Conjugated polysaccharide vaccines

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 113-133

  Ahmad, H ^a   Chapnick, E K ^a  

^a MAIMONIDES MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE VACCINE; MENINGOCOCCUS VACCINE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; VIRUS ANTIGEN; VIRUS PROTEIN;

DRUG CONJUGATION; EDEMA; FEVER; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE A; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MENINGITIS; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; REVIEW; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 0032934546     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70046-5     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. W.G. Adams K.A. Deaver S.L. Cochi Decline of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in Hib vaccine era JAMA 269 1993 221
2. H. Åhman H. Käyhty P. Tamminen Pentavalent pneumococcal oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine PncCRM is well-tolerated and able to induce an antibody response in infants Pediatr Infect Dis 15 1996 134
3. F. Ahmed M.C. Steinhoff M.C. Rodriquez-Barradas Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the antibody response to a glycoprotein conjugate pneumococcal vaccine: Results from a randomized trial J Infect Dis 173 1996 83
4. D.A.A. Ala'Aldeen K.A.V. Cartwright Neisseria meningitidis: Vaccines and vaccine candidates J Infect 33 1996 153
5. D.A.A. Ala'Aldeen N.B.L. Powell R.A. Wall S.P. Borriella Localization of the meningococcal receptors for human transferrin Infect Immun 61 1993 751
6. D.A.A. Ala'Aldeen P. Stevenson E. Griffiths Immune responses in man and animals to meningococcal transferrin-binding proteins: Implications for vaccine design Infect Immun 62 1994 2894
7. J.E. Alexander R.A. Lock C.C.A.M. Peeters Immunization of mice with pneumolysis toxoid confers a significant degree of protection against at least nine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infect Immun 62 1994 5683
8. S.N. Ameratunga D.R. Lennon B. Entwistle The immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae: Meningocaccal protein conjugate vaccine in Polynesian and non-Polynesian New Zealand infants J Paediatr Child Health 33 1997 138
9. E.L. Anderson T. Bowers C.M. Mink Safety and immunogenicity of meningococcal A and C polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in adults Infect Immune 62 1994 3391
10. E.L. Anderson M.D. Decker J.A. Englund Interchangeability of conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in infants JAMA 273 1995 849
11. E.L. Anderson D.J. Kennedy K.M. Geldmacher Immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants J Pediatr 128 1996 649
12. A. Bartoloni F. Norelli C. Ceccarini Immunogenicity of meningococcal B polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid or CRM 197 via adipic acid dihydrazide Vaccine 13 1995 463
13. G. Bjune E.A. Hoiby J.K. Gronnesby Effect of outer membrane vesicle vaccine against group B meningococcal disease in Norway Lancet 338 1991 1093
14. S.B. Black H.R. Shinefield The Kaiser Permanente Pediatric Vaccination Study Group Immunization with oligosaccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (HbOC) vaccine on a large health maintenance organization population: Extended follow-up and impact on Haemophilus influenzae disease epidemiology Pediatr Infect Dis J 11 1992 610
15. B. Brichacek S. Swindells E.N. Janoff Increased plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 burden following antigenic challenge with pneumococcal vaccine J Infect Dis 174 1996 1191
16. D.E. Briles J. Yother L.S. McDaniel Role of pneumococcal surface protein A in the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae Rev Infect Dis 10 1988 S372
17. L.E. Braodhurst R.L. Erickson P.W. Kelly Decrease in invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in U.S. army children, 1984 through 1991 JAMA 269 1993 227
18. J.C. Butler R.F. Breiman J.F. Campbell Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy JAMA 270 1993 1826
19. J.C. Butler R.F. Breiman H.B. Lipman Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among preschool children in the United States, 1978–1994: Implications for development of a conjugate vaccine J Infect Dis 171 1995 885
20. Carlsson R.-M. B.A. Claesson S. Iwarson Antibodies against Haemophilus influenzae type b and tetanus in infants after subcutaneous vaccination with PRP-T/diphtheria, or PRP-OMP/diphtheria-tetanus vaccines Pediatr Infect Dis J 13 1994 27
21. Carvalho A de A. C.M.S. Giampaglia A.H. Kimura Maternal and infant antibody response to meningococcal vaccination in pregnancy Lancet 2 1977 809
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines for the prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children two months of age and older MMWR 40 RR-1 1991 1
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Use of vaccines and immune globulins for persons with altered immunocompetence MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42 RR-1 1993 1
