatic acinar cells of beige mice. Lab Invest 56:321-328.
23. Hammel I, Dvorak AM, Peters SP, Schulman ES, Dvorak HF, Lichtenstein LM, Galli SJ. (1985). Differences in the volume distributions of human lung mast cell granules and lipid bodies: evidence that the size of these organelles is regulated by distinct mechanisms. J Cell Biol 100:1488-1492.
24. Hammel I, Lagunoff D, Bauza M, Chi E. (1983). Periodic, multimodal distribution of granule volumes in mast cells. Cell Tissue Res 228:51-59.
25. Hammel I, Lagunoff D, Wysolmerski R. (1993). Theoretical considerations on the formation of secretory granules in the rat pancreas. Exp Cell Res 204: 1-5.
26. Hirata A, Baluk P, Fujiwara T, McDonald DM. (1995). Location of focal silver staining at endothelial gaps in inflamed venules examined by scanning electron microscopy. Am J Physiol 269:L403-418.
27. Jain RK. (1990). Physiological barriers to delivery of monoclonal antibodies and other macromolecules in tumors. Canc Res. 50 (Suppl):814s-819s.
28. Joris I, MajnoG, Lorey EJ, Lewis RA. (1987). The mechanism of vascular leakage induced by leukotriene E4 endothelial contraction. Am J Pathol 126:19-24.
29. Karnovsky MJ, Leventhal MM. (1973). Some aspects of the structural basis for permeability of small blood vessels. In Small Vessel Angiography (SK Hilal, Ed.). Mosby. St. Louis, MO. 117.
30. Kohn S, Nagy JA, Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM. (1992). Pathways of macromolecular tracer transport across venules and small veins. Structural basis for the hyperpermeability of tumor blood vessels. Lab Invest 67:596-607.
31. Levick JR, Smaje, LH. (1987). An analysis of the permeability of a fenestra. Microrasc Res 33:233-256.
32. Majuo G, Gilmore V, Leventhal M. (1967). On the mechanism of vascular leakage caused by histamine type mediators. A microscopic study in vivo. Circ Res 21:833-847.
33. Majno G, Palade G, Schoefl G. (1961). Studies on inflammation. II. The site of action of histamine and serotonin along the vascular tree: A topographic study. J Biophys Biochem Cytology 11:607-626.
34. Majno G, Shea SM, Leventhal, M. (1969). Endothelial contraction induced by histamine-type mediators: An electron microscopic study. J Cell Biol 42:647-672.
35. Maul, GG. (1971). Structure and formation of pores in fenestrated capillaries. J Ultrastruct Res 36:768-782.
36. Milici, AJ, Bankston PW. (1982). Fetal and neonatal rat intestinal capillaries: permeability to carbon, ferritin, hemoglobin, and myoglobin. Am J Anat 165: 165-186.
37. Nagy JA. Masse EM, Herzberg KT, Meyers MS, Yeo K-T, Yeo T-K, Sioussat TM, Dvorak HF. (1995). Pathogenesis of ascites tumor growth. Vascular permeability factor, vascular hyperpermeability and ascites fluid accumulation. Canc Res. 55:360-368.
38. Neal C, Michel C. (1996). Openings in frog microvascular endothelium induced by high intravascular pressure. J Physiol (London) 492:39-52.
39. Neal CR, Michel CC. (1995). Transcellular gaps in microvascular walls of frog and rat when permeability is increased by perfusion with the ionophore A23187. J Physiol (London) 488:427-437.
40. Palade GE. (1988). The microvascular endothelium revisited. In: Endothelial Cell Biology in Health and Disease (N Simionescu, and M Simionescu, Eds.). Plenum Press. New York. 3-22.
41. Palade GE, Simionescu M, Simionescu N. (1979). Structural aspects of the permeability of the microvascular endothelium. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 463: 11-32.
42. Qu-Hong, Nagy JA, Senger DH, Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM. (1995). Ultrastructural localization of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF) to the abluminal plasma membrane and vesicuolo-vacuolar organelles of tumor microvascular endothelium. J Histochem Cytochem 43:381-389.
43. Rippe B, Haraldsson B. (1994). Transport of macromolecules across microvascular walls: the two-pore theory. Physiol Rev 74:163-219.
44. Roberts W, Palade G. (1995). Increased capillary permeability and endothelial fenestration induced by acute administration of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endothelium 2 (suppl):s20 (Abstract).
45. Roberts WG , Palade, GE. (1995). Increased microvascular permeability and endothelial fenestration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. J Cell Sci 108:2369-2379.
46. Roberts WG, Palade GE. (1997). Neovasculature induced by vascular endothelial growth factor is fenestrated. Canc Res. 57:765-772.
47. Rostgaard J, Qvortrup K. (1997). Electron microscopic demonstrations of filamentous molecular sieve plugs in capillary fenestrae. Microvasc Res 53: 1-13.
48. Simionescu M, Simionescu N, Silbert JE, Palade GE. (1981). Differentiated microdomains on the luminal surface of the capillary endothelium. II. Partial characterization of their anionic sites. J Cell Biol 90:614-621.
49. Simionescu N. (1983). Cellular aspects of transcapillary exchange. Physiol Rev 63: 1536-1579.
50. Vasile E, Qu-Hong, Dvorak H, Dvorak A. (1998). Caveolae and vesiculo-vacuolar organelles in bovine capillary endothelial cells cultured with VPF/VEGF on floating Matrigel-collagen gels. J Histochem Cytochem, in press.