메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 103, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 539-547

The natural history of asthma in adults: The problem of irreversibility

Author keywords

Adults; Airway remodeling; Asthma; Bronchiectasis; Cause of death; Emphysema; Lung function; Natural history; Smoking; Treatment

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID;

EID: 0033022464     PISSN: 00916749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70221-6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (137)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 0013573416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and natural history of asthma
    • Middleton E Jr, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, Busse WW, editors. St Louis: Mosby, Inc
    • 1. Weich DG, Samel JM. Epidemiology and natural history of asthma. In: Middleton E Jr, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, Busse WW, editors. Allergy: principles and practice. 5th ed. St Louis: Mosby, Inc; 1998. p. 769-82.
    • (1998) Allergy: Principles and Practice. 5th Ed. , pp. 769-782
    • Weich, D.G.1    Samel, J.M.2
  • 2
    • 0026002758 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of asthma among elderly adults in a sample of the general population
    • 2. Burrows B, Barbee RA, Cline MG, Knudson RJ, Lebowitz MD. Characteristics of asthma among elderly adults in a sample of the general population. Chest 1991;100:935-42.
    • (1991) Chest , vol.100 , pp. 935-942
    • Burrows, B.1    Barbee, R.A.2    Cline, M.G.3    Knudson, R.J.4    Lebowitz, M.D.5
  • 3
    • 0031037873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and outcomes of asthma in the elderly. A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota
    • 3. Bauer BA, Reed CE, Yunginger JW, Wollan PC, Silverstein MD. Incidence and outcomes of asthma in the elderly. A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Chest 1997;111:303-10.
    • (1997) Chest , vol.111 , pp. 303-310
    • Bauer, B.A.1    Reed, C.E.2    Yunginger, J.W.3    Wollan, P.C.4    Silverstein, M.D.5
  • 4
    • 0001825940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and natural history
    • Barbee RA, Bloom JW, editors. New York: Marcel Dekker
    • 4. Barbee RA. Epidemiology and natural history. In: Barbee RA, Bloom JW, editors. Asthma in the elderly. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997. p. 1-32.
    • (1997) Asthma in the Elderly , pp. 1-32
    • Barbee, R.A.1
  • 7
    • 0027393468 scopus 로고
    • Trends in physician-diagnosed asthma prevalence in Manitoba between 1980 and 1990
    • 7. Manfreda J, Becker AB, Wang PZ, Roos LL, Anthonisen NR. Trends in physician-diagnosed asthma prevalence in Manitoba between 1980 and 1990. Chest 1993;103:151-7.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 151-157
    • Manfreda, J.1    Becker, A.B.2    Wang, P.Z.3    Roos, L.L.4    Anthonisen, N.R.5
  • 11
    • 0027415777 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory symptoms questionnaire for asthma epidemiology: Validity and reproducibility
    • 11. Venables KM, Farrer N, Sharp L, Graneek BJ, Newman Taylor AJ. Respiratory symptoms questionnaire for asthma epidemiology: validity and reproducibility. Thorax 1993;48:214-9.
    • (1993) Thorax , vol.48 , pp. 214-219
    • Venables, K.M.1    Farrer, N.2    Sharp, L.3    Graneek, B.J.4    Newman Taylor, A.J.5
  • 12
    • 0026876092 scopus 로고
    • A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • 12. Wiggs DR, Bosken C, Pare PD, James A, Hogg JC. A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:1251-8.
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.145 , pp. 1251-1258
    • Wiggs, D.R.1    Bosken, C.2    Pare, P.D.3    James, A.4    Hogg, J.C.5
  • 15
    • 0018936159 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence and incidence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in a general population sample
    • 15. Dodge RR, Burrows B. The prevalence and incidence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in a general population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980;122:567-75.
    • (1980) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.122 , pp. 567-575
    • Dodge, R.R.1    Burrows, B.2
  • 17
    • 0028790480 scopus 로고
    • Asthmatic risk factors and bronchial reactivity in non-diagnosed asthmatic adults
    • 17. Lebowitz MD, Bronnimann S, Camilli AE. Asthmatic risk factors and bronchial reactivity in non-diagnosed asthmatic adults. Eur J Epidemiol 1995;11:541-8.
