Pharmacologic management of Alzheimer disease. Part II: Antioxidants, antihypertensives, and ergoloid derivatives

Annals of Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 188-197

  Flynn, Barbara L ^a,b   Ranno, Anthony E ^c  

^a CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b St Joseph Villa Nursing Center   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; Antihypertensives; Antioxidants; Ergoloid derivatives

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CATALASE; CERANAPRIL; CLONIDINE; DIHYDROERGOTOXINE MESILATE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GUANFACINE; MANGANESE SALEN CHLORIDE; N TERT BUTYL ALPHA PHENYLNITRONE; NICERGOLINE; NIMODIPINE; PINDOLOL; PROPRANOLOL; SCAVENGER; SELEGILINE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGITATION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; DRUGS, INVESTIGATIONAL; ERGOLOID MESYLATES; HUMANS; NICERGOLINE; NOOTROPIC AGENTS;

EID: 0033057326     PISSN: 10600280     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1345/aph.17172     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Katzman R, Kawas C. The epidemiology of dementia and Alzheimer disease. In: Terry RD, Katzman R, Bick KL, eds. Alzheimer disease. New York: Raven Press, 1994:105-22.
2. Frölich L, Riederer P. Free radical mechanisms in dementia of Alzheimer type and the potential for antioxidative treatment. Arzneimittelforschung 1995;45:443-6.
3. Lohr JB. Oxygen radicals and neuropsychiatric illness: some speculations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:1097-106.
4. Lohr JB, Browning JA. Free radical involvement in neuropsychiatric illnesses. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995;31:159-65.
5. Ehmann WD, Markesbery WR, Alauddin M, Hossain TIM, Brubaker EH. Brain trace elements in Alzheimer's disease. Neurotoxicology 1986; 7:197-206.
6. Thompson CM, Markesbery WR, Ehmann WD, Mao Y-X, Vance DE. Regional brain trace-element studies in Alzheimer's disease. Neurotoxicology 1988;9:1-8.
7. Samudralwar DL, DiPrete CC, Ni BF, Markesbery WR, Ehmann WD. Elemental imbalances in the olfactory pathway in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 1995;130:139-45.
8. Good PF, Perl DP, Bierer LM, Schmeidler J. Selective accumulation of aluminum and iron in the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease: a laser microprobe (LAMMA) study. Ann Neurol 1992;31:286-92.
9. Coyle JT, Puttfarcken P. Oxidative stress, glutamate and neurodegenerative disorders. Science 1993;262:689-95.
10. Lovell MA, Ehmann WD, Butler SM, Markesbery WR. Elevated thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995;45:1594-601.
11. 25-35 peptide-mediated neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal cultures. J Neurosci Res 1994;39:494-505.
12. Reynolds GP, Cutts AJ. Free radical damage in Down's syndrome brain (abstract). Biochem Soc Trans 1993;21:221S.
13. Tesco G, Latorraca S, Piersanti P, Sorbi S. Free radical injury in skin cultured fibroblasts from Alzheimer's disease patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992;673:149-53.
14. Jackson CV, Holland AJ, Williams CA, Dickerson JW. Vitamin E and Alzheimer's disease in subjects with Down's syndrome. J Ment Defic Res 1988;32:479-84.
15. Metcalfe T, Bowen DM, Muller DPR. Vitamin E concentrations in human brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease, fetuses with Down's syndrome, centenarians and controls. Neurochem Res 1989;14:1209-12.
16. Adams JD Jr, Klaidman LK, Odunze IN, Shen HC, Miller CA. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease brain levels of glutathione, glutathione disulfide and vitamin E. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1991;14:213-26.
17. Goodman Y, Mattson MP. Secreted forms of beta-amyloid precursor protein protect hippocampal neurons against amyloid beta-peptide-induced oxidative injury. Exp Neurol 1994;128:1-12.
18. Dyrks T, Dyrks E, Hartmann T, Masters C, Beyreuther K. Amyloido-genicity of βA4 and βA4-bearing amyloid protein precursor fragments by metal-catalyzed oxidation. J Biol Chem 1992;267:18210-7.
19. Behl C, Davis J, Cole GM, Schubert D. Vitamin E protects nerve cells from amyloid-β protein toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186:944-50.
20. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984; 34:939-44.
21. de la Torre MR, Casado A, López-Fernández ME, Carrascosa D, Casado MC, Venarucci D, et al. Human aging brain disorders: role of antioxidant enzymes. Neurochemical Res 1996;21:885-8.
22. Richardson JS, Subbarao KV, Ang LC. On the possible role of iron-induced free radical peroxidation in neural degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992;648:326-7.
23. Evans DA, Morris MC. Is a randomized trial of antioxidants in the primary prevention of Alzheimer disease warranted? Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1996;10(suppl 1):45-9.
24. Thal LJ. Potential prevention strategies for Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1996;10(suppl 1):6-8.
