The use of critical loads in environmental policy making: A critical appraisal

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 33, Issue 11, 1999, Pages

  Skeffington, Richard A ^a  

^a National Power Plc   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; DECISION MAKING; ECOSYSTEMS; PUBLIC POLICY; RISKS; SOILS;

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY MAKING; STEADY STATE MASS BALANCE METHOD;

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;

AIR QUALITY; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; POLICY MAKING; POLLUTION CONTROL;

ACID RAIN; AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; CALCULATION; ECOSYSTEM; POLICY; POLLUTION CONTROL; REVIEW;

EUROPE;

EID: 0033023723     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (33)

1. Official J. Eur. Commun. 1998 C167, 86-170.
2. Critical Loads for Sulphur and Nitrogen; Nilsson, J., Grennfelt, P., Eds.; NORD 1988:15, Nordic Council of Ministers: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1988.
3. Posch, M.; de Smet, P.A.M.; Hettelingh, J-P; Downing, R. J. Calculation and Mapping of Critical Thresholds in Europe; Report 259101004; RIVM: Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 1995.
4. Posch, M.; Hettelingh, J-P.; de Smet, P.A.M.; Downing, R. J. Calculation and Mapping of Critical Thresholds in Europe; Report 259101007, RIVM: Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 1997.
5. Manual on Methodologies and Criteria for Mapping Critical Levels/Loads and Geographical Areas Where They Are Exceeded; Werner, B., Spranger, T., Eds.; Texte 71:96; Umweltbundesamt: Berlin, Germany, 1996.
6. Amman, M.; Bertok, M.; Cofala, S.; Gyarfas, F.; Heyes, C.; Klimont, Z.; Schöpp, W. Cost-Effective Control of Acidification and Ground-Level Ozone; Second Interim Report to the European Commission, IIASA, A-2361, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis: Laxenburg, Austria.
7. Hordijk, L. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1995, 85, 249-260.
8. Sverdrup, H.; de Vries, W. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1994, 72, 143-162.
9. Loøkke, H.; Bak, S.; Falkengren-gerup, U.; Finlay, R. D.; Ilvesniemi, H.; Nygaard, P. H.; Starr, M. Ambio, 1996, 25, 510-516.
10. Warfvinge, P; Sverdrup, H. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1992, 63, 119-143.
11. Hultberg, H.; ApSimon, H.; Church, R. M.; Grenfelt, P.; Mitchell M. S.; Moldan, F.; Ross, H. B. In Biogeochemistry of Small Catchments: A Tool for Environmental Research; Moldan, B., Gerný, J., Eds.; Wiley & Sons: New York, 1994, pp. 229-254.
12. Rochelle, B. P.; Church, M. R. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1987, 36, 61-73.
13. Aber, J. D.; Mellila, S. M.; Nadelhoffer, K. S.; Pastor, S.; Boone, R. D. Ecol. Applicat., 1991, 1, 303-315.
14. Critical Loads for Nitrogen; Grennfelt, P., Thörnelöft, E., Eds.; NORD 1992:41, Nordic Council of Ministers: Copenhagen, Denmark, 1992.
15. Skeffington, R. A. What Is a Critical Load?: A Critical Appraisal; TECH/ECP/068/97; National Power PLC: Swindon, U.K., 1997.
16. Stumm, W.; Morgan, J. J. Aquatic Chemistry; Wiley and Sons: Chichester, U.K. 1996.
17. Hedin, L. O., et al. Ecology 1995, 76, 493-509.
18. Sverdrup, H.; Warfvinge, P. Soil Acidification - Effect on Growth of Trees, Grasses and Herbs Expressed by the (Ca + Mg + K)/Al Ratio; Technical Report; University of Lund: Lund, Sweden, 1993.
19. Högberg, P.; Jensén, P. (1994). Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1994, 75, 121-125.
20. Cronan, C. S.; Grigal, D. F. J. Environ. Qual. 1995, 24, 209-226.
21. Mulder, J.; Stein, A. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58, 85-94.
22. The State of Transboundary Air Pollution; Air Pollution Studies 12; ECE/EB.AIR/47; United Nations Economic Commission for Europe: Geneva, Switzerland, 1996.
23. Klädtke, J. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 1997, 77, 747-753.
24. Cosby, B. J.; Wright, R. F.; Hornberger, G. M.; Galloway, S. N. Water Resour. Res. 1985, 21, 51-63.
25. Skeffington, R. A.; Brown, D.J.A. Environ. Pollut 1992, 77, 227-234.
26. Sullivan, T. J.; Cosby, B. S.; Driscoll, C. T.; Charles, D. F.; Hemond, H. F. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1996, 91, 271-282
27. Sverdrup, H.; Warfvinge, P. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1990, 52, 71-78.
28. Jongmans, A. G., et al. Nature, 1997, 389, 682-683.
29. Hall, J., et al. Current Status of U.K. Critical Loads Data - December 1996; Report to U.K. Dept. of the Environment; Institute of Terrestrial Ecology: Monks Wood, Huntingdon, U.K., 1997.
30. Barkman, A.; Warfvinge, P.; Sverdrup, H. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1995, 85, 2515-2520.
31. Zak, S. K.; Beven, K.; Reynolds, B. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1997, 98, 297-316.
32. Barkman, A. Applying the Critical Loads Concept: Constraints Induced by Data Uncertainty, Reports in Ecology and Environmental Engineering 1997:1; University of Lund: Lund, Sweden, 1997.
33. Ormerod, S. J.; Weatherley, N. S.; Gee, A. S. In Acid Waters in Wales; Stoner, J. H., Gee, A. S., Edwards, R. W., Eds.; Kluwer: The Hague, 1990; 279-298.