    • (1995) Eur J Epidemiol , vol.11 , pp. 541-548
    • Lebowitz, M.D.1    Bronnimann, S.2    Camilli, A.E.3
  • 19
    • 0029827658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum IgE levels, atopy, and asthma in young adults: Results from a longitudinal cohort study
    • 19. Peat JK, Toelle BG, Dermand J, van den Berg R, Britton WJ, Woolcock AJ. Serum IgE levels, atopy, and asthma in young adults: results from a longitudinal cohort study. Allergy 1996;51:804-10.
    • (1996) Allergy , vol.51 , pp. 804-810
    • Peat, J.K.1    Toelle, B.G.2    Dermand, J.3    Van Den Berg, R.4    Britton, W.J.5    Woolcock, A.J.6
  • 20
    • 0029915460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and prognosis of asthma and wheezing illness from early childhood to age 33 in a national British cohort
    • 20. Strachan DP, Butland BK, Anderson HR. Incidence and prognosis of asthma and wheezing illness from early childhood to age 33 in a national British cohort. BMJ 1996;312:1195-9.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 1195-1199
    • Strachan, D.P.1    Butland, B.K.2    Anderson, H.R.3
  • 21
    • 0031008428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking and asthma among 23-year-olds
    • 21. Kaplan BA, Mascie-Taylor CG. Smoking and asthma among 23-year-olds. J Asthma 1997;34:219-26.
    • (1997) J Asthma , vol.34 , pp. 219-226
    • Kaplan, B.A.1    Mascie-Taylor, C.G.2
  • 22
    • 0027768759 scopus 로고
    • Reported incidence of occupational asthma in the United Kingdom, 1989-90
    • 22. Meredith S. Reported incidence of occupational asthma in the United Kingdom, 1989-90. J Epidemiol Community Health 1993;47:459-63.
    • (1993) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.47 , pp. 459-463
    • Meredith, S.1
  • 23
    • 0028299370 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of occupational asthma
    • 23. Beckett WS. The epidemiology of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1994;7:161-4.
    • (1994) Eur Respir J , vol.7 , pp. 161-164
    • Beckett, W.S.1
  • 24
    • 0030016888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of asthma attributable to occupational exposures. A population-based study in Spain
    • Spanish Group of the European Asthma Study
    • 24. Kogevinas M, Anto JM, Soriano JB, Tobias A, Burney P. The risk of asthma attributable to occupational exposures. A population-based study in Spain. Spanish Group of the European Asthma Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:137-43.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 137-143
    • Kogevinas, M.1    Anto, J.M.2    Soriano, J.B.3    Tobias, A.4    Burney, P.5
  • 26
    • 0024520518 scopus 로고
    • Community outbreaks of asthma associated with inhalation of soybean dust
    • Toxicoepidemiological Committee
    • 26. Anto JM, Sunyer J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Suarez-Cervera M, Vazquez L. Community outbreaks of asthma associated with inhalation of soybean dust. Toxicoepidemiological Committee. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1097-102.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , pp. 1097-1102
    • Anto, J.M.1    Sunyer, J.2    Rodriguez-Roisin, R.3    Suarez-Cervera, M.4    Vazquez, L.5
  • 27
    • 0026344461 scopus 로고
    • Findings before diagnoses of asthma among the elderly in a longitudinal study of a general population sample
    • 27. Burrows B, Lebowitz MD, Barbee RA, Cline MG. Findings before diagnoses of asthma among the elderly in a longitudinal study of a general population sample. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;88:870-7.
    • (1991) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.88 , pp. 870-877
    • Burrows, B.1    Lebowitz, M.D.2    Barbee, R.A.3    Cline, M.G.4
  • 28
    • 0029811472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total serum IgE is associated with asthma independently of specific IgE levels
    • The Spanish Group of the European Study of Asthma
    • 28. Sunyer J, Anto JM, Castellsague J, Soriano JB, Roca J. Total serum IgE is associated with asthma independently of specific IgE levels. The Spanish Group of the European Study of Asthma. Eur Respir J 1996;9:1880-4.
