Genetic analysis of steel and the PG-M/versican-encoding gene AxPG as candidates for the white (d) pigmentation mutant in the salamander Ambystoma mexicanum

Development Genes and Evolution

Volumn 209, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 349-356

  Parichy, David M ^a,d   Stigson, Michael ^b,e   Voss, S Randal ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^c Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^d WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Extracellular matrix; Growth factor; Neural crest; Pigment cell; Proteoglycan

Indexed keywords

INTERLEUKIN 3; PROTEOGLYCAN; STEM CELL FACTOR;

ARTICLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL LINEAGE; CELL MIGRATION; CELL SURVIVAL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE MAPPING; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC LINKAGE; MELANOCYTE; NEURAL CREST CELL; NONHUMAN; PIGMENT CELL; PIGMENTATION; PRECURSOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALAMANDER;

AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; CHROMOSOME MAPPING; CLONING, MOLECULAR; DNA, COMPLEMENTARY; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; LECTINS, C-TYPE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MUTATION; PROTEOCHONDROITIN SULFATES; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; SKIN PIGMENTATION; STEM CELL FACTOR; VERSICANS;

AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM; AMBYSTOMATIDAE; AMNIOTA; AMPHIBIA; AMPHIUMA MEANS; MAMMALIA; REPTILIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0033016634     PISSN: 0949944X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s004270050263     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Anderson DM, Lyman SD, Baird A, Wignall JM, Eisenman J, Rauck C, March CJ, Boswell HS, Gimpel SD, Cosman D, Williams DE (1990) Molecular cloning of mast cell growth factor, a hematopoietin that is active in both membrane bound and soluble forms. Cell 63:235-243
2. Ataliotis P, Mercola M (1997) Distribution and functions of platelet-derived growth factors and their receptors during embryogenesis. Int Rev Cytol 172:95-127
3. Bedell MA, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA (1996) Multiple pathways for Steel regulation suggested by genomic and sequence analysis of the murine Steel gene. Genetics 142:927-934
4. lacZ mouse embryos. Development 122:3023-3033
5. Besmer P, Manova K, Duttlinger R, Huang EJ, Packer A, Gyssler C, Bachvarova RF (1993) The kit-ligand (steel factor) and its receptor c-kit/W: pleiotropic roles in gametogenesis and melanogenesis. Development 1993 [Suppl]: 125-137
6. Bogomolova VI, Korochkin LI (1973) Development of pigmentation after transplantation of presumptive epidermis between embryos of white axolotls Ambystoma mexicanum of different ages. Ontogenez 4:420-424
7. Borack LI (1972) Gene action on proliferation and migration in the developing neural crest of black and white axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw. J Exp Zool 179:289-298
8. Bordzilovskaya NP, Detlaff TA, Duhon ST, Malacinski GM (1989) Developmental-stage series of axolotl embryos. Oxford University Press, Oxford
9. Callan HG (1966) Chromosomes and nucleoli of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. J Cell Sci 1:85-108
10. Cheng H-W, Flanagan JG (1994) Transmembrane kit ligand cleavage does not require a signal in the cytoplasmic domain and occurs at a site dependent on spacing from the membrane. Mol Biol Cell 5:943-953
11. Chomczynski P (1992) One-hour downward alkaline capillary transfer for blotting of DNA and RNA. Anal Biochem 201: 134-139
12. Dalton HC (1949) Developmental analysis of genetic differences in pigmentation in the axolotl. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 35:277-283
13. Dalton HC (1950) Inhibition of chromatoblast migration as a factor in the development of genetic differences in pigmentation in white and black axolotls. J Exp Zool 115:151-170
14. Dalton HC, Hall J (1950) Gene action in the axolotl. Carnegie Inst Wash Year Book 49:181-188
15. Delannet M, Duband J-L (1992) Transforming growth factor-β control of cell-substratum adhesion during avian neural crest cell emigration in vitro. Development 116:275-287
16. DuShane GP (1935) An experimental study of the origin of pigment cells in Amphibia. J Exp Zool 72:1-31
