The TOM test: A new instrument for assessing theory of mind in normal children and children with pervasive developmental disorders

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 67-80

  Muris, Peter ^a   Steerneman, Pim ^b   Meesters, Cor ^a   Merckelbach, Harald ^a   Horselenberg, Robert ^a   Van Den Hogen, Tanja ^a   Van Dongen, Lieke ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b South Limburg Centre of Autism   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Pervasive developmental disorders; Reliability; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMPREHENSION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; TASK PERFORMANCE; THEORY; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC;

EID: 0032981333     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1025922717020     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Astington, J, W., & Jenkins, J. M. (1995). Theory-of-mind development and social understanding. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 151-165.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., Rev,), Washington, DC: Author.
3. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a 'theory of mind'? Cognition, 21, 37-46.
4. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U, (1986). Mechanical, behavioral and intentional understanding of picture stories in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 113-125.
5. Bowler, D. M., Strom, E., & Urquhart, L. (1993). Elicitation of first-order "theory of mind" in children with autism. Paper presented at the SRCD Conference, New Orleans, LA.
6. Eisenmajer, R., & Prior, M. (1991). Cognitive linguistic correlates of "theory of mind" ability in autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 9, 351-364.
7. Flavell, J. H., Miller, P. H., & Miller, S. (1993). Cognitive development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
8. Frith, U. (1989). Autism; Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Blackwell.
9. Hadwin, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Howlin, P., & Hill, K. (1996). Can we teach children with autism to understand emotions, belief, or pretence? Development and Psychopathology, 8, 345-365.
10. Happé, F. (1994). Wechsler IQ profile and theory of mind in autism: A research note, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1461-1471.
11. Happé. F. (1995). The role of age and verbal ability in the theory-of-mind task performance of subjects with autism. Child Development, 66, 567-582.
12. Hogrefe, G. J., Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1986), Ignorance versus false belief: A developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states. Child Development, 57, 567-582.
13. Lalonde, C. E., & Chandler, M. J. (1995). False belief understanding goes to school: On the social-emotional consequences of coming early or late to a first theory of mind. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 167-185.
14. Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1988). Autistic children's understanding of seeing, knowing and believing. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 315-324.
15. Ozonoff, S., & Miller, J. N. (1995). Teaching theory of mind: A new approach to social skills training for individuals with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 415-433.
16. Perner, J., Frith, U., Leslie, A. M., & Leekam, S. (1989). Exploration of the autistic child's theory of mind: Knowledge, belief and communication. Child Development, 60, 689-700.
17. Perner, J., & Wimmer, H. (1985). 'John thinks that Mary thinks that...' Attribution of second-order beliefs by 5-10 years old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 437-471.
18. Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 4, 515-526.
19. Prior, M., Dahlstrom, B., & Squires, T. (1990). Autistic children's knowledge of thinking and feeling states in other people. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 587-601.
20. Selman, R. L., & Byrne, D. F. (1974). A structural-developmental analysis of levels of role taking in middle childhood. Child Development, 45, 803-806.
21. Slaugther, V., & Gopnik, A. (1996). Conceptual coherence in the child's theory of mind: Training children to understand belief. Child Development, 67, 2967-2988.
22. Spence, S. (1980). Social skills training with children and adolescents. A counselor's manual. Windsor: NFER/Nelson.
23. Steerneman, P. (1994). Theory-of-mind screening-schaal [Theory-of-mind screening-scale]. Leuven/Apeldoorn: Garant.
24. Steerneman, P., Jackson, S., Pelzer, H., & Muris, P. (1996). Children with social handicaps: An intervention program using a theory-of-mind approach. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry; 1, 251-263.
25. Swettenham, J. (1996). Can children with autism be taught to understand false belief using computers? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 157-165.
26. Vijtigschild, W., Berger, H. J. C., & van Spaendonck, J. A. S. (1969). Sociale Interpretatie Test [Social Interpretation Test], Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
27. Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Rev.), New York: Psychological Corp.
28. Wellman, H. (1990). The child's theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
29. Whiten, A., Irving, K., & Macinryre, K. (1993). Can three-year-olds and people with autism learn to predict the consequences of false belief. Paper presented at the British Psychological Society Developmental Section Annual Conference, Birmingham, UK.