HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) pathogenesis hypothesis. A shift of homologous peptides pairs, central nervous system (CNS)/HTLV-1, HTLV-1/thymus, thymus/CNS, in a thymus-like CNS environment, underlies the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 52, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 595-604

  Plumelle, Y ^a  

^a University Hospital   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CYTOKINE; MYELIN; PROTEINASE; VIRUS ANTIGEN;

BRAIN; CELL SURFACE; DEMYELINATION; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 1; LYMPHOCYTE; MYELINATION; NERVE CELL; NEUROTROPISM; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; T LYMPHOCYTE; THORACIC SPINAL CORD; THYMUS;

EID: 0033001106     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1998.0714     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Gessain A., Gout O. Chronic myelopathy associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Ann Int Med. 117:1992;933-946.
2. Srinivasappa J., Saegusa J., Prabhakar B. S. Molecular mimicry: frequency of reactivity of monoclonal antiviral antibodies with normal tissues. J Virol. 57:1986;397-401.
3. Palker T. J., Scearce R. M., Ho W. Monoclonal antibodies reactive with human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) p19 internal core protein: cross-reactivity with normal tissue and differential reactivity with HTLV type I and II. J Immunol. 135:1985;247-254.
4. Ohta M., Ohta K., Mori F. Sera from patients with multiple sclerosis react with human T-cell lymphotropic virus gag proteins but not env proteins - western blot analysis. J Immunol. 137:1986;340-344.
5. Kawanishi T., Akiguchi I., Fujita M., Kameyama M., Hatanaka M. Low-titer antibodies reactive with HTLV-1 gag p19 in patients with chronic myeloneuropathy. Ann Neurol. 26:1989;515-522.
6. Moore G. R. W., Traugott U., Scheinberg L. C., Raine C. S. Tropical spastic paraparesis: a model of virus-induced, cytotoxic T-cell-mediated demyelination. Ann Neurol. 26:1989;523-530.
7. Jacobson S., Raine C. S., Mingioli E. S., McFarlin D. E. Isolation of HTLV-1 like retrovirus from patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Nature. 331:1988;540-543.
8. Nagai M., Yashiki S., Fujiyoshi T. Characterization of a unique T-cell clone established from a patient with HAM/TSP which recognized HTLV-1-infected T-cell antigens as well as spinal cord tissue antigens. J Neuroimmunol. 65:1996;97-105.
9. Haynes B. F., Robert-Guroff M., Metzgar R. S. Monoclonal antibody against human T-cell leukemia virus p19 defines a human thymic epithelial antigen acquired during ontogeny. J Exp Med. 157:1983c;907-920.
10. Palker T. J., Singer K. H., Vahlne A. Characterization of an antigen shared by human thymic epithelium and human T cell leukemia virus p19 gag protein. J AIDS Hum Retrovirol. 11:1996;10-19.
11. Takada A., Takada Y., Ito U., Minowada J. Shared antigenic determinants between human brain and human T-cell line. Clin Exp Immunol. 18:1974;491-498.
12. Maznina T. P., Kushner G. Studies of human brain-thymus cross-reactive antigens. J Immunol. 117:1976;818-821.
13. Haynes B. F., Shimizu K., Eisenbarth G. S. Identification of human and rodent thymic epithelium using tetanus toxin and monoclonal antibody A2B5. J Clin Invest. 71:1983;9-14.
14. Hamann A., Arndt R., Klein P., Thiele H. G. Isolation and characterization of the thymus-brain antigen (analogous to Thy-1 antigen) from human brain. Biochem J. 187:1980;403-412.
15. Dalakas M. C., Hubbard D., Cunningham G. Thymosin β4 is present in a subset of oligodendrocytes in the normal human brain. Golstein A. L., Chirigos M. A. Thymic Hormones and Lymphokines 83. 1984;119-125 Plenum Press, New York.
16. Murray N., Steck A. J. Indication of a possible role in a demyelinating neuropathy for an antigen shared between myelin and NK cells. Lancet. i:1984;711.
17. Pischel K. D., Bluestein H. G., Woods V. L. Very late activation antigen (VLA) are human leucocyte-neuronal cross reactive cell surface antigens. J Exp Med. 164:1986;393-406.
