Extracellular matrix-remodeling metalloproteinases and infection of the central nervous system with retrovirus human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 169-184

  Giraudon, Pascale ^a   Buart, Stéphanie ^a   Bernard, Arlette ^a   Thomasset, Nicole ^a   Belin, Marie Françoice ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GELATINASE B; METALLOPROTEINASE; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; DEMYELINATION; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE CONTROL; HUMAN; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 1; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; REVIEW; SPASTIC PARESIS; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION;

EID: 0030176112     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(96)00017-2     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Akaoka, H., Hardin-Pouzet, H., Bernard, A., Verrier, B., Belin, M. F. and Giraudon, P. HTLV-I Tax protein induces and imbalanced expression of glutamate-glutamine cycle enzymes in astrocytes, in vitro (submitted).
2. Alexander, C. M. and Werb, Z. (1991) Extracellular matrix degradation. In Cell biology of extracellular matrix, pp. 255-302. Ed. E. D. Hay. Plenum Press, New York.
3. Alexandre, C. and Verrier, B. (1991) Four regulatory elements in the human c-fos promoter mediate transactivation by HTLV-I Tax protein. Oncogene 6, 543-551.
4. Amur-Umarjee, S., Phan, T. and Campagnoni, A. T. (1993) Myelin base protein mRNA translocation in oligodendrocytes is inhibited by astrocytes in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 36, 99-110.
5. Apocada, G., Rutka, J. T., Boukana, K., Berens, M. E., Giblin, J. R., Rosenblum, M. L., McKerrow, J. H. and Banda, M. J. (1990) Expression of metalloproteinases and metalloproteinases inhibitors by fetal astrocytes and glioma cells. Cancer Res. 50, 2322-2339.
6. Avrameas, S. (1991) Natural antibodies. From 'horros auto-toxicus' to 'gnothi seauton'. Immunol. Today 12, 154-159.
7. Backstrom, J. R., Miller, C. and Tokis, Z. (1992) Characterization of neutral proteinases from Alzheimer-affected and control brain specimens: identification of calcium-dependent metalloproteinases from the hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 58, 983-992.
8. Baker, J., Low, D., Simmer, R. and Cunningham, D. (1980) Protease-nexin: a cellular component that links thrombin and plasminogen activator and mediates their binding to cells. Cell 21, 37-45.
9. Baranger, A. M., Palmer, C. R., Hamm, M. K., Giebler, H. A., Brauweiler, A., Nyborg, J. K. and Schepartz, A. (1995) Mechanism of DNA-binding enhancement by the human T-cell leukaemia virus transactivator Tax. Nature 376, 606-608.
10. Bignami, A., Leblanc, A. and Perides, G. (1994) A role for extracellular matrix degradation and matrix metalloproteinases in senile dementia?. Acta Neuropathol. 87, 308-312.
11. Brenner, D., O'Hara, M., Angel, P., Choffier, M. and Karim, M. (1989) Prolonged activation of jun and collagenase genes by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Nature 337, 661-663.
12. Brunden, K. R., Gregory, R., Yoshino, J. E. and Yao, J. K. (1994) Role of basal lamina in Schwann cell glycolipid biosynthesis. Neurochem Res. 19, 1277-1281.
13. Cammer, W., Bloom, B. R., Norton, W. T. and Gordon, S. (1978) Degradation of basic protein in myelin by neutral proteases secreted by stimulated macrophages: a possible mechanism of inflammatory demyelination. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 1554-1558.
14. Chantry, A., Gregson, N. A. and Glynn, P. (1989) A novel metalloproteinase associated with brain myelin membranes. J. biol. Chem 264, 21603-21607.
15. Chung, I. Y. and Benveniste, E. N. (1990) Tumor necrosis factor alpha production by astrocytes: induction by lipopolysacharide, IFN-γ and IL1β. J. Immunol. 144, 2999-3007.
16. Clarks, R. B., Chiba, J., Zweig, S. E. and Shevach, E. M. (1982) T-cell colonies recognize antigen in association with specific epitopes in la molecules. Nature 295, 412-414.
17. Colton, C., Keri, J., Chen, W. and Monsky, W. (1993) Protease production by cultured microglia: substrate gel analysis and immobilized matrix degradation. J. Neuroscience Res. 35, 297-304.
18. Cross, J. C., Werb, Z. and Fisher, S. J. (1994) Implantation and the placenta: key pieces of the development puzzle. Science 266, 1508-1518.
19. Crowe, P. D., Walter, B. N., Mohler, K. M., Otten-Evans, C., Black, R. A. and Ware, C. S. (1995) A metalloproteinase inhibition blocks shedding of the 80 kD TNF receptor and TNF processing in T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1205-1210.