    • (1996) Eur Respir J , vol.9 , pp. 1880-1884
    • Sunyer, J.1    Anto, J.M.2    Castellsague, J.3    Soriano, J.B.4    Roca, J.5
  • 29
    • 0026012346 scopus 로고
    • Asthma, hay fever, and phlegm production associated with distinct patterns of allergy skin test reactivity, eosinophilia, and serum IgE levels. The normative aging study
    • 29. Tollerud DJ, O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. Asthma, hay fever, and phlegm production associated with distinct patterns of allergy skin test reactivity, eosinophilia, and serum IgE levels. The Normative Aging Study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:776-81.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.144 , pp. 776-781
    • Tollerud, D.J.1    O'Connor, G.T.2    Sparrow, D.3    Weiss, S.T.4
  • 32
    • 0024319287 scopus 로고
    • Effects of childhood and adolescence-adulthood respiratory infections in a general population
    • 32. Paoletti P, Prediletto R, Carrozzi L, Viegi G, Di Pede F, Carmignani G, et al. Effects of childhood and adolescence-adulthood respiratory infections in a general population. Eur Respir J 1989;2:428-36.
    • (1989) Eur Respir J , vol.2 , pp. 428-436
    • Paoletti, P.1    Prediletto, R.2    Carrozzi, L.3    Viegi, G.4    Di Pede, F.5    Carmignani, G.6
  • 34
    • 0028789327 scopus 로고
    • Short-term association between air pollution and emergency room visits for asthma in Barcelona
    • 34. Castellsague J, Sunyer J, Saez M, Anto JM. Short-term association between air pollution and emergency room visits for asthma in Barcelona. Thorax 1995;50:1051-6.
    • (1995) Thorax , vol.50 , pp. 1051-1056
    • Castellsague, J.1    Sunyer, J.2    Saez, M.3    Anto, J.M.4
  • 35
    • 0026567172 scopus 로고
    • Changes in chronic respiratory symptoms in two populations of adults studied longitudinally over 13 years
    • 35. Krzyzanowski M, Lebowitz MD. Changes in chronic respiratory symptoms in two populations of adults studied longitudinally over 13 years. Eur Respir J 1992;5:12-20.
    • (1992) Eur Respir J , vol.5 , pp. 12-20
    • Krzyzanowski, M.1    Lebowitz, M.D.2
  • 36
    • 0027511599 scopus 로고
    • Predictors of the new onset of wheezing among middle-aged and older men. The normative aging study
    • 36. Sparrow D, O'Connor GT, Basner RC, Rosner B, Weiss ST. Predictors of the new onset of wheezing among middle-aged and older men. The Normative Aging Study. Am J Respir Dis 1993;147:367-71.
    • (1993) Am J Respir Dis , vol.147 , pp. 367-371
    • Sparrow, D.1    O'Connor, G.T.2    Basner, R.C.3    Rosner, B.4    Weiss, S.T.5
  • 37
    • 0029064519 scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of eosinophilia and smoking on the natural history of newly diagnosed chronic bronchitis
    • 37. Lebowitz MD, Postma DS, Burrows B. Adverse effects of eosinophilia and smoking on the natural history of newly diagnosed chronic bronchitis. Chest 1995;108:55-61.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , pp. 55-61
    • Lebowitz, M.D.1    Postma, D.S.2    Burrows, B.3
  • 39
    • 0031807094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupation, asthma, and chronic respiratory symptoms in a community sample of older women
    • 39. Forastiere F, Balmes J, Scarinci M, Tager JB. Occupation, asthma, and chronic respiratory symptoms in a community sample of older women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1864-70.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 1864-1870
    • Forastiere, F.1    Balmes, J.2    Scarinci, M.3    Tager, J.B.4
  • 40
    • 0024852669 scopus 로고
    • Smoking, atopy, and methacholine airway responsiveness among middle-aged and elderly men. The normative aging study
    • 40. O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Segal MR, Weiss ST. Smoking, atopy, and methacholine airway responsiveness among middle-aged and elderly men. The Normative Aging Study. Am J Respir Dis 1989;140:1520-6.