18. Milner R., Edwards G., Streuli C., Ffrench-Constant C. A role in migration for the αvβ1 integrin expressed on oligodendrocyte precursors. J Neurosc. 16:1996;7240-7252.
19. Wekerle H., Linington C., Lassmann H., Meyermann R. Cellular immune reactivity within the CNS. Trends Neurosci. 9:1986;271-277.
20. Booss J., Esiri M. M., Tourtelotte W. W., Mason D. Y. Immunohistological analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in the central nervous system in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 62:1983;219-232.
21. Lassmann H., Vass K., Brenner C. H., Seitelberger F. Characterization of inflammatory infiltrates in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Prog Neuropathol. 6:1986;33-62.
22. Hickey W. F., Hsu B. L., Kimura H. T-lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system. J Neurosci Res. 28:1991;254-260.
23. Itoyama Y., Kira J., Fujii N., Goto I., Yamamoto N. Increases in helper/inducer T cells and activated T cells in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Ann Neurol. 26:1989;257-262.
24. Iwasaki Y., Ohara Y., Kobayashi I., Akizuki s. Infiltration of helper/inducer T lymphocyte heralds central nervous system damage in human T-cell leukemia virus infection. Am J Pathol. 140:1992;1003-1008.
25. Umehara F., Izumo S., Nakagawa M. Immunocytochemical analysis of the cellular infiltrate in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. J Neuropathol and Exp Neurol. 52:1993;424-430.
26. Wu E., Dickson D. W., Jacobson S., Raine C. S. Neuroaxonal dystrophy in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: neuropathologic and neuroimmunologic correlations. Acta Neuropathol. 86:1993;224-235.
27. Smith C. R., Dickson D., Samkoff L. Recurrent encephalopathy and seizures in a US native with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Neurology. 42:1992;658-661.
28. Bhigjee A. L., Willey C. A., Wachsman W. HTLV-1-associated myelopathy: clinicopathologic correlation with localization of provirus to spinal cord. Neurology. 41:1991;1990-1992.
29. Yoshioka A., Hirose G., Ueda Y., Nishimura Y., Sakai K. Neuropathological studies of the spinal cord in early stage HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 56:1993;1004-1007.
30. Izumo S., Ijichi R., Higuchi I. Neuropathology of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy - a report of two autopsy cases. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 34:1992;358-364.
31. Blalock J. E. A molecular basis for bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Physiol Rev. 69:1989;1-32.
32. Fabry Z., Raine C. S., Hart M. N. Nervous tissue as an immune compartment: the dialect of the immune response in the CNS. Immunol Today. 15:1994;218-224.
33. Gazzolo L., Dodon M. D. Direct activation of resting T lymphocytes by human T lymphotropic virus type I. Nature. 326:1987;714-717.
34. Dalakas M. C., Stone G., Elder G. Tropical spastic paraparesis : clinical immunological and virological studies in two patients from Martinique. Ann Neurol. 23:1988;S136-S142.
35. Tendler C. L., Greenberg S. J., Blattner W. A. Transactivation of interleukin 2 and its receptor induces immune activation in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy: pathogenic implications and a rationale for immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:1990;5218-5222.
36. Kinata J. T., Palker T. J., Ratner L. The mitogenic activity of HTLV type I is T-cell associated and requires the CD2/LFA-3 activation pathway. J Virol. 67:1993;3134-3141.
37. Duc Dodon M., Bernard A., Gazzolo L. Peripheral T-lymphocyte activation by human T-cell leukemia virus type I interferes with the CD2 but not with the CD3/TCR pathway. J Virol. 12:1989;5413-5419.
38. Wucherpfennig K. W., Höllsberg P., Richardson J. H., Benjamin D., Hafler D. A. T-cell activation by autologous human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected T-cell clones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;2110-2114.
39. Jacobson S., Zaninovic V., Mora C. Immunological findings in neurological diseases associated with antibodies to HTLV-1: activated lymphocytes in Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Ann Neurol. 23:1988;S196-S200.