20. Del Bigio, M. and Jacque, C. (1995) Localization of proteinase expression in the developping rabbit brain. Develop. Brain Res. 5, 1-3.
21. Denhardt, D., Feng, B., Edwards, D., Cocuzzi, E. and Malyankar, U. (1993) Tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinases: structure, control of expression and biological functions. Pharmac. Ther. 59, 329-341.
22. De Vellis, J., Wu, D. K. and Kumar, S. (1986) Enzyme induction and regulation of protein synthesis,. In Astrocytes, pp. 209-237. Eds S. Fedoroff and A. Vernadakis. Academic Press, London.
23. Dhawan, S., Weeks, D. S., Abbasi, F., Gralnick, H., Notkins, A. L., Klotman, M. E., Yamada, S. M. and Klotman, P. E. (1993) Increased expression of α4β1 and α5β1 integrins on HTLV-I-infected lymphocytes. Virology 197, 778-781.
24. Dihanic, M., Kaser, M., Rheinard, E., Cunningham, D. and Monard, D. (1991) Prothrombin mRNA is expressed by cells of the nervous system. Neuron 6, 575-581.
25. Docherty, A. J. P., Lyons, A., Smith, B. J., Wright, E. M., Stephens, P. E., Harris, T., Murphy, G. and Reynolds, J. J. (1985) Sequence of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and its identity to erythroid-potentiating activity. Nature (London) 318, 66-69.
26. Docherty, A. J. P. and Murphy, G. (1990) The tissue inhibitor proteinase family and their inhibitor TIMP: a study using cDNAs and recombinant proteins. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 49, 469-479.
27. Dufay, N., Reboul, A., Touraine-Moulin, F., Belin, M.f. and Giraudon, P. Soluble factors, including TNFα, secreted by human T cells are both cytoxic and cytostatic for medullo-blastoma cells (submitted).
28. Eddleston, M. and Mucke, L. (1993) Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes. Implication for their role in neurologic disease. Neuroscience 54, 15-36.
29. Emmert-Buck, M., Emonard, H. P., Corcoran, M. L., Krutszch, H. C, Foidart, J. M. and Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. (1995) Cell surface binding of TIMP-2 and pro MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex. FEBS Letts 364, 28-32.
30. Everts, V., Delaisse, J. M., Korper, W., Niehof, A., Vaes, G. and Beertsen, W. (1992) Degradation of collagen in the bone-resorbing compartment underlying the osteoclast involves both Cystein-proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases. J. Cell Physiol. 150, 221-231.
31. Frei, K., Malipiero, V., Leist, P., Zinkernagel, R., Swab, M. and Fontana, A. (1989) On the cellular source and function of interleukin 6 produced in the central nervous system. Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 689-696.
32. Fukai, F., Ohtaki, M., Fujii, N., Yajima, H., Ishii, T., Nishizama, Y., Miyazaki, K. and Katayama, T. (1995) Release of biological activities from quiescent fibronectin by a conformational change and limited proteolysis by matrix metalloproteinases. Biochemistry 34, 11453-11459.
33. Gearing, A. J. H., Beckett, P., Chistodoulou, M., Churchill, M., Clements, J. M., Crimmin, M., Davidson, A. H. and Drummond, A. H. et al. (1995) Matrix metalloproteinases and processing of pro-TNFα. J. Leukocyte Biol. 57, 744-777.
34. Gessain, A., Vemant, J. C., Barin, F. and Maurs, L. (1985) Antibodies to human T lymphotropic virus type 1 in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. The Lancet ii 407-409.
35. Giam, C. Z. and Xu, Y. L. (1989) HTLV-I tax gene product activates transcription via preexisting cellular factors and cAMP responsive element. J. biol. Chem. 264, 15236-15241.
36. Gijbel, S. K., Masure, S., Carton, H. and Opdenakker, G. (1992) Gelatinase in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory neurological disorders. J. Neuroimmunol. 41, 29-34.
37. Gijbel, S. K., Proost, P., Masure, S., Carton, H., Billiau, A. and Opdenakker, G. (1993) Gelatinase A is present in the cerebrospinal fluid during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cleaves myelin basic protein. J. Neurosci. Res. 36, 432-440.
38. Gijbel, S. K. (1994) Reversal of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with a hydroxamate inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases. J. Clin. Invest. 94, 2177-2182.