24. C.Y. Chan D.C. Molrine S. George Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine primes for antibody response to polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine after treatment of Hodgkin's disease J Infect Dis 173 1996 256
25. A. Chuchat K. Robinson J.D. Wenger Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995 N Engl J Med 337 1997 970
26. B.A. Cleasson B. Trollfors T. Lagergård Clinical and immunological responses to the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b alone or conjugated to tetanus toxoid in 18- to 23-month-old children J Pediatr 112 1988 695
27. J.D. Clemens C. Ferreccio M.M. Levine Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine on responses to concurrently administered diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine JAMA 267 1992 673
28. P. Constantino S. Viti A. Podda Development and phase I clinical testing of a conjugate vaccine against meningococcus A and C Vaccine 10 1992 691
29. R. Dagan R. Melamed M. Muallem Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine J Infect Dis 174 1996 1271
30. 197 vaccines: Effect of saccharide size on immunogenicity and interactions with simultaneously administered vaccines J Infect Dis 176 1997 445
31. 197 conjugate vaccines in healthy US infants [abstract]. Presented at the 35th Interscience conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, September 18 to 20, 1995
32. De Moraces J.C. B.A. Perkins M.C. Camargo Protective efficacy of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine in Sao Paulo, Brazil Lancet 340 1992 1074
33. Department of Health Immunization Against Infectious Disease 1996 HMSO London 167
34. D. Desgrandchamps R. Schmid H.P. Zimmermann Effect of conjugated PRP vaccines on the incidence of invasive infections by Haemophilus influenzae type in children Schweiz Med Wochenschr 124 1994 575
35. S.J.N. Devi J.B. Robbins R. Schneerson Antibodies to poly [(2―8)-∝-N-acetyl neuraminic acid] and [(2→9)-∝-N-acetylneuraminic acid] are elicited by immunization of mice with Escherichia coli K92 conjugate: Potential vaccines for groups B and C meningococci and E. coli K1 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 1991 7175
36. J. Eskola H. Käyhty A.K. Takala A randomized prospective field trial of a conjugated vaccine in the protection of infants and children against invasive H. influenzae type b disease N Engl J Med 323 1990 1381
37. J. Eskola A.K. Takala H. Käyhty Experience in Finland with Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines Vaccine 9 1991 S14
38. C.K. Fairley N. Begg R. Borrow Conjugate meningococcal serogroup A and C vaccine: Reactogenicity and immunogenicity in United Kingdom infants J Infect Dis 174 1996 1360
39. M.M. Farley D.S. Stephens P.S. Brachman Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in adults Ann Intern Med 116 1992 806
40. C. Ferreccio J. Clemens A. Avendano The clinical and immunologic response of Chilean infants to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine coadministered in the same syringe with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis vaccine at two, four and six months of age Pediatr Infect Dis J 10 1991 764
41. N. Fiebach W. Beckett Prevention of respiratory infection in adults. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines Arch Intern Med 154 1994 2545
42. J. Finne K. Takala H. Käyhty Antigenic similarities between brain components and bacteria causing meningitis: Implications for vaccine development and pathogenesis Lancet 2 1983 355
43. C.E. Frasch Vaccines for the prevention of meningococcal disease Clin Microbiol Rev 2 1989 S134
44. P.C. Fusco F. Michon J.Y. Tai M.S. Blake Preclinical evaluation of a novel Group B meningococcal conjugate vaccine that elicits bactericidal activity in both mice and nonhuman primates J Infect Dis 175 1997 364
45. K. Galil R. Singleton O. Levine High prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) carriage among Alaska native despite widespread use of Hib conjugate vaccine Clin Infect Dis 25 1997 6
46. General recommendations on immunization Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) MMWR 43 RR-1 1994 1 38
47. G.S. Giebink J.D. Meier M.K. Quartey Immunogenicity and efficacy of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines against homologus and heterologus serotypes in the chinchilla otitis media model J Infect Dis 173 1996 119
48. J.R. Gilsdorf W.M. McDonnell Mucosal antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide Pediatr Res 29 1991 420
49. J.B. Glaser S. Volpe A. Aquirre Zidovudine improves response to pneumococcal vaccine among persons with AIDS and AIDS-related complex J Infect Dis 164 1991 761
50. R. Gold M. Lepow I. Goldschneider E.C. Gotschlich Immune response of human infants to polysaccharide vaccines of group A and C Neisseria meningitidis J Infect Dis 136 1977 S31
