Signal formation and decay in CdTe x-ray detectors under intense irradiation

Medical Physics

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 38-48

  Jahnke, A ^a   Matz, R ^a  

^a SIEMENS AG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Afterglow; CdTe detector; Computed tomography; Digital imaging; X ray detection

Indexed keywords

BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING; CADMIUM TELLURIDE; CARRIER CONCENTRATION; COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY; DEFECTS; DIAGNOSIS; EFFICIENCY; ELECTRIC FIELDS; II-VI SEMICONDUCTORS; QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; QUANTUM NOISE; QUANTUM THEORY; SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO; X RAYS;

AFTERGLOW; CDTE DETECTOR; CHARGE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY; DETECTIVE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; DIGITAL IMAGING; SPATIALLY VARYING ELECTRIC FIELD; THREE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE; X-RAY DETECTIONS;

X RAY DETECTORS;

CADMIUM; TELLURIUM; ZINC;

ARTICLE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; ELECTRIC CURRENT; ELECTRIC FIELD; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; IONIZATION CHAMBER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DETECTION; SEMICONDUCTOR; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; X RAY;

EID: 0032948871     PISSN: 00942405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1118/1.598475     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. M. Cuzin, F. Glasser, R. Mermet, N. Meunier, O. Peyret, and P. Rambaud, "Preliminary characterisation of a new hybrid structure with CdTe: X-ray imaging capabilities," Proc. SPIE 2278, 21-27 (1994).
2. K. Sato, T. Sato, M. Ukita, S. Tokuda, T. Inoue, S. Adachi, T. Izuo, N. Hori, K. Tanabe, Y. Konishi, S. Ishida, and M. Kiri, "Development of multichannel CdTe radiation detectors," Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Radiation Detectors and Their Uses (Ibaraki, Japan, 17-19 Jan. 1995) KEK-Proc. 95-1, pp. 208-218.
3. F. P. Doty, J. F. Butler, P. L. Hink, and J. R. Macri, "Performance of submillimeter CdZnTe strip detectors," 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symp. and Medical Imaging Conf. (San Francisco, 21-28 Oct., 1996), Rec. Vol. 1, pp. 80-84.
4. T. O. Tümer, D. Joyce, S. Yin, B. Pi, S. Zao, P. Wilson, K. Parnham, and B. Glick, "Preliminary results obtained from novel CdZnTe pad detectors," 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symp. and Medical Imaging Conf. (San Francisco, 21-28 Oct., 1996), Rec. Vol. 1, pp. 109-112.
5. J. R. Macri, D. V. Boykin, K. Larson, M. Mayer, M. L. McConnell, J. M. Ryan, M. L. Cherry, T. G. Guzik, B. A. Apotovsky, J. F. Butler, F. P. Doty, and C. L. Lingren, "Progress in the development of large-area sub-millimeter resolution CdZnTe strip detectors," Proc. SPIE 2859, 29-36 (1996).
6. J. D. Eskin, H. B. Barber, and H. H. Barrett, "Variations in pulse-height spectrum and pulse timing in CdZnTe pixel array detectors," Proc. SPIE 2859, 46-49 (1996).
7. R. Sudharsanan, T. Parodos, A. Ruzin, Y. Nemirovsky, and N. H. Karam, "CdZnTe photodiode arrays for medical imaging," J. Electron. Mater. 25, 1318-1322 (1996).
8. D. Allison, A. Epenetos, P. Jalas, Z. Karim, M. Myers, R. Orava, J. Pyyhtiä, J. Salonen, B. Sanghera, M. Sarakinos, T. Schulman, K. Spartiotis, I. Suni, and C. Tieliang, "A novel semiconductor pixel device and system for X-ray and gamma ray imaging," 1996 IEEE Nuclear Science Symp. (Anaheim, 2-9 Nov., 1997), Rec. Vol. 2, 1248-1250.
9. M. Hage-Ali, J. M. Koebel, P. Siffert, V. Prat, and H. Simon, "Cadmium telluride (CdTe) miniature probes for nuclear fuel gamma-ray spectrometry," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 369, 622-626 (1996).
10. C. Scheiber, M. Karim, C. Draman, P. Attali, P. Siffert, and J. A. Chambron, "Miniature multi-detector gamma probe (12 CdTe) for ambulatory monitoring of the left ventricular function," 1992 14th IEEE-EMBS conference (Paris, 29-31 Oct., 1992), pp. 707-708.
11. C. Scheiber and J. Chambron, "CdTe detectors in medicine: a review of current applications and future perspectives," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 322, 604-614 (1992).
12. Y. Eisen, A. Shor, C. Gilath, M. Tsabarim, P. Chouraqui, C. Hellman, and E. Lubin, "A gamma camera based on CdTe detectors," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 380, 474-478 (1996).
13. N. Gross, "A revolution in medical imaging," Business Week, July 21 (1997).