39. Giraudon, P., Dufay, N., Hardin, H., Reboul, A., Tardy, M. and Belin, M. F. (1993) Differentiation of a medulloblastoma cell line towards an astrocytic lineage using the human T lymphotropic retrovirus-1. Neuroscience 52, 1069-1079.
40. Giraudon, P., Thomasset, N., Bernard, A., Verrier, B. and Belin, M. F. (1995) Induction of MMP9 (92 kDa gelatinase) activity and expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 mRNA (TIMP-2) in primitive neuroectodermal cells infected with retrovirus HTLV-I. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 841-848.
41. Giraudon, P., Bernard, A., Malcus, C., Dufay, N., Desgranges, C. and Belin, M. F. (1995) Retroviral infection (HTLV-I) induces cytokine-regulated immunomodulation and cytotoxicity of medulloblastoma cells. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54, 165-174.
42. Goetzl, E. J., Banda, M. J. and Leppert, D. (1996) Matrix metalloproteinases in immunity. J. Immunol. 156, 1-4.
43. Goldberg, G. I., Marmer, B. L., Grant, G. A., Eisen, A. Z., Wilhelm, S. N. and He, C. (1989) Human 72-kilodalton type IV collagenase forms a complex with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases designated TIMP-2. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 8207-8211.
44. Gonzalez-Scarano, E., Nathanson, N. and Wong, P. K. Y. (1995) Retrovirus and the nervous system. In: The Retroviridae, Vol. 4. pp. 401-471. Ed. J.A. Levy, Plenum Press, New York.
45. Gottschall, P. and Yu, X. (1995) Cytokines regulate gelatinase A and B (matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9) activity in cultures rat astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 64, 1513-1520.
46. Hatton, G. I. (1988) Pituitary, glia and control of terminal secretion. J. Exp. Biol. 139, 67-79.
47. Heussen, C. and Dowdle, E. B. (1980) Electrophoretic analysis of plasminogen activators in polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulphate and copolymerized substrates. Anal. Biochem. 102, 196-202.
48. Höllsberg, P. and Hafler, D. A. (1995) What is the pathogenesis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis?. Ann. Neurol. 37, 143-145.
49. Hooper, N. M. (1994) Family of zinc metalloproteases. FEBS Letts 354, 1-6.
50. Howards, E. W., Bullen, E. C. and Banda, M. J. (1991) Regulation of the autoactivation of human 72 kDa progelatinase by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2. J. biol. Chem. 266, 13064-13069.
51. Ichiji, S., Izurno, S. and Eiraku, K. (1993) An autoagressive process against bystander tissues in HTLV-I-infected individuals: a possible pathomechanism of HAM/TSP. Med. Hypothesis 41, 542-547.
52. Imai, K., Kusakabe, M., Sakakura, T., Nakanishi, I. and Okada, Y. (1994) Susceptibility of tenascin to degradation by matrix metalloproteases and serine proteases. FEBS Letts 352, 216-218.
53. Imai, K., Yokohama, Y., Nakanishi, I., Ohuchi, E., Fuji, Y., Nakai, N. and Okada, Y. (1995) Matrix metalloproteinase 7 (matrilysin) from human rectal carcinoma cells. J. biol. Chem. 270, 6691-6697.
54. Itoh, Y., Binner, S. and Nagase, H. (1995) Steps involved in activation of the complex of pro-matrix metalloproteinase 2 (progelatinase A) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 by 4-amino phenylinercuric acetate. Biochem. J. 308, 645-651.
55. Jacobson, S., Shida, H., McFarlin, D. E., Fauci, A. S. and Koenig, S. (1990) Circulating CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for HTLV-I pX in patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease. Nature 348, 245-248.
56. Jacobson, S., McFarlin, D. E. and Robinson, S. (1992) HTLV-I specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease. Ann. Neurol. 32, 651-657.
57. Jenkins, H. G. and Ikeda, H. (1992) Tumor necrosis factor causes an increase in axonal transport of protein and demyelination in the mouse optic nerve. J. Neurol. Sci. 108, 99-104.
58. Johnson, R. T. (1994) Slow infections of the central nervous system caused by conventional viruses. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 724, 6-13.
59. Kagan, B. L., Baldwin, R. L., Munoz, D. and Wisnieski, B. J. (1992) Formation of impermeable channels by tumor necrosis factor. Science 255, 1427-1430.
60. Kira, J., Fujihara, K., Itoyama, Y., Goto, I. and Hastio, K. (1991) Leukoencephalopathy in HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: MR1 analysis and a two year follow-up study after corticosteroid therapy. J. Neurol. Sci. 106, 41-49.