    • (1989) Am J Respir Dis , vol.140 , pp. 1520-1526
    • O'Connor, G.T.1    Sparrow, D.2    Segal, M.R.3    Weiss, S.T.4
  • 41
    • 0343200260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking and bronchial responsiveness in nonatopic and atopic young adults
    • Spanish Group of the European Study of Asthma
    • 41. Sunyer J, Anto JM, Kogevinas M, Soriano JB, Tobias A, Munoz A. Smoking and bronchial responsiveness in nonatopic and atopic young adults. Spanish Group of the European Study of Asthma. Thorax 1997;52:235-8.
    • (1997) Thorax , vol.52 , pp. 235-238
    • Sunyer, J.1    Anto, J.M.2    Kogevinas, M.3    Soriano, J.B.4    Tobias, A.5    Munoz, A.6
  • 42
    • 0028648873 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between total serum IgE, atopy, and smoking: A twenty-year follow-up analysis
    • 42. Sherrill DL, Halonen M, Burrows B. Relationships between total serum IgE, atopy, and smoking: a twenty-year follow-up analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994;94:954-62.
    • (1994) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.94 , pp. 954-962
    • Sherrill, D.L.1    Halonen, M.2    Burrows, B.3
  • 43
    • 0024805189 scopus 로고
    • Intraluminal airway inflammation in chronic bronchitis. Characterization and correlation with clinical parameters
    • 43. Thompson AB, Daughton D, Robbins RA, Ghafouri MA, Oehlerking M, Rennard SI. Intraluminal airway inflammation in chronic bronchitis. Characterization and correlation with clinical parameters. Am J Respir Dis 1989;140:1527-37.
    • (1989) Am J Respir Dis , vol.140 , pp. 1527-1537
    • Thompson, A.B.1    Daughton, D.2    Robbins, R.A.3    Ghafouri, M.A.4    Oehlerking, M.5    Rennard, S.I.6
  • 44
  • 45
    • 0016204510 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of asthma and allergic rhinitis in a total community, Tecumseh, Michigan. IV. Natural history
    • 45. Broder I, Higgins MW, Mathews KP, Keller JB. Epidemiology of asthma and allergic rhinitis in a total community, Tecumseh, Michigan. IV. Natural history. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1974;54:100-10.
    • (1974) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.54 , pp. 100-110
    • Broder, I.1    Higgins, M.W.2    Mathews, Kp.3    Keller, J.B.4
  • 46
    • 0018936159 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in a general population sample
    • 46. Dodge RR, Burrows B. The prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in a general population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122:567-75.
    • (1980) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.122 , pp. 567-575
    • Dodge, R.R.1    Burrows, B.2
  • 47
    • 0027916481 scopus 로고
    • An all age group study of the prevalence of asthma in Golden Bay
    • 47. Campbell K, Davis J, Kingston H, Milne GA. An all age group study of the prevalence of asthma in Golden Bay. N Z Med J 1993;106:282-3.
    • (1993) N Z Med J , vol.106 , pp. 282-283
    • Campbell, K.1    Davis, J.2    Kingston, H.3    Milne, G.A.4
  • 48
    • 0031822045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insights into asthma prevalence in Oregon
    • 48. Ertle AR, London MR. Insights into asthma prevalence in Oregon. J Asthma 1998;35:281-9.
    • (1998) J Asthma , vol.35 , pp. 281-289
    • Ertle, A.R.1    London, M.R.2
  • 49
    • 0030966692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of gender on hospital admissions for asthma and prevalence of self-reported asthma: A prospective study based on a sample of the general population
    • Copenhagen City Heart Study Group
    • 49. Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J. Effect of gender on hospital admissions for asthma and prevalence of self-reported asthma: a prospective study based on a sample of the general population. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Thorax 1997;52:287-9.