40. Nakamura T., Nishiura Y., Ichinose K. Spontaneous proliferation of and cytokine production by T cells adherent to human endothelial cells in patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy. Intern Med (Japan). 35:1996;195-199.
41. Macatonia S. E., Cruickshank J. K., Rudge P., Knight S. C. Dendritic cells from patients with tropical spastic paraparesis are infected with HTLV-1 and stimulate autologous lymphocyte proliferation. AIDS Res Human Retrovir. 8:1992;1699-1706.
42. Furukawa Y., Fujisawa M., Osame M. Frequent clonal proliferation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected T cells in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM-TSP). Blood. 80:1992;1012-1016.
43. Cavrois M., Gessain A., Wain-Hobson S., Wattel E. Proliferation of HTLV-1 infected circulating cells in vivo in all asymptomatic carriers and patients with TSP/HAM. Oncogene. 12:1996;2419-2423.
44. Utz U., Banks D., Jacobson S., Biddison W. E. Analysis of the T-cell receptor repertoire of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) Tax-specific CD8++ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from patients with HTLV-1-associated disease: evidence for oligoclonal expansion. J Virol. 70:1995;843-851.
45. Lou J., Dayer J. M., Grau G. E., Burger D. Direct cell/cell contact with stimulated T lymphocytes induces the expression of cell adhesion molecules and cytokines by human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Eur J Immunol. 26:1996;3107-3113.
46. Baron J. L., Madri J. A., Ruddle N. H., Hashim G., Janeway C. A. Jr. Surface expression of a4 integrin by CD4 T cells is required for their entry into brain parenchyma. J Exp Med. 177:1993;57-68.
47. Dhawan S., Weeks B. S., Abbasi F. Increased expression of α4β1 and α5β1, integrins on HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes. Virology. 197:1993;778-781.
48. Umehara F., Izumo S., Takeya M., Takahashi K., Sato E., Osame M. Expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Acta Neuropathol. 91:1996;343-350.
49. Yednock T. A., Cannon C., Fritz L. C., Sanchez-Madrid F., Steinman L., Karin N. Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalopathy by antibodies against α4β1 integrin. Nature. 356:1992;63-66.
50. Hartung H. P., Archelos J. J., Zielasek J. Circulating adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators in demyelination: a review. Neurology. 45:1995;S22-32.
51. Masuyama J., Minazo N., Kano S. Mechanisms of lymphocyte adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells in culture. J Clin Invest. 77:1986;1596-1605.
52. Romanic A. M., Madri J. A. The induction of 72-kD gelatinase in T cells upon adhesion to endothelial cells is VCAM-1 dependent. J Cell Biol. 125:1994;1165-1178.
53. Lacraz S., Isler P., Vey E., Welgus H. G., Dayer J. M. Direct contact between T lymphocytes and monocytes is a major pathway for induction of metalloprotease expression. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;22027-22033.
54. Miltenburg A. M. M., Lacraz S., Welgus H. G., Dayer J. M. Immobilized anti CD3 antibody activates T cell clones to induce the production of interstitial collagenase, but not tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, in monocytic THP-1 cells and dermal fibroblasts. J Immunol. 154:1995;2655-2667.
55. Elovaara I., Koenig S., Brewah A., Jacobson S. High HTLV-1 specific precursor cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies in patients with HTLV-1 associated neurological disease. J Exp Med. 177:1993;1567-1573.
56. Jacobson S., McFarlin D. E., Robinson S. HTLV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HTLV-1 associated neurological disease. Ann Neurol. 32:1992;651-657.
57. Jacobson S., Shida H., McFarlin D. E., Fauci A. S., Koenig S. Circulating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for HTLV-px in patients with HTLV-1 associated neurological disease. Nature. 348:1990;245-248.
58. Fujihara K., Itoyama Y., Yu F., Kubo C., Goto I. Cellular immune surveillance against HTLV-1 infected lymphocytes in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). J Neurol Sci. 105:1991;99-107.
59. Sawada M., Suzumura A., Yoshida M., Marunouchi T. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I trans activator induces class I major histocompatibility complex antigen expression in glials cells. J Virol. 64:1990;4002-4006.