61. Kira, J., Itoyarna, Y., Koyanagi, Y., Tateishi, L., Kishikawa, M., Akizuki, S., Kobayashi, I., Toki, N., Sueishi, K., Sato, H. and Et, A. L. (1992) Presence of HTLV-I proviral DNA in central nervous system of patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Associated microbiology/pathology. Ann. Neurol. 31, 39-45.
62. Kira, J., Goto, I., Otsuka, M. and Ichiya, Y. (1993) Chronic progressive spinocerebellar syndrome associated with antibodies to human Tlymphotropic virus type I: clinico-virological and magnetic resonance imaging studies. J. Neurol. Sci. 115, 11-116.
63. Kira, J., Koyanagi, Y., Yamada, T., Itoyarna, Y., Tateishi, J., Akizuki, S., Kishikawa, M., Baba, E., Nakamura, M., Suzuki, J. and Et, A. L. (1994) Sequence heterogeneity of HTLV-I proviral DNA in the central nervous system of patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Ann. Neuroi. 36, 149-156.
64. Kleiner, D. E. and Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. (1993) Structural biochemistry and activation of metalloproteinases. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5, 891-897.
65. Krystosek, A. and Seeds, N. (1981a) Plasminogen activator release at the neuronal growth cone. Science 213, 1532-1534.
66. Krystosek, A. and Seeds, N. (1981b) Plasminogen activator secretion by granule neurons in culture of developing cerebellum. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 7810-7814.
67. Kubota, R., Umehara, F., Izumo, S., Ijichi, S., Matsumuro, K., Yashiki, S., Fujiyoshi, T., Sonoda, S. and Osame, M. (1994) HTLV-I proviral DNA amount correlates with infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes in the spinal cord from patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. J. Neuroimmunol. 53, 23-29.
68. Lecky, T., Fox, C., Koenig, S., Levin, M., Fleslarge, N., Izumo, S., Sato, E., Raire, C., Osame, M. and Jacobson, S. (1995) Detection of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) Tax mRNA in the central nervous system of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis patients by in situ hybridation. Ann. Neurol. 37, 167-175.
69. Leung, K. and Nabel, G. J. (1988) HTLV-I transactivator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-kappa B-like factor. Nature 333, 776-778.
70. Liberman, A. and Baltimore, D. (1990) Activation of interleukin-6 gene expression through the NF-kB transcription factor. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 2327-2334.
71. Lindholm, P., Marriot, S., Gitlin, S., Bohan, C. and Brady, J. (1990) Induction of nuclear NF-kB binding activity after the exposure of lymphoid cells lo soluble Tax protein. New Biol. 2, 1034-1043.
72. Lindholm, P. F., Kashanchi, F. and Brady, J. N. (1993) Transcriptional regulation in the human retrovirus HTLV-I. Sem. Virol. 4, 53-60.
73. Liotta, L. A., Steeg, P. S. and Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. (1991) Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance in positive and negative regulation. Cell 64, 327-336.
74. Liu, Y., Fields, D., Festoff, B. and Nelson, P. (1994) Proteolytic action of thrombin is required for electrical activity dependent synapse reduction. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. 91, 10300-10304.
75. Louis, J.C. (1992) CG4, a new bipotential glial cell line from rat brain, is capable of differentiating in vivo into either mature oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes. J. Neurosci. Res. 31, 193-204.
76. Lynch, G. and Baudry, M. (1984) The biochemistry of memory: a new and specific hypoyhesis. Science 224, 1057-1063.
77. Magistretti, P. J. (1988) Regulation of glycogenolysis by neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Diabete Metab. 14, 237-246.
78. Mansuy, I., Van der Putten, H., Schmid, P., Merns, M., Botteri, F. and Monard, D. (1993) Variable and multiple expression of protease nexin-1 during mouse organogenesis and nervous system development. Develop. 119, 1119-1134.
79. Martin, D. L. (1992) Synthesis and release of neuroactive substances by glial cells. Glia 5, 81-94.
80. Matrisian, L. M. (1992) The matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Bioassay 14, 455-463.
81. Mauviel, A. (1993) Cytokine regulation of metalloproteinase gene expression. J. Cell Biochem. 52, 288-295.
82. Merrill, I. E. and Chen, I. (1991) HIV-1, macrophages, glials cells and cytokines in AIDS nervous system disease. FASEB J. 5, 2391-2397.