25. Bolkenius FN, Verne-Mismer J, Wagner J, Grisar JM. Amphiphilic α-tocopherol analogues as inhibitors of brain lipid peroxidation. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;298:37-43.
26. Parkinson Study Group. Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:176-83.
27. Fahn S. A pilot trial of high-dose alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate in early Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1992;32(suppl):S128-S132.
28. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Melville RK, Schafer K, Grundman M, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216-22.
29. Morris JC. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology 1993;43:2412-4.
30. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-Mental State": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-98.
31. Rosen WG, Mohs RC, Davis KL. A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1356-64.
32. Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1968;114:797-811.
33. Drachman DA, Leber P. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease - searching for a breakthrough, settling for less (editorial). N Engl J Med 1997;336: 1245-7.
34. Alpha-Tocopherol. Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029-35.
35. Socci D, Crandall B, Arendash G. Chronic antioxidant treatment improves the cognitive performance of aged rats. Brain Res 1995;693:88-94.
36. Sack CA, Socci DJ, Crandall BM, Arendash GW. Antioxidant treatment with phenyl-α-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) improves the cognitive performance and survival of aging rats. Neurosci Lett 1996;205:181-4.
37. Musleh W, Bruce A, Malfroy B, Baudry M. Effects of EUK-8, a synthetic catalytic superoxide scavenger, on hypoxia-and acidosis-induced damage in hippocampal slices. Neuropharmacology 1994;33:929-34.
38. Bruce AJ, Malfroy B, Baudry M. β-amyloid toxicity in organotypic hippocampal cultures: protection by EUK-8, a synthetic catalytic free radical scavenger. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:2312-6.
39. Shimohama S, Taniguchi T, Fujiwara M, Kameyama M. Changes in β-adrenergic receptor subtypes in Alzheimer-type dementia. J Neurochem 1987;48:1215-21.
40. Kalaria RN, Andorn AC, Tabaton M, Whitehouse PJ, Harik SI, Unnerstall JR. Adrenergic receptors in aging and Alzheimer's disease: increased β-receptors in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. J Neurochem 1989;53:1772-81.
41. Lemmer B, Langer L, Ohm T, Bohl J. Beta-adrenoceptor density and subtype distribution in cerebellum and hippocampus from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1993;347: 214-9.
42. Weiler PG, Mungas D, Bernick C. Propranolol for the control of disruptive behavior in senile dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1: 226-30.
43. Greendyke RM, Kanter DR. Therapeutic effects of pindolol on behavioral disturbances associated with organic brain disease: a double blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 1986;47:423-6.
44. Greendyke RM, Kanter DR, Schuster DB, Verstreate S, Wootton JA. Propranolol treatment of assaultive patients with organic brain disease: double blind crossover placebo-controlled study. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174:290-4.
45. Greendyke RM, Schuster DB, Wooton JA. Propranolol in the treatment of assaultive patients with organic brain disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1984;4:5.
46. Shankle WR, Nielson KA, Coman CW. Low-dose propranolol reduces aggression and agitation resembling that associated with orbitofrontal dysfunction in elderly demented patients. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1995;9:233-7.
47. Chui HC, Victoroff JI, Margolin D, Jagust W, Shankle R, Katzman R. Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers. Neurology 1992;42:473-80.
48. Cohen-Mansfield J. Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory. Rockville, MD: Research Institute of the Hebrew Home of Greater Washington, 1991.
49. Dumon JP, Catteau J, Lanvin F, Dupuis BA. Randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled comparison of propranolol and betaxolol in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:647-50.
50. Adler LA, Peselow E, Rosenthal M, Angrist B. A controlled comparison of the effects of propranolol, benztropine, and placebo on akathisia: an interim analysis. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993;29:283-6.
51. Sachdev P, Loneragan C. Intravenous benztropine and propranolol challenges in tardive akathisia. Psychopharmacology 1993;113:119-22.
52. Koller WC. Long-acting propranolol in essential tremor. Neurology 1985;35:108-10.
53. Koller WC. Dose-response relationship of propranolol in the treatment of essential tremor. Arch Neurol 1986;43:42-3.
54. Koller WC, Vetere-Overfield B. Acute and chronic effects of propranolol and primidone in essential tremor. Neurology 1989;39:1587-8.
55. Koller M, Krause HP, Hoffmeister F, Ganten D. Endogenous brain angiotensin II disrupts passive avoidance behavior in rats. Neurosci Lett 1979;14:71-5.