17. DuShane GP (1939) The role of embryonic ectoderm and mesoderm in pigment production in amphibia. J Exp Zool 82:193-217
18. Epperlein HH, Löfberg J (1993) The development of the neural crest in amphibians. Ann Anat 175:483-499
19. Erickson CA, Perris R (1993) The role of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in the morphogenesis of the neural crest. Dev Biol 159:60-74
20. Flanagan JG, Leder P (1990) The kit ligand: a cell surface molecule altered in Steel mutant fibroblasts. Cell 63:185-194
21. d mutant. Cell 64:1025-1035
22. Frost SK, Briggs F, Malacinski GM (1984) A color atlas of pigment genes in the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Differentiation 26:182-188
23. Groves AK, Bronner-Fraser M (1999) Neural crest diversification. Curr Top Dev Biol 43:221-258
24. Guo CS, Wehrle-Haller B, Rossi J, Ciment G (1997) Autocrine regulation of neural crest cell development by Steel factor. Dev Biol 184:61-69
25. Hacker V (1907) Uber Mendelschen Vererbung bei Axolotln. Zool Anz 31:99-102
26. Hall BK, Hörstadius S (1988) The neural crest. Oxford University Press, Oxford
27. Hirata T, Morii E, Morimoto M, Kasugai T, Tsujimura T, Hirota S, Kanakura Y, Nomura S, Kitamura Y (1993) Stem cell factor induces outgrowth of c-kit-positive neurites and supports the survival of c-kit-positive neurons in dorsal root ganglia of mouse embryos. Development 119:49-56
28. Hoerter JD (1977) Dosage effects of the white (d) and melanoid (m) genes on pigment pattern development in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, Shaw. Dev Biol 59:249-254
29. Hongyo T, Buzard GS, Calvert RJ, Weghorst CM (1993) 'Cold SSCP': a simple, rapid and non-radioactive method for optimized single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses. Nucleic Acids Res 21:3637-3642
30. Huang E, Nocka K, Beier DR, Chu T-Y, Buck J, Lahm H-W, Wellner D, Leder P, Besmer P (1990) The hematopoietic growth factor KL is encoded by the Sl locus and is the ligand of the c-kit receptor, the gene product of the W locus. Cell 63:225-233
31. Huang EJ, Nocka KH, Buck J, Besmer P (1992) Differential expression and processing of two cell associated forms of the Kit-ligand: KL-1 and KL-2. Mol. Biol Cell 3:349-362
32. Keller RE, Spieth J (1984) Neural crest cell behavior in white and dark larvae of Ambystoma mexicanum: time-lapse cinemicrographic analysis of pigment cell movement in vivo and in culture. J Exp Zool 229:109-126
33. Keller RE, Löfberg J, Spieth J (1982) Neural crest cell behavior in white and dark embryos of Ambystoma mexicanum: epidermal inhibition of pigment cell migration in the white axolotl. Dev Biol 89:179-195
34. Kelsh RN, Brand M, Jiang Y-J, Heisenberg C-P, Lin S, Haffter P, Odenthal J, Mullins MC, van Eeden FJM, Furutani-Seiki M, Granato M, Hammerschmidt M, Kane DA, Warga RM, Beuchle D, Vogelsang L, Nusslein-Volhard C (1996) Zebrafish pigmentation mutations and the processes of neural crest development. Development 123:369-389
35. Kozak M (1991) An analysis of vertebrate mRNA sequences: intimations of translational control. J Cell Biol 115:887-903
36. Kunisada T, Yoshida H, Yamazaki H, Miyamoto A, Hemmi H, Nishimura E, Shultz LD, Nishikawa S-I, Hayashi S-I (1998) Transgene expression of steel factor in the basal layer of epidermis promotes survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of melanocyte precursors. Development 125:2915-2923
37. Lander ES, Green P, Abrahamson J, Barlow A, Daly MJ, Lincoln SE, Newburg L (1987) MAPMAKER: an interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. Genomics 1:174-181
38. Langtimm-Sedlak CJ, Schroeder B, Saskowski JL, Carnahan JF, Sieber-Blum M (1996) Multiple actions of stem cell factor in neural crest differentiation in vitro. Dev Biol 174:345-359
39. Lecoin L, Lahav R, Martin FH, Teillet M-A, Le Douarin NM (1995) Steel and c-kit in the development of avian melanocytes: a study of normally pigmented birds and of the hyperpigmented mutant silky fowl. Dev Dyn 203:106-118
40. Lecoin L, Sakurai T, Ngo M-T, Abe Y, Yanagisawa M, Le Douarin NM (1998) Cloning and characterization of a novel endothelin receptor subtype in the avian class. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3024-3029
41. Löfberg J, Ahlfors K, Fällström C (1980) Neural crest cell migration in relation to extracellular matrix organization in the embryonic axolotl trunk. Dev Biol 75:148-167