60. Daenke S., Kermode A. G., Hall S. E. High activated and memory cytotoxic T-cell responses to HTLV-1 in healthy carriers and patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Virology. 217:1996;139-146.
61. Jewtoukoff V., Lebar R., Bach A. M. Oligodendrocyte-specific autoreactive T cells using an α/β T-cell receptor kill target without self restriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:1989;2824-2828.
62. Joly E., Mucke L., Oldstone M. B. A. Viral persistence in neurons explained by lack of major histocompatibility class I expression. Science. 253:1991;1283-1285.
63. Wekerle H., Bradl M., Linington C., Kaab G., Kojima K. The shapping of the brain-specific T lymphocyte repertoire in the thymus. Immunol Rev (DENMARK). 149:1996;231-243.
64. Ishiguro N., Abe M., Seto K. A rat model of human T lymphocyte virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection.1. Humoral antibody response, provirus integration, and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis-like myelopathy in seronegative HTLV-1 carrier rats. J Exp Med. 176:1992;981-989.
65. Yamamoto A., Hara H., Kobayashi T. Induction of the expansion of gag protein in HTLV1 infected lymphocytes by anti-ICAM-1 antibody in vitro. J Neurol Sci. 151:1997;121-126.
66. Planz O., Bilzer T., Stitz L. Immunopathogenic of T-cell subsets in Borna disease virus-induced progressive encephalitis. J Virol. 69:1995;896-903.
67. Sobbe M., Bilzer T., Gommel S., Nöske K., Planz O., Stitz L. Induction of degenerative brain lesions after adoptive transfer of brain lymphocytes from Borna disease virus-infected rats : presence of CD8+ T cells and perforin mRNA. J Virol. 71:1997;2400-2407.
68. Akizuki S., Setoguchi M., Nakazato O. An autopsy case of human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy. Hum Pathol. 19:1988;988-990.
69. Tendler C. L., Greenberg S. J., Burton J. D. Cytokine induction in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and adult T-cell leukemia: alternate molecular mechanisms underlying retroviral pathogenesis. J Cell Biochem. 46:1991;302-311.
70. Tsukamoto T., Ishikawa M., Yamamoto T. Suppressive effects of TNF-α on myelin formation in vivo. Acta Neurol Scand. 91:1995;71-75.
71. Kubota R., Umehara F., Izumo S. HTLV-1 proviral DNA correlates with infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes in the spinal cord from patients with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. J Neuroimmunol. 53:1994;23-29.
72. Kuroda Y., Matsui M., Kikuchi M. In situ demonstration of the HTLV-1 genome in the spinal cord of a patient with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. Neurology. 44:1994;2295-2299.
73. Yoshida M., Osame M., Kawai H. Increased replication of HTLV-I in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Ann Neurol. 26:1989;331-335.
74. Gessain A., Saal F., Gout O. High human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I proviral ADN load with polyclonal integration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of French West Indian, Guianese, and African patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Blood. 75:1990;428-433.
75. Kubota R., Fujiyoshi T., Izumo S. Fluctuation of HTLV1 proviral ADN in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HTLV1-associated myelopathy. J Neuroimmunol. 42:1993;147-154.
76. Nagasato K., Nakamura T., Shirabe S. Presence of serum anti-human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) IgM antibodies means persistent active replication of HTLV-I in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. J Neurol Sci. 103:1991;203-208.
77. Liberski P. P., Rodgers-Johnson P., Char G. HTLV-1-like viral particles in spinal cord cells in Jamaican tropical spastic paraparesis. Ann Neurol. 23:1988;S185-S187.
78. Ohara Y., Iwasaki Y., Izumo S., Kobayashi I., Yoshioka A. Search for human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV1) proviral sequence by polymerase chain reaction in the central nervous system tissue of HTLV1-associated myelopathy. Arch Virol (Austria). 124:1992;31-43.
79. Kira J., Itoyamay Y., Koyanagi Y. Presence of HTLV-1 proviral DNA in central nervous system of patients with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. Ann Neurol. 31:1992;39-45.