51. I. Goldschneider E.C. Gotschlich M.S. Artenstein Human immunity to the meningococcus I. The role of humoral antibodies J Exp Med 129 1969 1307
52. D.M. Granoff E.L. Anderson M.T. Osterholm Differences in the immunogenicity of three Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in infants J Pediatr 121 1992 187
53. D.M. Granoff S.J. Holmes M.T. Osterholm Induction of immunologic memory in infants primed with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines J Infect Dis 168 1993 663
54. 197 conjugate vaccine Infect Immun 65 1997 1710
55. M. Gratten J. Montgomery The bacteriology of acute pneumonia and meningitis in children in Papua New Guinea: Assumptions, facts and technical strategies Papua New Guinea Med J 34 1991 185
56. D.P. Greenberg J.M. Lieberman S.M. Marcy Enhanced antibody response in infants given different sequences of heterogeneous Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugated vaccines J Pediatr 126 1995 206
57. D.P. Greenberg V.K. Wong Partridge Evaluation of a new combination vaccine that incorporates diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP), hepatitis B (HB) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate (PRP-T) vaccine [abstract no G70] Program and Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (San Francisco) 1995 American Society of Microbiology Washington, DC 170
58. K.L. Hattotuwa C.R.K. Hind Pneumococcal vaccine Postgrad Med J 73 1997 222
59. J. Henrichsen Six newly recognized types of Streptococcus pneumoniae J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 2759
60. J.V. Hirschman B.A. Lipsky The pneumococcal vaccine after 15 years of use Arch Intern Med 154 1994 373
61. Huang K.-L. F.L. Ruben C.R. Rinaldo Antibody responses after influenza and pneumococcal immunization in HIV infected homosexual men JAMA 257 1987 2047
62. L.A. Jackson J.D. Wenger Laboratory-based surveillance for meningococcal disease in selected areas, United States, 1989–1991 MMWR 42 1993 21
63. H.J. Jennings A. Gamian F.E. Ashton N-propionyllated group B meningococcal polysaccharide mimics a unique epitope on group B Neisseria meningitidis J Exp Med 165 1987 1207
64. H.J. Jennings A. Gamian F. Michon F.E. Ashton Unique intermolecular bactericidal epitope involving the homosialo-polysaccharide capsule on the cell surface of group B Neisseria meningitidis and Escheriachia coli K1 J Immunol 142 1989 3585
65. H.J. Jennings C. Lugowski Immunochemistry of group A, B and C meningococcal polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates J Immunol 127 1981 1011
66. L.P. Jette F. Lamothe Pneumococcal Study Group Surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in Quebec, Canada, from 1984 to 1986: Serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical characteristics J Clin Microbiol 27 1989 1
67. K.E. Jonsdottir H. Hansen H. Guobjornsdottir Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) disease in Iceland from 1974 and impact of vaccination programme launched in 1989 Arctic Med Res 53 1994 619
68. E. Kantor J.S. Luxenberg A.H. Lucas D.M. Granoff Phase I study of the immunogenicity and safety of conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in the elderly Vaccine 15 1997 129
69. H. Käyhty H. Åhman Rönnberg P.-R. Pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infants and children J Infect Dis 172 1995 1273
70. H. Käyhty J. Eskola H. Peltola High antibody responses to booster doses of either Haemophilus influenzae capsular polysaccharide or conjugate vaccine after primary immunization with conjugate vaccines J Infect Dis 165 suppl 1 1992 S165
71. H. Käyhty V. Karanko H. Peltola P.H. Mäkelä Serum antibodies after vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide and response to reimmunization: No evidence for immunologic tolerance on memory Pediatrics 74 1984 857
72. King J.C. Jr P.E. Vink J.J. Farley Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus and non-human immunodeficiency virus infected children Pediatr Infect Dis J 15 1996 192
73. A.P. Knutsen Patients with IgG subclass and/or selective antibody deficiency to polysaccharide antigens: Initiation of a controlled clinical trial of intravenous immune globulin J Allergy Clin Immunol 84 1989 640
74. + lymphocytes AIDS 8 1994 469
75. A. Leach S.J. Ceesay W.A.S. Banya B.M. Greenwood Pilot trial of a pentavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide/protein bone marrow vaccine in Gambian infants Pediatr Infect Dis J 15 1996 333
76. A. Leach P.A. Twumasi S. Kumah Induction of immunologic memory in Gambian children by vaccination in infancy with a Group C meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine J Infect Dis 175 1997 200
77. J.M. Lieberman S.S. Chiu V.K. Wong Safety and immunogenicity of a serogroups A/C Neisseria meningitidis oligosaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in young children JAMA 275 1996 1499
78. L. Lissolo C. Maitre-Wilmotte P. Dumas Evaluation of transferrin-binding complex as a potential antigen for future meningococcal vaccines Infect Immun 63 1995 884