    • (1997) Thorax , vol.52 , pp. 287-289
    • Prescott, E.1    Lange, P.2    Vestbo, J.3
  • 50
    • 0023223039 scopus 로고
    • National trends in the morbitidy and mortality of asthma in the United States. Prevalence, hospitalization, and mortality of asthma over two decades: 1965-1984
    • 50. Evans R, Mullaly DI, Wilson RW, Gergen DJ, Rosenberg HM, Chevanley IM, et al. National trends in the morbitidy and mortality of asthma in the United States. Prevalence, hospitalization, and mortality of asthma over two decades: 1965-1984. Chest 1987;91:65s-74s.
    • (1987) Chest , vol.91
    • Evans, R.1    Mullaly, D.I.2    Wilson, R.W.3    Gergen, D.J.4    Rosenberg, H.M.5    Chevanley, I.M.6
  • 52
    • 0000165090 scopus 로고
    • Is intrinsic asthma a reversible disease?
    • 52. Rackemann FM, Edwards MC. Is intrinsic asthma a reversible disease? Allergy 1958;29:528-36.
    • (1958) Allergy , vol.29 , pp. 528-536
    • Rackemann, F.M.1    Edwards, M.C.2
  • 53
  • 54
    • 0023029697 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of the natural history of asthma. Remission and relapse rates
    • 54. Bronnimann S, Burrows B. A prospective study of the natural history of asthma. Remission and relapse rates. Chest 1986;90:480-4.
    • (1986) Chest , vol.90 , pp. 480-484
    • Bronnimann, S.1    Burrows, B.2
  • 55
    • 0023143612 scopus 로고
    • Rate of decline of lung function in subjects with asthma
    • 55. Peat JK, Woolcock AJ, Cullen K. Rate of decline of lung function in subjects with asthma. Eur J Respir Dis 1987;70:171-9.
    • (1987) Eur J Respir Dis , vol.70 , pp. 171-179
    • Peat, J.K.1    Woolcock, A.J.2    Cullen, K.3
  • 57
    • 0026507737 scopus 로고
    • Mortality and decline in lung function in 213 adults with bronchial asthma: A ten-year follow up
    • 57. Ulrik CS, Backer V, Dirksen A. Mortality and decline in lung function in 213 adults with bronchial asthma: a ten-year follow up. J Asthma 1992;29:29-38.
    • (1992) J Asthma , vol.29 , pp. 29-38
    • Ulrik, C.S.1    Backer, V.2    Dirksen, A.3
  • 58
    • 0027238546 scopus 로고
    • Slowing the deterioration of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease observed during bronchodilator therapy by adding inhaled corticosteroids. A 4-year prospective study
    • 58. Dompeling E, van Schayck CP, van Grunsven PM, van Herwaarden CL, Akkermans R, Molema J, et al. Slowing the deterioration of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease observed during bronchodilator therapy by adding inhaled corticosteroids. A 4-year prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:770-8.
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.118 , pp. 770-778
    • Dompeling, E.1    Van Schayck, C.P.2    Van Grunsven, P.M.3    Van Herwaarden, C.L.4    Akkermans, R.5    Molema, J.6
  • 59
    • 0028609220 scopus 로고
    • Five-year changes in airflow obstruction and airway responsiveness in mild to moderate asthma
    • 59. Boulet LP, Jobin C, Milot J, Turcotte H. Five-year changes in airflow obstruction and airway responsiveness in mild to moderate asthma. Clin Invest Med 1994;17:432-42.
    • (1994) Clin Invest Med , vol.17 , pp. 432-442
    • Boulet, L.P.1    Jobin, C.2    Milot, J.3    Turcotte, H.4
  • 60
    • 0029035312 scopus 로고
    • Persistence and new onset of asthma and chronic bronchitis evaluated longitudinally in a community population sample of adults
    • 60. Postma DS, Lebowitz MD. Persistence and new onset of asthma and chronic bronchitis evaluated longitudinally in a community population sample of adults. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1393-9.