42. Löfberg J, Perris R, Epperlein HH (1989) Timing in the regulation of neural crest cell migration: retarded "maturation" of regional extracellular matrix inhibits pigment cell migration in embryos of the white axolotl mutant. Dev Biol 131:168-181
43. Longley BJ, Tyrrell LA, Ma Y, Williams DA, Halaban R, Langley K, Lu HS, Schechter NM (1997) Chymase cleavage of stem cell factor yields a bioactive, soluble product. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:9017-9021
44. MacKenzie MAF, Jordan SA, Budd PS, Jackson IJ (1997) Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase Kit is required for the proliferation of melanoblasts in the mouse embryo. Dev Biol 192:99-107
45. Majumdar MK, Feng L, Medlock E, Toksoz D, Williams DA (1994) Identification and mutation of primary and secondary proteolytic cleavage sites in murine stem cell factor cDNA yields a biologically active, cell associated protein. J Biol Chem 269:1237-1242
46. Martin FH, Suggs SV, Langley KE, Lu HS, Ting J, Okino KH, Morris CF, McNiece IK, Jacobsen FW, Mendiaz EA, Birkett NC, Smith KA, Johnson MJ, Parker VP, Flores JC, Patel AC, Fisher EF, Erjavec HO, Herrera CJ, Wypych J, Sachdev RK, Pope JA, Leslie I, Wen D, Lin CH, Cupples RL, Zsebo KM (1990) Primary structure and functional expression of rat and human stem cell factor DNAs. Cell 63:203-211
47. Mason KA, Parker NB, Parichy DM, Voss SR (1998) Molecular characterization of c-kit from the Mexican axolotl. Pigment Cell Res 11:175
48. Matsui Y, Zsebo KM, Hogan LM (1990) Embryonic expression of a haematopoietic growth factor encoded by the Sl locus and the ligand for c-kit. Nature 347:667-669
49. Mayer TC, Green MC (1968) An experimental analysis of the pigment defect caused by mutations at the W and Sl loci in mice. Dev Biol 18:62-75
50. Morris-Kay G, Tuckett F (1989) Immunohistochemical localisation of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans and the effects of chondroitinase ABC in 9- to 11-day rat embryos. Development 106:787-798
51. d) mice. Dev Biol 139:308-313
52. Morrison-Graham K, West-Johnsrud L, Weston JA (1990b) Extracellular matrix from normal but not Steel mutant mice enhances melanogenesis in cultured mouse neural crest cells. Dev Biol 139:299-307
53. Motro B, van der Kooy D, Rossant J, Reith A, Bernstein A (1991) Contiguous patterns of c-kit and steel expression: analysis of mutations at the W and Sl loci. Development 113:1207-1221
54. Murphy M, Reid K, Williams DE, Lyman SD, Bartlett PF (1992) Steel factor is required for maintenance, but not differentiation, of melanocyte precursors in the neural crest. Dev Biol 153:396-401
55. Ostberg CO, Zhu P, Wight TN, Qwarnström EE (1995) Fibronectin attachment is permissive for IL-1 mediated gene regulation. FEBS Lett 367:93-97
56. Parichy DM (1996a) Pigment patterns of larval salamanders (Ambystomatidae, Salamandridae): the role of the lateral line sensory system and the evolution of pattern-forming mechanisms. Dev Biol 175:265-282
57. Parichy DM (1996b) Salamander pigment patterns: how can they be used to study developmental mechanisms and their evolutionary transformation? Int J Dev Biol 40:871-884
58. Perris R, Löfberg J, Fällström C, von Boxberg Y, Olsson L, Newgreen DF (1990) Structural and compositional divergencies in the extracellular matrix encountered by neural crest cells in the white mutant axolotl embryo. Development 109:533-551
59. Petitte JN, Kulik MJ (1996) Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding two forms of avian stem cell factor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1307:149-151
60. Postlethwait JH, Yan YL, Gates MA, Home S, Amores A, Brownlie A, Donovan A, Egan ES, Force A, Gong Z, Goutel C, Fritz A, Kelsh R, Knapik E, Liao E, Paw B, Ransom D, Singer A, Thomson M, Abduljabbar TS, Yelick P, Beier D, Joly JS, Larhammar D, Rosa F, Westerfield M, Zon LI, Johnson SL, Talbot WS (1998) Vertebrate genome evolution and the zebrafish gene map. Nat Genet 18:345-349
61. Reedy MV, Parichy DM, Erickson CA, Mason KA, Frost-Mason SK (1998) The regulation of melanoblast migration and differentiation. In: Nordland JJ, Boissy RE, Hearing VJ, King RA, Ortonne JP (eds) The pigmentary system: physiology and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 75-95
62. + progenitors. Dev Biol 169:568-579
63. Sagerström CG, Sive H (1996) RNA blot analysis. In: Krieg PA (ed) A laboratory guide to RNA: isolation, analysis, and synthesis. Wiley, New York, pp 83-104