79. R.A. Lock J.C. Paton D. Hansman Comparative efficacy of pneumococcal neuraminidase and pneumolysin as immunogens protective against Streptococcus pneumoniae Microb Pathog 5 1988 461
80. A.M. Loughlin C.D. Marchant S.M. Lett The changing epidemiology of invasive bacterial infections in Massachusetts children, 1984 through 1991 Am J Public Health 85 1995 392
81. D.V. Madore Impact of immunization on Haemophilus influenzae type b disease Infect Agents Dis 5 1996 8
82. D.V. Madore D.C. Phipps R. Eby Immune response of young children vaccinated with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines Contrib Microbiol Immunol 10 1989 125
83. P.H. Mäkelä Capsular polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines Zbl Bakt 281 1994 334
84. P.H. Mäkelä M. Leinonen J. Pukander P. Karma A study of the pneumococcal vaccine in prevention of clinically acute attacks of recurrent otitis media Rev Infect Dis 3 suppl 1981 S124
85. P.H. Mäkelä H. Peltola H. Käyhty Polysaccharide vaccines of Group A Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae type b: A field trial in Finland J Infect Dis 136 1977 S43
86. T.D. Mastro A. Ghafoor N.K. Nomani Antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Pakistan Lancet 337 1991 156
87. L.S. McDaniel J.S. Sheffield P. Deluddhi D.E. Briles PspA, a surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, is capable of eliciting protection against pneumococci of more than one capsular type Infect Immune 59 1991 222
88. D.C. Molrine S. George N. Tarbell Antibody response to polysaccharide and polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines after treatment of Hodgkin's disease Ann Intern Med 123 1995 828
89. D.C. Molrine E.C. Guinan J.H. Antin Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB)-conjugate immunization before bone marrow harvest in autologous bone marrow transplantation Bone Marrow Transplant 17 1996 1149
90. T.V. MolMurphy K.E. White P. Pastor Declining incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease since the introduction of vaccination JAMA 2269 1993 246
91. J.D. Nelson G.H. McCracken Bacterial meningitis Pediatr Infect Dis J 11 1992 661
92. S.V. Nielson J. Henrichsen Capsular types of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood and CSF during 1982–1987 Clin Infect Dis 15 1992 794
93. W.A. O'Brien K. Grovit-Ferbas A. Namazi Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication can be increased in peripheral blood of seropositive patients after influenza vaccination Blood 86 1995 1082
94. T.J.D. O'Dempsey T. McArdle S.J. Ceesay Meningococcal antibody titers in infants of women immunized with meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine during pregnancy Arch Dis Child 74 1996 F43
95. J.C. Paton Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae: The role of pneumococcal proteins Annu Rev Microbiol 47 1993 89
96. Paton J.C. Lock R.A. Lee C.J. Purification and immunogenicity of genetically obtained pneumolysis toxoids and their conjugation to Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F polysaccharide Infect Immune 59 1991 2297
97. A.K. Pau I.R. McNicholl K.J. Pursell Active immunization in HIV-infected patients Pharmacotherapy 16 1996 163
98. C. Peeters A.M. Tenbergen-Meekes B. Haagmans Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines Immunol Lett 30 1991 267
99. H. Peltola H. Käyhty A. Sivonen P. Mäkelä Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children: A double-blind field study of 100,000 vaccines 3 months to 5 years of age in Finland Pediatrics 60 1977 730
100. Peltola H. Käyhty H. Virtanen M. Madcl038lä P. Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremic infections with the capsular polysaccharide vaccine N Engl J Med 310 1984 1561
101. Peltola H. Madcl038lä P. Käyhty H. Clinical efficacy of meningococcus group A capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children in less than three months to five years of age N Engl J Med 297 1977 686
102. M.E. Pichichero T. Latiolais D.I. Bernstein Safety and immunogenicity of a combination DTa/PRP-T vaccine in 2, 4, and 6 month-old infants Pediatr Infect Dis J 16 1997 863
103. M.E. Pichichero S. Passador Administration of combined diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine to infants and response to a booster dose of Hib conjugate vaccine Clin Infect Dis 25 1997 1378
104. M.E. Pichichero M.A. Shelly J.J. Treanor Evaluation of a pentavalent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in toddlers Pediatr Infect Dis J 16 1997 72
105. J.E. Plumb S.E. Yost Molecular size characterization of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines Vaccine 14 1996 399
106. W.S. Pomat D. Lehmann R.C. Sanders Immunoglobulin G antibody response to polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine in children in the highlands of Papua New Guinea Infect Immun 62 1994 1848