    • (1995) Arch Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 1393-1399
    • Postma, D.S.1    Lebowitz, M.D.2
  • 63
    • 0028060526 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of percent predicted FEV1 in current asthmatic subjects
    • 63. Cline MG, Dodge R, Lebowitz MD, Burrows B. Determinants of percent predicted FEV1 in current asthmatic subjects. Chest 1994;106:1089-93.
    • (1994) Chest , vol.106 , pp. 1089-1093
    • Cline, M.G.1    Dodge, R.2    Lebowitz, M.D.3    Burrows, B.4
  • 65
    • 0020041422 scopus 로고
    • Clinical features and natural history of occupational asthma due to western red cedar (Thuja plicata)
    • 65. Chan-Yeung M, Lam S, Koener S. Clinical features and natural history of occupational asthma due to western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Am J Med 1982;72:411-5.
    • (1982) Am J Med , vol.72 , pp. 411-415
    • Chan-Yeung, M.1    Lam, S.2    Koener, S.3
  • 66
    • 0023236058 scopus 로고
    • Follow-up study of 232 patients with occupational asthma caused by western red cedar (Thuja plicata)
    • 66. Chan-Yeung M, MacLean L, Pagiaro PL. Follow-up study of 232 patients with occupational asthma caused by western red cedar (Thuja plicata). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;79:292-6.
    • (1987) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.79 , pp. 292-296
    • Chan-Yeung, M.1    MacLean, L.2    Pagiaro, P.L.3
  • 67
    • 0023322378 scopus 로고
    • Occupational asthma: Natural history, evaluation and management
    • 67. Lam S, Chan-Yeung M. Occupational asthma: natural history, evaluation and management. Occup Med 1987;2:373-81.
    • (1987) Occup Med , vol.2 , pp. 373-381
    • Lam, S.1    Chan-Yeung, M.2
  • 68
    • 0027048757 scopus 로고
    • Natural history of occupational asthma: Relevance of type of agent and other factors in the rate of development of symptoms in affected subjects
    • 68. Malo JL, Ghezzo H, D'Aquino C, L'Archeveque J, Cartier A, Chan-Yeung M. Natural history of occupational asthma: relevance of type of agent and other factors in the rate of development of symptoms in affected subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:937-44.
    • (1992) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.90 , pp. 937-944
    • Malo, J.L.1    Ghezzo, H.2    D'Aquino, C.3    L'Archeveque, J.4    Cartier, A.5    Chan-Yeung, M.6
  • 69
    • 0027446355 scopus 로고
    • Toluene diisocyanate induced asthma: Outcome according to persistence or cessation of exposure
    • 69. Pisati G, Baruffini A, Zedda S. Toluene diisocyanate induced asthma: outcome according to persistence or cessation of exposure. Br J Med 1993;50:60-4.
    • (1993) Br J Med , vol.50 , pp. 60-64
    • Pisati, G.1    Baruffini, A.2    Zedda, S.3
  • 71
    • 0031833132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term health and employment outcomes of occupational asthma and their determinants
    • 71. Gassert TM, Hu H, Kelsey KT, Christiani DC. Long-term health and employment outcomes of occupational asthma and their determinants. J Occup Environ Med 1998;40:481-91.
    • (1998) J Occup Environ Med , vol.40 , pp. 481-491
    • Gassert, T.M.1    Hu, H.2    Kelsey, K.T.3    Christiani, D.C.4
  • 72
    • 0024348002 scopus 로고
    • The role of allergy and nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • 72. O'Connor GT, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. The role of allergy and nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Dis 1989;140:225-52.
    • (1989) Am J Respir Dis , vol.140 , pp. 225-252
    • O'Connor, G.T.1    Sparrow, D.2    Weiss, S.T.3
  • 73
    • 0021210951 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative structural alterations in long-standing allergic asthma
    • 73. Sobonya RE. Quantitative structural alterations in long-standing allergic asthma. Am J Respir Dis 1984;130:289-92.
    • (1984) Am J Respir Dis , vol.130 , pp. 289-292
    • Sobonya, R.E.1
  • 74
    • 0002671415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathology of asthma: A comparison with COPD
    • Middleton E Jr, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, Busse WW, editors. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc.