80. Kira J. I., Koyanagi Y., Yamada T. Increased HTLV1 proviral DNA in HTLV1-associated myelopathy: a quantitation polymerase chain reaction study. Ann Neurol. 29:1991;194-201.
81. Hara H., Morita M., Iwaki T. Detection of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV1) proviral DNA and analysis of T cell receptor Vβ CDR3 sequences in spinal cord lesions of HTLV1-associated myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. J Exp Med. 180:1994;831-839.
82. Iannone R., Sherman M. P., Rodgers-Johnson P. E. HTLV-1 DNA sequences in CNS tissue of a patient with tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. J Acq Immune Defic Syndr. 5:1992;810-816.
83. Lehky T. J., Fox C. H., Koenig S. Detection of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) tax RNA in the central nervous system of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis by in situ hybridization. Ann Neurol. 37:1995;246-254.
84. Ichinose K., Tatsufumi N., Kawakami A. Increased adherence of T cells to human endothelial cells in patients with human T-cell lymphotopic virus type I-associated myelopathy. Arch Neurol. 49:1992;74-76.
85. Lal R. B., Mainolfi E., Rothlein R. Elevated levels of cICAM-1 in patients with human T-cell leukemia virus type I associated myelopathy and adult T-cell leukemia. Blood. 80:1993;2434-2435.
86. Turnley A. M., Moraham G., Okano H. Dysmyelination in transgenic mice resulting from expression of class I histocompatibility molecules in oligodendrocytes. Nature. 353:1991;566-569.
87. Usuku K., Nishizawa M., Eiraku N., Osame M., Tabnira T. Autoproliferative and self-reactive T-cell lines from patients with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. Tohoku J Exp. 162:1990;243-253.
88. Opdenakker G., Van Damme J. Cytokine-regulated proteases in autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today. 15:1994;103-107.
89. Goetzl E. J., Banda M. J., Leppert D. Matrix metalloproteinases in immunity. J Immunol. 156:1996;1-4.
90. Giraudon P., Buart S., Bernard A., Thomasset N., Belin M. F. Extracellular matrix-remodelling metalloproteinases and infection of the central nervous system with retrovirus human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Prog Neurobiol. 49:1996;169-184.
91. Hartung H. P. Pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelination: implications for therapy. Current Opin Neurol. 8:1995;191-199.
92. Blue M. L., Davis G., Conrad P., Kelley K. Specific cleavage of the α4 integrin associated with activation of peripheral T lymphocytes. Immunology. 78:1993;80-85.
93. Asakura K., Miller D. J., Murray K., Bansal R., Preiffer S. E., Rodriguez M. Monoclonal autoantibody SCH94.03, which promotes central nervous system remyelination, recognizes an antigen on the surface of oligodendrocytes. J Neurosc Res. 43:1996;273-281.
94. Haynes B. F., Miller S. E., Palker T. J. Identification of human T cell leukemia virus in a japanese patient with adult T cell leukemia and cutaneous lymphomatous vasculitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 80:1983;2054-2058.
95. Gupta P., Ferrer J. F. Expression of bovine leukemia virus genome is blocked by a nonimmunoglobulin protein in plasma from infected cattle. Science. 215:1982;405-407.
96. Gupta P., Kashmiri S. V. S., Ferrer J. F. Transcriptional control of the bovine leukemia virus genome : role and characterisation of a non-immunoglobin plasma protein from bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle. J Virol. 50:1984;267-270.
97. Zandomeni R. O., Esteban E., Carrera-Zandomeni M., Ferrer J. E. Host soluble factors with blocking and stimulating activity on the expression of the bovine leukemia virus. J Infect Dis. 170:1994;787-794.
98. Berger T., Weerth S., Kojima K., Linington C., Wekerle H., Lassmann H. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: the antigen specificity of T lymphocytes determines the topography of lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system. Lab Invest (USA). 76:1997;355-364.
99. Gout O., Baulac M., Gessain A. Rapid development of myelopathy after HTLV-1 infection acquired by transfusion during cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med. 322:1990;383-388.
100. Usuku K., Nishizawa M., Matsuki K. Association of a particular amino acid sequence of the HLA-DRB1 chain with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Eur J Immunol. 20:1990;1603-1606.