56. Costall B, Coughlan J, Horovitz ZP, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ, Tomkins DM. The effects of ACE inhibitors captopril and SQ29,852 in rodent tests of cognition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989;33:573-9.
57. Croog SH, Levine S, Testa MA, Brown B, Bulpitt CJ, Jenkins CD, et al. The effects of antihypertensive therapy on the quality of life. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1657-64.
58. Sudilovsky A, Cutler NR, Sramek JJ, Wardle T, Veroff AE, Mickelson W, et al. A pilot clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ceranapril in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1993;7:105-11.
59. Task Force on Nomenclature and Statistics. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.
60. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, De Leon MJ, Crook T. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1136-9.
61. Veroff AE, Cutler NR, Sramek JJ, Prior PL, Mickelson W, Hartman JK. A new assessment tool for neuropsychopharmacologic research: the Computerized Neuropsychological Test Battery. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:211-7.
62. Bondareff W, Mountjoy CQ, Roth M. Loss of neurons of origin of the adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex (nucleus locus ceruleus) in senile dementia. Neurology 1982;32:164-8.
63. Chan-Palay V, Asan E. Alterations in catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia and depression. J Comp Neurol 1989;287:373-92.
64. Amsten AF, Goldman-Rakic PS. Alpha 2-adrenergic mechanisms in prefrontal cortex associated with cognitive decline in aged nonhuman primates. Science 1985;230:1273-6.
65. Amsten AF, Cai JX, Goldman-Rakic PS. The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine improves memory in aged monkeys without sedative or hypotensive side effects: evidence for alpha-2 receptor subtypes. J Neurosci 1988;8:4287-98.
66. Mohr E, Schlegel J, Fabbrini G, Williams J, Mouradian MM, Mann UM, et al. Clonidine treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1989;46: 376-8.
67. Bierer LM, Aisen PS, Davidson M, Ryan TM, Schmeidler J, Davis KL. A pilot study of clonidine plus physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia 1994;5:243-6.
68. Schlegel J, Mohr E, Williams J, Mann U, Gearing M, Chase TN. Guanfacine treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989;12: 124-8.
69. Mattis S. Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly. In: Bellack L, Karasu TB, eds. Geriatric psychiatry. New York: Grune & Stratum, 1976:77-121.
70. Crook T, Wilner E, Rothwell A, Winterling D, McEntee W. Noradrenergic intervention in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol Bull 1992;28: 67-70.
71. Benton AL. Revised visual retention test. 4th ed. New York: The Psychological Corporation, 1974.
72. Wechsler D. Wechsler memory scale - revised manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, 1987.
73. Miller SW, Mahoney JM, Jann MW. Therapeutic frontiers in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacotherapy 1992;12:217-31.
74. Schmage N, Bergener M. Global rating, symptoms, behaviors, and cognitive performance as indicators of efficacy in clinical studies with nimodipine in elderly patients with cognitive impairment syndromes. Int Psychogeriatr 1992;4(suppl 1):89-99.
75. Ban TA, Morey L, Aguglia E, Azzarelli O, Balsano F, Marigliano V, et al. Nimodipine in the treatment of old age dementias. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1990;14:525-51.
76. Parnetti L, Senin U, Carosi M, Baasch H. Mental deterioration in old age: results of two multicenter, clinical trials with nimodipine. Clin Ther 1993;15:394-406.
77. Tollefson GD. Short-term effects of the calcium channel blocker nimodipine (Bay-e-9736) in the management of primary degenerative dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1990;27:1133-42.
78. Buschke H. Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 1973;12:543-50.
79. +2 homeostasis in dementia. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1993;15:549-55.
80. Hachinski VC, Iliff LD, Zilhka E, Du-Boulay GH, McAllister VL, Marshall J, et al. Cerebral blow flow in dementia. Arch Neurol 1975;32:632-7.
81. Shader RI, Harmatz JS, Salzman C. A new scale for assessment in geriatric populations: Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG). J Am Geriatr Soc 1974;22:107-13.
82. Erzigkeit H. Der syndrom-kurtest zur erfassung von aufmerksamkeits und gedächtnisstörungen. 2nd ed. Vless, Germany: Vaterstetten, 1986.
83. Wadworth AN, Chrisp P. Co-dergocrine mesylate. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in age-related cognitive decline. Drugs Aging 1992;2:153-73.
84. Schnieder LS, Olin JT. Overview of clinical trials of Hydergine in dementia. Arch Neurol 1994;51:787-98.
85. Saletu B, Paulus E, Linzmayer L, Anderer P, Semlitsch HV, Grünberger J, et al. Nicergoline in senile dementia of Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical and EEG/ ERP mapping study. Psychopharmacology 1995;117:385-95.
86. Work Group to Revise DSM-III. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed, revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.