    • 74. Jeffery PK. Pathology of asthma: a comparison with COPD. In: Middleton E Jr, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, Busse WW, editors. Allergy: principles and practice. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc.; 1998. p. 867-76.
    • (1998) Allergy: Principles and Practice. 5th Ed. , pp. 867-876
    • Jeffery, P.K.1
  • 75
    • 0029145560 scopus 로고
    • Airway responsiveness and bronchial-wall thickness in asthma with or without fixed airflow obstruction
    • 75. Boulet L, Belanger M, Carrier G. Airway responsiveness and bronchial-wall thickness in asthma with or without fixed airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:865-71.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 865-871
    • Boulet, L.1    Belanger, M.2    Carrier, G.3
  • 78
    • 0029034367 scopus 로고
    • Airway and lung elastic fibre is not reduced in asthma nor in asthmatics following corticosteroid treatment
    • 78. Godfrey RW, Lorimer S, Majumdar S, Adelroth E, Johnston PW, Rogers AV, et al. Airway and lung elastic fibre is not reduced in asthma nor in asthmatics following corticosteroid treatment. Eur Respir J 1995;8:922-7.
    • (1995) Eur Respir J , vol.8 , pp. 922-927
    • Godfrey, R.W.1    Lorimer, S.2    Majumdar, S.3    Adelroth, E.4    Johnston, P.W.5    Rogers, A.V.6
  • 80
    • 84941815348 scopus 로고
    • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Natural history and classification of early disease by serologic and roentgenographic studies
    • 80. Patterson R, Greenberger PA, Halwig JM, Liotta JL, Roberts M. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Natural history and classification of early disease by serologic and roentgenographic studies. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:916-8.
    • (1986) Arch Intern Med , vol.146 , pp. 916-918
    • Patterson, R.1    Greenberger, P.A.2    Halwig, J.M.3    Liotta, J.L.4    Roberts, M.5
  • 81
    • 0026743130 scopus 로고
    • Chest radiography and high resolution computed tomography of the lungs in asthma
    • 81. Paganin F, Trussard V, Seneterre E, Chanez P, Giron J, Godard P, el al. Chest radiography and high resolution computed tomography of the lungs in asthma. Am J Respir Dis 1992;146:1084-7.
    • (1992) Am J Respir Dis , vol.146 , pp. 1084-1087
    • Paganin, F.1    Trussard, V.2    Seneterre, E.3    Chanez, P.4    Giron, J.5    Godard, P.6
  • 83
    • 0007917440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-resolution computed tomography in patients with bronchial asthma: Correlation with clinical features, pulmonary functions and bronchial hyperresponsiveness
    • 83. Park JW, Hong YK, Kim CW, Kim DK, Choe KO, Hong CS. High-resolution computed tomography in patients with bronchial asthma: correlation with clinical features, pulmonary functions and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol 1997;7:186-92.
    • (1997) J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol , vol.7 , pp. 186-192
    • Park, J.W.1    Hong, Y.K.2    Kim, C.W.3    Kim, D.K.4    Choe, K.O.5    Hong, C.S.6
  • 84
    • 0028880029 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for death and hospitalization from pneumonia. A prospective study of a general population
    • 84. Lange P, Vestbo J, Nyboe J. Risk factors for death and hospitalization from pneumonia. A prospective study of a general population. Eur Respir J 1995;8:1694-8.
    • (1995) Eur Respir J , vol.8 , pp. 1694-1698
    • Lange, P.1    Vestbo, J.2    Nyboe, J.3
  • 85
    • 0025270697 scopus 로고
    • Emphysematous change in chronic asthma in relation to cigarette smoking. Assessment by computed tomography
    • 85. Kondoh Y, Taniguchi H, Yokoyama S, Taki F, Takagi K, Satake T. Emphysematous change in chronic asthma in relation to cigarette smoking. Assessment by computed tomography. Chest 1990;97:845-9.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , pp. 845-849
    • Kondoh, Y.1    Taniguchi, H.2    Yokoyama, S.3    Taki, F.4    Takagi, K.5    Satake, T.6
  • 86
    • 0031454449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of emphysema in patients with reversible airway obstruction using high-resolution CT
    • 86. Mochizuki T, Nakajima H, Kokubu F, Kushihashi T, Adachi M. Evaluation of emphysema in patients with reversible airway obstruction using high-resolution CT. Chest 1997;112:1522-6.
