Acute flank pain: A modern approach to diagnosis and management

Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 108-135

  Smith, Robert C ^a   Levine, Jonathan ^b   Dalrymple, Neal C ^b   Barish, Matthew ^b   Rosenfield, Arthur T ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE; CYSTINE; WHEWELLITE;

ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; ECHOGRAPHY; EXTRACORPOREAL LITHOTRIPSY; HEMATURIA; HUMAN; HYDRATION; INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY; NEPHROLITHOTOMY; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOGRAPHY; URETER DILATATION; URETER OBSTRUCTION; URETER STONE;

EID: 0032910772     PISSN: 08872171     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0887-2171(99)90042-2     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 24th ed. Baltimore, MD, Williams & Wilkins, 1982, p 764
2. Williams PL, Warwick R, Dyson M, Bannister LH: Grays Anatomy, 37th ed. Edinburgh, England: Churchill Livingstone, 1989, pp 1414-1416
3. Stewart C: Nephrolithiasis. Emerg Med Clin North Am 6:617-630, 1988
4. Pahria JJ: Renal Calculi, in Schwartz GR, Cayten CG, Maglesen MA, (eds): Principles and Practice of Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia, PA, Lea and Febiger, 1992, pp 1664-1671
5. Stewart DP, Kowalski R, Wong P, Krome R: Microscopic hematuria and calculus-related ureteral obstruction. J Emerg Med 8:693-695, 1990
6. Elton TJ, Roth CS, Berquist TH, Silverstein MD: A clinical prediction rule for the diagnosis of ureteral calculi in emergency departments. J Gen Intern Med 8:57-62, 1993
7. Rhea JT, Salvatore AD, Toombs BD: Evaluation of a sequence of diagnostic tests using the workup of the ureteral stone as a model. Medical Care 20:843-847, 1982
8. Bishop NL: The influence of emergency urography and hematuria of the diagnosis of ureteric colic. Clin Radiol 31:605-610, 1980
9. Main JM: Emergency pyelography in renal colic. Br J Clin Prac 21:495-504, 1967
10. Freeland P: No hematuria - no IVU. Ir J Med Sci 156:270-271, 1987
11. Press SM, Smith AD: Incidence of negative hematuria in patients with acute urinary lithiasis presenting to the emergency room with flank pain. Urology 45:753-757, 1995
12. Boyd R, Gray AJ: Role of the plain radiograph and urinalysis in acute ureteric colic. J Accid Emerg Med 13:390-391, 1996
13. Drach GW: Urinary lithiasis, etiology, diagnosis, and medical management, in Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey TA, Vaughan ED Jr (eds): Campbell's Urology, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 1992, pp 2085-2156
14. Fagozzi GB, Ponticelli C: Microscopic hematuria diagnosis and management. Nephron 72:125-134, 1996
15. Kennedy TJ, McConnell JD, Thai ER: Urine dipstick vs. microscopic urinalysis in the evaluation of abdominal trauma. J Trauma 28:615-617, 1988
16. Abuelo JG: Evaluation of hematuria. Urology 21:215-225, 1983
17. Mariani AJ, Mariani MC, Macchioni C, et al: The significance of adult hematuria: 1,000 hematuria evaluations including a risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. J Urol 141:350-355, 1989
18. Kaplan DM, Neitlich J, Verga M, et al: Hematuria testing in patients with acute flank pain and suspected ureterolithiasis - Why bother? Annual Meeting of the Society of Uroradiology, Santa Fe, NM, June, 1997.
19. Richie JP, Sacks SA, Rhodes D, Skinner DG: Urologic complications of appendicitis. Urology 6:689-692,1975
20. Flannigan GM, Towler JM: Appendicitis presenting with painless hematuria. J Urol 129:1248, 1983
21. Jones WG, Barie PS: Urologic manifestations of acute appendicitis. J Urol 139:1325-1328, 1988
22. Maio G, Aragona F, Cisternino A, et al: Urologic complications of acute appendicitis: Report of two new cases. Urol Int 48:242-244, 1992
23. Morris J, Stellato TA, Haaga JR, Lieberman J: The utility of computed tomography in colonic diverticulitis. Ann Surg 204:128-132, 1987
24. Rose JG, Gillenwater JY: Pathophysiology of ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol 225:830-837, 1973
25. Holmes MJ, O'Morchoe PJ, O'Morchoe CC: Morphology of the intrarenal lymphatic system. Capsular and hilar communications. Am J Anat 149:333-337, 1977
26. Williams PL, Warwick R, Dyson M, Bannister LH: Grays Anatomy, 37th ed. Edinburgh, England: Churchill Livingstone, 1989, p 855
27. Moody TE, Vaughan ED, Gillenwater JY: Relationship between renal blood flow and ureteral pressure during 18 hours of total unilateral occlusion. Invest Urol 13:246-251, 1975
28. Segura JW: Percutaneous management, in Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey TA, Vaughan ED Jr (eds): Campbell's Urology, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1992, pp 2183-2194