83. McEvert, R. P. (1992) Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Curr. Opin. cell biol. 4, 840-849.
84. McGeehan, G. M., Becherer, J. D., Bast, R. C., Boyer, C. M., Champion, B., Connolly, K. M., Conway, J. G., Furdon, P., Karp, S., Kidao, S., McElroy, A. B., Nichols, J., Pryzwansky, K. M., Schoenen, F., Sekut, L., Truesdale, A., Verghese, M., Warner, J. and Ways, J. P. (1994) Regulation of tumour necrosis factor a processing by a metalloprotease inhibitor. Nature 370, 558-561.
85. McGrogan, M., Kennedy, J., Ping, U. M., Hsu, C., Scott, R. W. and Simsonsen, C. C. (1988) Molecular cloning and expression of two forms of human protase nexin-1. Biotechnology 6, 172-177.
86. McKay, A., Ballin, M., Pelina, M., Farina, A., Nason, A., Hartzier, J. and Thorgeirsson, U. (1992) Effect of phorbol ester and cytokines on matrix metalloproteinase expression in tumor and normal cell lines. Invas. Metast. 12, 168-184.
87. McKay, R., Renfranz, P. and Cunningham, M. (1993) Immortalized stem cells from the central nervous system. C. R. Acad. Sci. III 316, 1452-1457.
88. McNaul, K. L., Chartrain, N., Lark, M., Tocci, M. and Hutchinson, N. (1990) Discoordinate expression of stromelysin, collagenase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in rheumatoid human synovial fibroblast. Synergistic effects of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on stromelysin expression. J. biol. Chem. 265, 17238-17245.
89. Miyazaki, K., Hasegawa, M., Funahashi, K. and Umeda, M. (1993) A metalloproteinase inhibitor domain in Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor. Nature (London) 362, 839-841.
90. Modney, B. S. and Hatton, G. I. (1989) Multiple synapse formation: a possible compensatory mechanism for increased cell size in rat supraoptic nucleus. J. Neuroendocr. 1, 21-27.
91. Mohanam, S., Wang, S., Rayford, A., Yamamoto, M., Sawaya, R., Nakajima, M., Liotta, L. A., Nicolson, G., Stetler-Stevenson, W. and Rao, J. (1995) Expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: regulators of human glioblastoma invasion in vivo. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 13, 57-62.
92. Mohler, K. M., Sleath, P. R., Filzner, J. N., Cerretti, D. P., Alderson, M., Kerwar, S. S., Torrance, D. S., Otten-Evans, C., Greenstreet, T., Weerawarna, K., Kronheim, S. R., Petersen, M., Gerhart, M., Kozlosky, C. J., March, C. J. and Black, R. A. (1994) Protection against a lethal dose of endotoxin by an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor processing. Nature 370, 218-220.
93. Monard, D. (1988) Cell-derived proteases and proteases inhibitors as regulators of neurite outgrowth. TINS 11, 541-544.
94. Monard, D., Salomon, F., Rentsh, M. and Gysin, R. (1973) Glia-induced morphological differentiation in neuroblastoma cells. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 1894-1897.
95. Montgomery, A., Sabzevari, H. and Reisfeld, R. (1993) Production and regulation of gelatinase B by human T cells. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1176, 265-268.
96. Morganti-Kossmann, M. C., Kossman, T. and Wahl, S. M. (1992) Cytokines and neuropathology. TINS 13, 286-291.
97. Moritoyo, T., Moritoyo, H., Sato, E., Osame, M. and Haase, A. T. (1995) In situ detection of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/spastic paraparesis. J. AIDS Human Retrovirol. 10, 227.
98. Muir, O. (1995) Differences in proliferation and invasion by normal, transformed and NF1 Schwann cell cultures are influenced by mature metalloproteinase expression. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 13, 303-314.
99. Müllberg, J., Durie, F. H., Otten-Evans, C., Alderson, M. R., Rose-John, S., Cosman, D., Black, R. A. and Mohler, K. M. (1995) A metalloproteinase inhibitor blocks shedding of the IL6 receptor and the p 60 TNF receptor. J. Immunol. 155, 5198-5205.
100. Muller, S., Boire, G., Ossondo, M., Ricchiuti, V., Smadja, D., Vernant, J. C. and Ozden, S. (1995) IgG antibody response in HTLV-I-infected patients. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 77, 1-9.
101. Munoz, E., Courtois, G., Veschambre, P., Jalinot, P. and Israel, I. (1994) Tax induce nuclear translocation of NF-kB through dissociation of cytoplasmic complexes containing p105 or p100 but does not induce degradation of IkBa/MAD3. J. Virol. 68, 8035-8044.
102. Nakagawa, T., Kubota, T., Kabuto, M., Sato, K., Kawano, H., Hayakawa, T. and Okada, Y. (1994) Production of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 by human brain tumors. J. Neurosurg. 81, 69-77.
