Fear-relevant images as conditioned stimuli for somatic complaints, respiratory behavior, and reduced end-tidal pCO2

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 108, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 143-152

  Stegen, Kris ^a   De Bruyne, Katarina ^a   Rasschaert, Wendy ^a   Van De Woestijne, Karel P ^a   Van Den Bergh, Omer ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE;

ADULT; AGORAPHOBIA; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CONDITIONING; END TIDAL CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION; FEAR; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HUMAN TISSUE; NORMAL HUMAN; PANIC; SOMATIC CELL; STIMULUS RESPONSE;

EID: 0033052661     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.143     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press.
3. Bass, C., & Gardner, W. N. (1985). Emotional influences on breathing and breathlessness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 592-609.
4. Bass, C., Lelliot, P., & Marks, I. (1989). Fear talk versus voluntary hyperventilation in agoraphobics and normals: A controlled study. Psychological Medicine, 19, 669-676.
5. 2 inhalation: A preliminary investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 609-620.
6. Cioffi, D. (1991). Beyond attentional strategies: A cognitive-perceptual model of somatic interpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 25-41.
7. Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461-470.
8. Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M., Öst, L. G., Breitholz, E., Koehler, K. A., Westling, B. E., Jeavons, A., & Gelder, M. (1997). Misinterpretation of body sensations in panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 203-213.
9. Conway, A. V., Freeman, L. J., & Nixon, P. G. F. (1988). Hypnotic examination of trigger factors in the hyperventilation syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 30, 296-304.
10. Cook, E. W., Melamed, B. G., Cuthbert, B. N., McNeil, D. W., & Lang, P. J. (1988). Emotional imagery and the differential diagnosis of anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 734-740.
11. Dager, S. R., Holland, J. P., Cowley, D. S., & Dunner, D. L. (1987). Panic disorder precipitated by exposure to organic solvents in the workplace. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1056-1058.
12. Davey, G. C. L. (1995). Preparedness and phobias: Specific evolved associations or a generalized expectancy bias? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18, 289-325.
13. Forsyth, J. P., & Eifert, G. H. (1996). Systemic alarms in fear conditioning I: A reappraisal of what is being conditioned. Behavior Therapy, 27, 441-462.
14. 2-enriched air as unconditioned stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 291-304.
15. 2 carbon dioxide inhalation as an unconditioned stimulus. Behavior Therapy, 27, 391-415.
16. Freeman, L. J., Conway, A., & Nixon, P. G. F. (1986). Physiological responses to a psychological challenge under hypnosis in patients considered to have the hyperventilation syndrome: Implications for diagnosis and therapy. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 79, 76-83.
17. Gardner, W. N. (1996). The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders. Chest, 109, 516-534.
18. Garssen, B., Buikhuisen, M., Hornsveld, H., Klaver, C., & van Doornen, L. (1994). Ambulatory measurement of transcutaneous PCO2. Journal of Psychophysiology, 8, 231-240.
19. Garssen. B., Buikhuisen, M., & van Dyck, R. (1996). Hyperventilation and panic attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 513-518.
20. Garssen. B., de Ruiter, C., & van Dyck, R. (1992). Breathing retraining: A rational placebo? Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 141-153.
21. Grossman, P., & Wientjes, C. J. E. (1989). Respiratory disorders: Asthma and hyperventilation syndrome. In G. Turpin (Ed.), Handbook of clinical psychophysiology (pp. 519-554). London: Wiley.
22. Han, J. N., Stegen, K., Simkens, K., Cauberghs, M., Schepers, R., Van de Bergh, O., Clement, J., & Van de Woestijne, K. P. (1997). Unsteadiness of breathing in patients with hyperventilation syndrome and anxiety disorders. The European Respiratory Journal, 10, 167-176.
23. Hibbert, G., & Pillsbury, D. (1989). Hyperventilation in panic attacks. Ambulant monitoring of transcutaneous carbon dioxide. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 76-80.
24. Holzman, A., & Levis, D. J. (1991). Differential aversive conditioning of an external (visual) and internal (imaginal) CS: Effects of transfer between and within CS modalities. Journal of Mental Imagery, 15, 77-90.
25. Hornsveld, H., Garssen, B., Fiedeldij Dop, M. F., & Van Spiegel, P. (1990). Symptom reporting during voluntary hyperventilation and mental load: Implications for diagnosing hyperventilation syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 34, 687-697.
26. Hornsveld, H., Garssen, B., Fiedeldij Dop, M. F., Van Spiegel, P., & De Haes, J. C. J. M. (1996). Double-blind placebo-controlled study of the hyperventilation provocation test and the validity of the hyperventilation syndrome. Lancet, 348, 154-158.
27. Hornsveld, H., Garssen, B., & Van Spiegel, P. (1995). Voluntary hyperventilation: The influence of duration and depth on the development of symptoms. Biological Psychology, 40, 299-312.