    • (1997) Chest , vol.112 , pp. 1522-1526
    • Mochizuki, T.1    Nakajima, H.2    Kokubu, F.3    Kushihashi, T.4    Adachi, M.5
  • 88
    • 0027276695 scopus 로고
    • Asthma mortality in California, 1960-1989. Demographic patterns and occupational associations
    • 88. Schenker MB, Gold EB, Lopez RL, Beaumont JJ. Asthma mortality in California, 1960-1989. Demographic patterns and occupational associations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:1454-60.
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.147 , pp. 1454-1460
    • Schenker, M.B.1    Gold, E.B.2    Lopez, R.L.3    Beaumont, J.J.4
  • 90
    • 0029956331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do patients with severe asthma run an increased risk from ischaemic heart disease?
    • 90. Toren K, Lindholm NB. Do patients with severe asthma run an increased risk from ischaemic heart disease? Int J Epidemiol 1996;25:617-20.
    • (1996) Int J Epidemiol , vol.25 , pp. 617-620
    • Toren, K.1    Lindholm, N.B.2
  • 91
    • 0029979652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in adults with self-reported asthma
    • Copenhagen City Heart Study Group
    • 91. Lange P, Ulrik CS, Vestbo J. Mortality in adults with self-reported asthma. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group. Lancet 1996;347:1285-9.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 1285-1289
    • Lange, P.1    Ulrik, C.S.2    Vestbo, J.3
  • 94
    • 0029963084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Death from airways obstruction: Accuracy of certification in Northern Ireland
    • 94. Smyth ET, Wright SC, Evans AE, Sinnamon DG, MacMahon J. Death from airways obstruction: accuracy of certification in Northern Ireland. Thorax 1996;51:293-7.
    • (1996) Thorax , vol.51 , pp. 293-297
    • Smyth, E.T.1    Wright, S.C.2    Evans, A.E.3    Sinnamon, D.G.4    MacMahon, J.5
  • 95
    • 0029075261 scopus 로고
    • Preventable factors and death certification in death due to asthma
    • 95. Model D. Preventable factors and death certification in death due to asthma. Respir Med 1995;89:21-5.
    • (1995) Respir Med , vol.89 , pp. 21-25
    • Model, D.1
  • 96
    • 0028351043 scopus 로고
    • Asthma mortality and death certification in Northern Ireland
    • 96. Wright SC, Evans AE, Sinnamon DG, MacMahon J. Asthma mortality and death certification in Northern Ireland. Thorax 1994;49:141-3.
    • (1994) Thorax , vol.49 , pp. 141-143
    • Wright, S.C.1    Evans, A.E.2    Sinnamon, D.G.3    MacMahon, J.4
  • 99
    • 0029051374 scopus 로고
    • Mortality and markers of risk of asthma death among 1,075 outpatients with asthma
    • 99. Ulrik CS, Frederiksen J. Mortality and markers of risk of asthma death among 1,075 outpatients with asthma. Chest 1995;108:10-5.
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , pp. 10-15
    • Ulrik, C.S.1    Frederiksen, J.2
  • 100
    • 0030138949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional description of pulmonary deposition of inhaled aerosol using data from multimodality imaging
    • 100. Fleming JS, Halson P, Conway J, Moore E, Nassim MA, Hashish AH, et al. Three-dimensional description of pulmonary deposition of inhaled aerosol using data from multimodality imaging. J Nucl Med 1996;37:873-7.
    • (1996) J Nucl Med , vol.37 , pp. 873-877
    • Fleming, J.S.1    Halson, P.2    Conway, J.3    Moore, E.4    Nassim, M.A.5    Hashish, A.H.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.