103. Nakajima, K., Shimojo, M., Hamanoue, M., Ishiura, S., Sugita, H. and Kohsaka, S. (1992) Identification of elastase as a secretory protease from cultured rat microglia. J. Neurochem. 58, 1401-1408.
104. Nakamura, S., Nagano, I., Yoshioka, M., Shimazaki, S., Onodera, J. and Kogure, K. (1993) Detection of tumor necrosis factor alpha positive cells in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. J. Neuroimmunol. 42, 127-130.
105. Nakano, A., Tani, E., Miyazaki, A., Yamamoto, Y. and Furuyama, J. I. (1995) Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in human gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 83, 298-307.
106. Nelson, R. and Siman, R. (1989) Identification and characterization of calcium-dependent metalloproteases in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 53, 641-647.
107. Nimer, S. (1991) Tax responsiveness of the GM-CSF promoter is mediated by mitogen-inducible sequences other than kappa B. New. Biol. 3, 997-1004.
108. Nishimoto, N., Yoshizaki, K., Eiraku, K., Machigashira, K., Tagoh, H., Ogata, A., Kurritani, T., Osame, M. and Kishimoto, T. (1990) Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J. Neurol. Sci. 97, 183-193.
109. Ogata, Y., Itoh, Y. and Nagase, H. (1995) Steps involved in activation of the pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (progelatinase B)-tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 complex by 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate and proteinases. J. biol. Chem. 270, 18506-18511.
110. Oldstone, M. B. A. (1993) Viruses and diseases of the twenty-first century. Am. J. Pathol. 143, 1241-1249.
111. Oldstone, M. B. A., Sinha, Y. N., Blount, P., Tishoft, A., Rodriguez, M., von Wedel, R. and Lampert, P. W. (1982) Virus-induced alterations in homeostasis: alterations in differentiated functions of infected cells in vivo. Science 218, 1125-1127.
112. Olsson, I., Gatanaga, T., Gullberg, U., Lantz, M. and Granger, G. A. (1993) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding proteins (soluble TNF receptor forms) with possible roles in inflammation and malignancy. Eur. Cytok. Netw. 4, 169-180.
113. Opdenakker, G. and van Damme, J. (1994) Cytokine-regulated proteases in auto-immune disease. Immunol. Today 15, 103-107.
114. Osame, M., Usuku, K., Izumo, O., Ijichi, M., Amitani, H., Igata, A., Matsumoto, M. and Tara, M. (1986) HTLV-I associated myelopathy, a new clinical entity. The Lancet i, 1031-1032.
115. Overall, C. M., Wrana, J. L. and Sodek, J. (1991) Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of 72 kDa gelatinase/type IV collagenase by transforming growth factor-β in human fibroblasts. J. biol. Chem. 266, 14064-14071.
116. Partridge, C. A., Jeffrey, J. J. and Malik, A. B. (1993) A 96 Kda gelatinase induced by TNF-α contributes to increased microvascular endothelial permeability. Am. J. Physiol. (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 9) 265, 1438-1447.
117. Paul, N. L., Lenardo, M. J., Novak, K. D., Sarr, T., Tang, W. L. and Ruddle, N. H. (1990) Lymphotoxin activation by human T-cell leukernia virus type I-infected cell lines: role for NF-kappa B. J. Virol. 64, 5412-5419.
118. Pavloff, N., Staskuss, P. M., Kishnani, N. S. and Hawkes, S. P. (1992) A new inhibitor of metalloproteinase from chickens: chIMP-3, a third member of the TIMP family. J. biol. Chem. 267, 17321-17326.
119. Perini, G., Wagner, S. and Green, M. R. (1995) Recognition of bZIP proteins by the human T-cell leukaemia virus transactivator Tax. Nature 376, 602-605.
120. Peters, A., Palay, S. L. and Webster, H. de F. (1991) Blood vessels. In: The Fine Structure of the Nervous System, Neurons and their Supporting Cells, 3rd edn, pp. 344-355. Oxford University Press, New York.
121. Pittman, R. N. (1985) Release of plasminogen activator and a calcium-dependent metalloprotease from cultured sympathetic and sensory neurons. Develop. Biol. 110, 91-101.
122. Poiesz, B. J., Ruscetti, F. W. and Gazdar, A. F. et al. (1980) Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 715-7419.
123. Pollard, J. D., Westland, K. W., Hervey, G. K., Jung, S., Bonner, J., Spies, J. M., Toyka, K. V. and Hartung, H. P. (1995) Activated T cells of non-neural specificity open the blood-nerve barrier to circulating antibody. Ann. Neurol. 37, 467-475.