14. J. Chambron, A. Jahnke, A. Kazandjian, M. Karman, R. Matz, P. Siffert, C. Scheiber, and S. Warren, "Heart imaging by Cadmium Telluride gamma camera," Proc. of the 12th Int. Conf. on Crystal Growth (Jerusalem, July 26-31, 1998), J. Crystal Growth (to be published).
15. L. Verger, M. Cuzin, F. Glasser, J. Lajzerowicz, F. Mathy, and J. Rustique, "CdTe detectors responses to pulsed X-rays: comparison of different materials," Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 302, 169 (1993).
16. U. Lachish, "The role of contacts in semiconductor gamma radiation detectors," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 403, 417-424 (1998).
17. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1981), p. 746.
18. A. Rose, Concepts in Photoconductivity and Allied Problems (Interscience, New York, 1963).
19. R. Matz and M. Weidner, "Charge collection efficiency and space charge formation in CdTe gamma and X-ray detectors," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 406, 287-298 (1998).
20. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1981), p. 91.
21. xTe," Phys. Rev. B 45, 1440-1442 (1992).
22. K. Hecht, "Zum Mechanismus des lichtelektrischen Primärstromes in isolierenden Kristallen," Z. Phys. 77, 235-245 (1932).
23. W. Akutagawa and K. Zanio, "Gamma response of semi-insulating material in the presence of trapping and detrapping," J. Appl. Phys. 40, 3838-3854 (1969).
24. M. Hage-Ali and P. Siffert, "CdTe Nuclear Detectors and Applications" in Semiconductors for Room Temperature Nuclear Detector Applications, Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 43, edited by T. E. Schlesinger and R. B. James (Academic, San Diego, CA, 1995), pp. 291-334.
25. M. R. Squillante and K. S. Shah, "Other Materials: Status and Prospects," in Semiconductors for Room Temperature Nuclear Detector Applications, Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 43, edited by T. E. Schlesinger and R. B. James (Academic, San Diego, CA, 1995), pp. 465-491.
26. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series Vol. 17b, edited by O. Madelung (Springer, Berlin, 1982), p. 229.
27. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1981), Chap. 1.
28. M. A. Lampert and P. Mark, Current Injection in Solids (Academic, New York, 1970).
29. H. M. Van Driel, "Transport properties of laser-generated non-equilibrium plasmas in semiconductors" in Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Interfaces under Laser Irradiation (Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy, 14-25 July, 1986) (Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1986), pp. 105-126.
30. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series Vol. 17b, edited by O. Madelung (Springer, Berlin, 1982), p. 228.
31. T. Kubicki, K. Lübelsmeyer, J. Ortmanns, D. Pandoulas, O. Syben, M. Toporowsky, and W. J. Xiao, "Calculation of the electric field in GaAs particle detectors," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 345, 468-473 (1994).
32. Private communication by R. Ohno, ACROTEC-Japan Energy Corp., R&D Center, 3-17-35, Niizo-Minami, Toda-shi, Saitama, 335, Japan.
33. 3 absorption was calculated by using atomic absorption cross sections from: W. J. Veigele, "Photon cross sections from 0.1 keV to 1 MeV for elements Z=1 to Z=94," Atomic Data Tables 5, 51-111 (1973).
34. C. Eiche, M. Fiederle, J. Weese, D. Maier, D. Ebling, and K. W. Benz, "Investigation of deep levels in X-ray detector material with photoinduced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS)," Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 302, 231-236 (1993).
35. D. G. Ebling, C. Eiche, M. Fiederle, W. Joerger, M. Laasch, M. Salk, R. Schwarz, and K. W. Benz, "Resistivity and deep level investigations of detector grade CdTe: A comparison of different growth techniques," Proc. SPIE 2519, 127-134 (1995).
36. C. Eiche, W. Joerger, M. Fiederle, D. Ebling, R. Schwarz, and K. W. Benz, "Characterisation of Ti and V doped CdTe by time dependent charge measurement (TDCM) and photoinduced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS)," Opt. Mater. 4, 214-218 (1995).
37. T. Ohtsuchi, K. Ohmori, H. Tsutsui, and S. Baba, "Evaluation of K X-ray escape and crosstalk in CdTe detectors and multi-channel detectors," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 42, 179-184 (1995).
38. K.-M. Kim, "Growing improved silicon crystals for VLSI/ULSI applications," Solid State Technol. 39, 70-80 (1996).
39. J. A. Heanue, J. K. Brown, and B. H. Hasegawa, "Two-dimensional modeling of Cd(Zn)Te strip detectors," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 44, 701-707 (1997).