64. Schönherr E, Järveläinen HT, Sandell LJ, Wight TN (1991) Effects of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1 on the synthesis of a large versican-like chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan by arterial smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 266:17640-17647
65. Schutte BC, Ranade K, Pruessner J, Dracopoli N (1997) Optimized conditions for cloining PCR products into an XcmI T-vector. Biotechniques 22:40-44
66. Sneath PHA, Sokal RR (1973) Numerical taxonomy. Freeman. San Francisco
67. Spieth J, Keller RE (1984) Neural crest cell behavior in white and dark larvae of Ambystoma mexicanum: differences in cell morphology, arrangement and extracellular matrix as related to migration. J Exp Zool 229:91-107
68. Stigson M (1996) Large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the axolotl embryo. Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
69. Stigson M, Kjellén L (1991) Large disulfide-stabilized proteoglycan complexes are synthesized by the epidermis of axolotl embryos. Arch Biochem Biophys 290:391-396
70. Stigson M, Löfberg J, Kjellén L (1997a) PG-M/versican-like proteoglycans are components of large disulfide-stabilized complexes in the axolotl embryo. J Biol Chem 272:3246-3253
71. Stigson M, Löfberg J, Kjellén L (1997b) Reduced epidermal expression of a PG-M/versican-like proteoglycan in embryos of the white mutant axolotl. Exp Cell Res 236:57-65
72. Tajima Y, Moore MAS, Soares V, Ono M, Kissel H, Besmer P (1998) Consequences of exclusive expression in vivo of kit-ligand lacking the major proteolytic cleavaae site. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11903-11908
73. Thibaudeau G, Frost-Mason SK (1992) Inhibition of neural crest cell differentiation by embryo ectodermal extract. J Exp Zool 261:431-440
74. Toksoz D, Zsebo KA, Smith S, Hu D, Brankow D, et al (1992) Support of human hematopoiesis in long-term none marrow culutres by murine stromal cells selectively expressing the membrane-bound and secreted forms of the human homolog of the steel gene product, stem cell factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7350-7354
75. Tsukahara T, Okimura M, Suzuki S, Iwata H, Miura T, Kimata K (1991) Enhanced expression of fibronectin by cmd/cmd chondrocytes and its modulation by exogenously added proteoglycan. J Cell Sci 100:387-395
76. Voss SR (1995) Genetic basis of paedomorphosis in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum: a test of the single-gene hypothesis. J Hered 86:441-447
77. Voss SR, Shaffer HB (1996) What insights into the developmental traits of urodeles does the study of interspecific hybrids provide? Int J Dev Biol 40:885-893
78. Voss SR, Shaffer HB (1997) Adaptive evolution via a major gene effect: paedomorphosis in the Mexican axolotl. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14185-14189
79. Wehrle-Haller B, Weston JA (1995) Soluble and cell-bound forms of steel factor activity play distinct roles in melanocyte precursor dispersal and survival on the lateral neural crest migration pathway. Development 121:731-742
80. Wight TN, Kinsella MG, Qwarnström EE (1992) The role of proteoglycans in cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 4:793-801
81. Yamagata M, Suzuki S, Akiyama SK, Yamada KM, Kimata K (1989) Regulation of cell-substrate adhesion by proteoglycans immobilized on extracellular substrates. J Biol Chem 264: 8012-8018
82. Zhang Z, Anthony RV (1994) Porcine stem cell factor/c-kit ligand: its molecular cloning and localization within the uterus. Biol Reprod 50:95-102
83. Zhou JH, Ohtaki M, Sakurai M (1993) Sequence of a cDNA encoding chicken stem cell factor. Gene 127:269-270
84. Zimmer A, Zimmer AM, Reynolds K (1994) Tissue specific expression of the retinoic acid receptor-β2: regulation by short open reading frames in the 5′-noncoding region. J Cell Biol 127:1111-1119
85. Zsebo KM, Williams DA, Geissler EN, Broudy VC, Martin FH, Atkins HL, Hsu R-Y, Birkett NC, Okino KH, Murdock DC, Jacobsen FW, Langley KE, Smith KA, Takeishi T, Cattanach BM, Galli J, Suggs SV (1990) Stem cell factor is encoded at the Sl locus of the mouse and is the ligand of the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell 63:213-224
86. Zubiaga AM, Belasco JG, Greenberg ME (1995) The nonamer UUAUUUAUU is the key AU-rich sequence motif that mediates mRNA degradation. Mol Cell Biol 15:2219-2230