124. Popovic, M., Lange-Wantzin, G., Sarin, P. S., Mann, D. and Gallo, R. C. (1983) Transformation of human umbilical cord blood T-cells by human T-cell leukemia/lymphorna virus. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 5402-5406.
125. Reichart, L. F. and Tomaselli, K. J. (1991) Extracellular matrix molecules and their receptors: function in neural development. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 531-570.
126. Ries, C. and Petrides, P. E. (1995) Cytokine regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity and its regulatory dysfunction in disease. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 376, 345-355.
127. Robert, A. M. and Godeau, G. (1974) Action of the proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Biomedicine 21, 36-39.
128. Register, B., Leprince, P., Delrec, P., Van Damme, J. B. and Moonen, G. (1990) Enhanced release of plasminogen activators by cultured rat glial cells treated with interleukin-1. Glia 3, 252-257.
129. Romanic, A. M. and Madri, J. (1994) Extracellular matrix degrading proteinases in the nervous system. Brain Pathol. 4, 145-156.
130. Rosenberg, G., Kornfeld, M., Estrada, E., Kelley, R., Liotta, L. and Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. (1992) TIMP-2 reduces proteolytic opening of blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 576, 203-207.
131. Rutka, J., Apocada, G., Stern, R. and Rosenblum, M. (1988) The extracellular matrix of the central and peripheral nervous system: structure and function. J. Neurosurg. 69, 155-170.
132. Salahuddin, S. Z., Markham, P. D., Wong-Staal, F., Franchini, G., Kalyanaraman, V. S. and Gallo, R. C. (1983) Restricted expression of human T-cell leukemia/lymphorna virus (HTLV) in transformed human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes. Virology 129, 51-64.
133. Sato, H., Kida, Y., Mai, M., Endo, Y., Sasaki, T., Tanaka, J. and Seiki, M. (1992) Expression of genes encoding type IV collagen-degrading metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in various human cell tumor. Oncogene 7, 77-83.
134. Sato, H. and Seiki, M. (1993) Regulatory mechanism of 92 kDa type IV collagenase gene expression which is associated with invasiveness of tumor cells. Oncogene 8, 395-405.
135. Sato, H., Tachino, T., Okado, Y., Cao, J., Shinagawa, A., Yamamoto, E. and Suki, M. (1994) A matrix metalloproteinase expressed on the surface in invasive tumour cells. Nature 370, 61-65.
136. Schöbitz, B., de Kloet, G. R. and Holsboer, F. I. (1994) Rare expression and function of interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor in the brain. Progr. Neurobiol. 44, 397-432.
137. Schönthal, A., Herrlich, P., Rahmsdorf, H. and Ponta, H. (1988) Requirement for fos gene expression in the transcriptional activation of collagenase by other oncogenes and phorbol esters. Cell 54, 325-334.
138. Scotti, A. L., Monard, D. and Nitsh, C. (1994) Re-expression of glia-derived Nexin protease nexin I depends on mode of lesion-induction or terminal degeneration: observation after excitotoxin or 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of rat substantia nigra. J. Neurosci. Res. 37, 155-168.
139. Seeds, N., Williams, B. and Bickford, B. (1995) Tissue plasminogen activator in Purkinje neurons after cerebellum motor learning. Science 270, 1992-1994.
140. Selmaj, K., Raine, C., Farooq, M., Norton, W. and Brosnan, C. (1991) Cytokine cytotoxicity against oligodendrocytes. Apoptosis induced by lymphotoxin. J. Immunol. 147, 1522-1529.
141. Shao, Y. and McCarthy, K. D. (1994) Plasticity of astrocytes. Glia 11, 147-155.
142. Sharief, M. K. and Thompson, E. J. (1992) In vitro relationship of tumor necrosis factor α to blood-brain barrier damage in patients with active multiple necrosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 38, 27-34.
143. Siman, R. and Noszek, J. C. (1988) Excitatory aminoacid activate Calpain I and induce strutural protein breakdown in vivo. Neuron 1, 279-287.
144. Sivron, T. and Schwartz, M. (1994) The enigma of myelin-associated growth inhibitors in spontaneously regenerating nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 17, 277-281.
145. Sodroski, J. G., Rosen, C. A. and Haseltine, W. A. (1984) Trans-acting transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of human T lymphotropic viruses in infected cells. Science 225, 381-385.
146. Soreq, H. and Miskin, R. (1983) Plasminogen activator in the developping rat cerebellum: biosynthesis and localization in granular neurons. Develop. Brain Res. 11, 149-158.