107. D.C. Powers E.L. Anderson K. Lottenbach C.A.M. Mink Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a protein-conjugate oligosaccharide vaccine in older adults J Infect Dis 173 1996 1014
108. R. Raby M. Blaiss S. Gross H.G. Herrod Antibody response to unconjugated Haemophilus influenzae b and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in children recurrent infections J Allergy Clin Immunol 98 1996 451
109. K. Redhead D. Sesardic S.E. Yost Combination of DTP and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugated vaccines can affect laboratory evaluation of potency and immunogenicity Biologics 22 1994 339
110. K. Redhead D. Sesardic S.E. Yost Interaction of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine in control tests Vaccine 12 1994 1460
111. A.L. Reingold C.V. Broome A.W. Hightower Age-specific differences in duration of clinical protection after vaccination with meningococcal polysaccharide A vaccine Lancet 2 1985 114
112. F.A.I. Riordan O. Marzouk S.P.J. Thomson Mortality from group C meningococcal disease: A case for a conjugate vaccine? Eur J Pediatr 153 1994 821
113. Robbins J.B. Parke J.C. Jr R. Schneerson J.K. Wishant Quantitative measurements of “natural” immunization induced Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide antibodies Pediatr Res 7 1973 102
114. J.B. Robbins R. Scheerson Evaluating the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine PRP-D N Engl J Med 3223 1990 1415
115. L.G. Rubin G.V. Mardy L. Pais G. Carlone Human anti-capsular antibody concentration required for protection against experimental pneumococcal bacteremia [abstract 647] Program and Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (San Francisco) 1995 American Society for Microbiology Washington, DC 66
116. H. Russell J.A. Tharpe D.E. Wells Monoclonal antibody recognizing a species-specific protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae J Clin Microbiol 28 1990 2191
117. R.A. Saladino A.M. Stack R. Malley Bacterial polysaccharide immunoglobulin (BPIG) protects infant rats with S. pneumoniae (SP) pneumonia from bacteremia, meningitis and death Pediatr Res 39 1996 184A
118. D. Scheifele G. Bjorson L. Barreto Controlled trial of Haemophilus influenzae type b diphtheria toxoid conjugate combined with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines, in 18-month old children, including arm versus thigh injection Vaccine 10 1992 455
119. 197 conjugated pneumococcal oligosaccharide vaccines in young and elderly adults Infect Immun 65 1997 242
120. G.V.G. Sierra H.C. Campa N.W. Varcacel Vaccine against group B Neisseria meningitidis: Protection trial and mass vaccination results in Cuba NIPH Ann 14 1991 195
121. D.H. Sniadack B. Schwartz H. Lipman Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia: Geographic and temporal differences in serotype and serogroup distribution of sterile site isolates from children—implications for vaccine strategies Pediatr Infect Dis J 14 1995 503
122. S.I. Staprans B.L. Hamilton S.E. Follansbee Activation of viral replication after vaccination of HIV-1-infected individuals J Exp Med 182 1995 1727
123. K.E. Stein Thymus-independent and thymus-dependent responses to polysaccharide antigens J Infect Dis 165 suppl 1 1992 S49
124. R. Steinhart A.L. Reingold F. Taylor Invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections in men with HIV infection JAMA 268 1992 3350
125. M.C. Steinhoff B.S. Auerbach K.E. Nelson Antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in men with human immunodeficiency virus infection N Engl J Med 325 1991 1837
126. M.C. Steinhoff K. Edwards H. Keyserling A randomized comparison of three bivalent Streptococcus pneumoniae glycoprotein conjugate vaccines in young children: Effect of polysaccharide size and linkage characteristics Pediatr Infect Dis J 13 1994 368
127. N. Subedar M.H. Rathoore Changing epidemiology of childhood meningitis J Fla Med Assoc 82 1995 467
128. A. Sutton W.F. Vann A.B. Karpas An avidin-biotin based ELISA for quantitation of antibody to bacterial polysaccharides J Immunol Methods 82 1985 215
129. Twumasi P.A. Jr S. Kumah A. Leach A trial of a Group A plus Group C meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in African infants J Infect Dis 171 1995 632
130. R.A. Wall P.T. Corrah D.C.W. Mabey B.M. Greenwood The etiology of lobar pneumonia in the Gambia Bull World Health Organ 64 1986 553
131. P.J. Weiss M.R. Wallace E.C. Oldfield III Response of recent human immunodeficiency virus seroconverters to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugated vaccine J Infect Dis 171 1995 1217
132. W.W. Williams M.A. Hickson A.P. Kendal Immunization policies and vaccine coverage among adults: The risk for missed opportunities Ann Intern Med 108 1989 616
133. K.M. Zangwill C.M. Vadheim A.M. Vannier Epidemiology of pneumococcal disease in Southern California: Implications for the design and conduct of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy trial J Infect Dis 174 1996 752