28. Kerr, W. J., Gliebe, P. A., & Dalton, J. W. (1938). Some physical phenomena associated with anxiety states and their relation to hyperventilation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 11, 961-992.
29. Klein, D. F. (1993). False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics and related conditions: An integrative hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 306-310.
30. Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495-512.
31. Lang, P. J. (1984). Cognition in emotion: Concept and action. In C. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotion, cognition and behaviour (pp. 192-226). New York: Cambridge University Press.
32. Lang, P. J. (1985). The cognitive psychophysiology of emotion: Fear and anxiety. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 131-170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Lang, P. J., Kozak, M. J., Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., & McLean A., Jr. (1980). Emotional imagery: Conceptual structure and pattern of somato-visceral response, 17, 179-192.
34. Leventhal, H. (1986). Symptom reporting: Focus on process. In S. McHugh & T. M. Vallis (Eds.), Illness behavior: A multidiscipline model (pp. 219-238). New York: Plenum Press.
35. Leventhal, H., & Leventhal, E. A. (1993). Affect, cognition and symptom perception. In C. R. Chapman & K. M. Foley (Eds.), Current and emerging issues in cancer pain: Research and practice (pp. 153-173). New York: Raven Press.
36. Ley, R. (1987). Panic disorder and agoraphobia: Fear-of-fear or fear of the symptoms produced by hyperventilation? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 18, 305-316.
37. Ley, R. (1988). Panic attacks during relaxation and relaxation-induced anxiety? A hyperventilation interpretation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 19, 253-259.
38. Ley, R. (1989). Dyspneic fear and catastrophic cognitions in hyperventilatory panic attacks. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 549-554.
39. McNally, R. J. (1987). Preparedness and phobias: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 283-303.
40. McNally, R. J. (1990). Psychological approaches to panic disorder: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 403-419.
41. Miller, C. S. (1994). Chemical sensitivity: History and phenomenology. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 10, 253-276.
42. Mineka, S., & Zinbarg, R. (1996). Conditioning and ethological models of anxiety disorders: Stress-in-dynamic-context anxiety models. In D. A. Hope (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43. Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear (pp. 135-210). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
43. Ruiter, C., de Rijken, H., Garssen, B., & Kraaimaat, F. (1989). Breathing retraining, exposure and a combination of both in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 647-655.
44. Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Trakowski, J. H. (1997). Body vigilance in panic disorder: Evaluating attention to bodily perturbations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 214-220.
45. 2 levels: A test of Klein's (1993) suffocation alarm theory of panic. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 446-454.
46. Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy, 2, 307-320.
47. Smoller, J. W., Pollack, M. H., Otto, M. W., Rosenbaum, J. F., & Kradin, R. L. (1996). Panic anxiety, dyspnea, and respiratory disease. Theoretical and clinical considerations. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 154, 6-17.
48. Suess, W. M., Alexander, A. B., Smith, D. D., Sweeney, H. W., & Marion, R. J. (1980). The effects of psychological stress on respiration: A preliminary study of anxiety and hyperventilation. Psychophysiology, 17, 535-540.
49. 2-enriched air inhalation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 517-527.
50. Van den Bergh, O., Stegen, K., & Van de Woestijne, K. P. (1997). Learning to have psychosomatic complaints: Conditioning of respiratory behavior and complaints in psychosomatic patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 13-23.
51. Van den Bergh, O., Stegen K., & Van de Woestijne, K. P. (1998). Memory effects on symptom reporting in a respiratory learning paradigm. Health Psychology, 17, 241-248.
52. 2-enriched air inhalation in high and low anxious subjects. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 61-73.
53. Van den Hout, M. A. (1988). The explanation of experimental panic. In S. Rachman & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives (pp. 237-257). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
54. Van den Hout, M. A., Hoekstra, R., Arntz, A., Christiaanse, M., Ranschaert, W., & Schouten, E. (1992). Hyperventilation is not diagnostically specific to panic patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 182-191.
55. Wientjes, C. J. E., & Grossman, P. (1994). Overreactivity of the psyche or the soma? Interindividual associations between psychosomatic symptoms, anxiety, heart rate, and end-tidal partial carbon dioxide pressure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 533-540.
56. Wolpe, J., & Rowan, V. C. (1988). Panic disorder: A product of classical conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 441-450.