147. Specter, S., Bendinalli, M. and Friedman, H. (1992) Virus and neurological disorders. In Neuropathologic viruses and immunity, pp. 339-344. Eds S. Specter, M. Bendinelli and H. Friedman. Plenum. New York.
148. Stetler-Stevenson, W. G., Krutszch, H. C. and Liotta, L. A. (1989) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-2): a new member of the metalloproteinase inhibitor family. J. biol. Chem. 264, 17374-17378.
149. Stetler-Stevenson, W. G., Liotta, L. A. and Kleiner, D. E. J. (1993) Extracellular matrix 6: role of matrix metalloproteinases in tumor invasion and metastasis. FASEB J. 7, 1434-1441.
150. Sun Jia-Bin (1993) Autoreactive T and B cells in neurons system diseases. Acta Neurol. Scandin., 87 (Suppl. 142), 13-55.
151. Tachi, N., Watanabe, T., Wakai, S., Sato, T. and Chiba, S. (1991) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following HTLV-I associated myelopathy. J. Neurol. Sci 110, 234-235.
152. Tachino, T., Sato, H., Shinagawa, A. and Seiki, M. (1995) Identification of the second membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT-MMP2) gene from a human placenta, a DNA library. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 23013-23020.
153. Talhouk, R. S., Bissel, M. J. and Werb, Z. (1992) Coordinate expression of extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases and their inhibitors regulates mammary epithelial function during involution. J. Cell Biol. 118, 1271-1282.
154. Tancredi, V., D'Arcangelo, G., Grassi, E., Tarroni, P., Palmieri, G., Santori, A. and Eusebi, F. (1992) Tumor necrosis factor alterosynaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci. Lett. 146, 175-178.
155. Tchéligenian, J. L., Quinonero, J., Booss, J. and Jacque, C. (1993) Localizaton of TNF-α and IL1α immunoreactivities in striatal neurons after surgical injury to the hippocampus. Neuron 10, 213-224.
156. Theodosis, D. T. and Poulain, D. A. (1993) Activity dependent neuronal-glial and synaptic plasticity in the adult mammalian hypothalamus. Neuroscience 57, 501-535.
157. Toulmond, T. V., Serrano, A., Benavides, J. and Zavala, F. (1993) Increase in IL6 and TNF levels in rat brain following traumatic lesion. Influence of pre-and post-traumatic treatment with RO5 4864: a peripheral-type (p site) ligand. J. Neuroimmunol. 42, 177-185.
158. Uchijima, M., Sato, H., Fuji, M. and Seiki, M. (1994) Tax proteins of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and 2 induce expression of the gene encoding erythroid-potentiating activity (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, TIMP-1). J. biol. Chem. 269, 14946-14950.
159. Umehara, F., Izumo, S., Nakagawa, M., Ronquillo, A. T., Takahashi, K., Matsumuro, K., Sato, E. and Osame, M. (1993) Immunocytochemical analysis of the cellular infiltrate in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52, 424-430.
160. Umehara, F., Izumo, S., Ronquillo, A. T., Matsumuro, K., Sato, E. and Osame, M. (1994) Cytokine expression in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 53, 424-430.
161. Unemori, E. N., Hibbs, M. S. and Amento, E. P. (1991) Constitutive expression of a 92kDa gelatinase (typeIV) collagenase by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts and its induction in normal human fibroblasts by inflammatory cytokines. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1656-1662.
162. Vandenabeele, P., Declerq, W., Beyaert, R. and Fiers, W. (1995) Two tumor necrosis factor receptors: structure and functions. Trends Cell Biol. 5, 218-220.
163. Wagner, S. and Green, M. R. (1993) HTLV-I Tax protein stimulation of DNA binding of bZIP proteins by enhancing dimerization. Science 262, 395-399.
164. Walz, W. (1989) Role of glial cells in the regulation of the brain ion microenvironement. Progr. Neurobiol. 33, 309-333.
165. Wucherpfennig, K. W. and Strominger, J. L. (1995) Molecular mimicry in T-cell mediated auto-immunity: viral peptides activate human T-cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 80, 9695-9705.
166. Yamada, T., Yoshiyama, Y., Sato, H., Seiki, M., Shinagawa, A. and Takahashi, T. (1995) White matter microglia produce membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase, an activator of gelatinase A in human brain tissue. Acta Neuropathol. 90, 421-424.
167. Ziegler, H. K. and Uranue, E. R. (1982) Decrease in macrophage antigen catabolism caused by ammonia and chloroquine is associated with inhibition of antigen presentation to T cells. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. 79, 175-178.