29. Ueno A, Kawamura T, OgawaA, Takayasu H: Relation of spontaneous passage of ureteral calculi to size. Urology 10:544-546, 1977
30. Segura JW, Preminger GM, Assimos DG, et al: Ureteral stones clinical guidelines panel summary report on the management of ureteral calculi. J Urol 158:1915-1921, 1977
31. Pollack HM. Uroradiology, in Pollack HM (ed): Clinical Urography: An Atlas and Textbook of Urological Imaging, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 1990, p 195
32. Preminger GM, Herring LC, Klugman V, Favus MJ: Diagnosis and treatment of calcium kidney stones. Adv Endocrinol Metab 6:117-142, 1995
33. Twinem FP: Some radiographic aspects of urinary calculi. Am J Surg 17:389-394, 1932
34. Ravich A: Critical study of ureteral calculi. J Urol 29:171-195, 1933
35. Herring LC: Observations on the analysis of ten thousand urinary calculi. J Urol 88:545-562, 1962
36. Segal AJ, Banner MP: Radiological charasteristics of Urolithiasis, in Pollack HM (ed): Clinical Urography: An Atlas and Textbook of Urological Imaging, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1990, p 1758
37. Roth CS, Bowyer BA, Berquist TH: Utility of the plain abdominal radiograph for diagnosing ureteral calculi. Ann Emerg Med 14:311-315, 1985
38. Mutgi A, Williams JW, Nettleman M: Renal colic. Utility of the plain abdominal roentgenogram. Arch Intern Med 151: 1589-1592, 1991
39. Levine JA, Neitlich JD, Verga M, et al: Identification of ureteral calculi on plain radiographs in patients with flank pain: Correlation with helical CT. Radiology 204:27-31, 1997
40. Platt JF, Rubin JM, Ellis JH: Acute renal obstruction: Evaluation with intrarenal duplex Doppler and conventional US. Radiology 186:685-688, 1993
41. Rodgers PM, Bates JA, Irving HC: Intrarenal Doppler ultrasound studies in normal and acutely obstructed kidneys. Br J Radiol 65:207-212, 1992
42. Laing FC, Jeffrey RB, Wing BW: Ultrasound versus excretory urography in evaluating acute flank pain. Radiology 154:613-616, 1985
43. Hill MC, Rich JI, Mandat JG, Finder CA. Sonography vs. excretory urography in acute flank pain. AJR 1985;144:1235-1238.
44. Kamholtz RG, Cronan JJ, Dorfman GS: Obstruction and the minimally dilated renal collecting system: US evaluation. Radiology 170:51-53, 1989
45. Stuck KJ, White GM, Granke DS, et al: Urinary obstruction in azotemic patients: Detection by sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 149:1191-1193, 1987
46. Erwin BC, Carroll BA, Sommer FG: Renal colic: The role of ultrasound in initial evaluation. Radiology 152:147-150, 1984
47. Burge HJ, Middleton WD, McClennan BL, Hildebolt CF: Ureteral jets in healthy subjects and in patients with unilateral ureteral calculi: Comparison with color Doppler ultrasound. Radiology 180:437-442, 1991
48. Haddad MC, Sharif HS, Shahed MS, et al: Renal colic: Diagnosis and outcome. Radiology 184:83-88, 1992
49. Tuffier T: Sonde urétérale opaque, in Duplay SE, Reclus P (eds): Traité de chirurgie. Paris, France, Masson, 1897, pp 412-413
50. Swick M: Darstellung derniere und harnwege im Rontgenbilde durch intravenose einbringung eines neuen kontraststoffes des uroselectans. Klinische Wochenschrift 8:2085-2087, 1929
51. Essenmacher KR, Smith RC, Rosenfield AT: Comparison of unenhanced CT to excretory urography in evaluating patients with acute flank pain. Annual Meeting of the Society of Uroradiology, Laguna Nigel, CA, January 1994.
52. Smith RC, Essenmacher KR, Rosenfield AT, et al: Acute flank pain: Comparison of non-contrast CT and IVU. Radiology 194:789-794, 1995
53. Neitlich J, Hodges L, Barish M, et al: The accuracy of unenhanced helical CT in determining renal stone size and volume. Annual Meeting of the Society of Uroradiology, Santa Fe, NM, June, 1997.
54. Olcott EW, Sommer FG, Napel S: Accuracy of detection and measurement of renal calculi: In-vitro comparison of three dimensional spiral CT, radiography, and nephrotomography. Radiology 204:19-25, 1997
55. Smith RC, Verga M, McCarthy SM, Rosenfield AT: Diagnosis of acute flank pain: Value of unenhanced helical CT. Am J Roentgenol 166:97-101, 1996
56. Smith RC, Verga M, Dalrymple NC, et al: Acute ureteral obstruction: Value of secondary signs on helical unenhanced CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 167:1109-1113, 1996
57. Heneghan J, Smith RC, Dalrymple NC, et al: Value of the "rim sign" in the diagnosis of ureteral stones on unenhanced helical CT. Radiology 202:709-711, 1997
58. Dalrymple NC, Verga M, Anderson KR, et al: The value of unenhanced helical CT in the management of patients with acute flank pain. J Urol 159:735-740, 1997
59. Sommer FG, Jefrey RB, Rubin GD, et al: Detection of ureteral calculi in patients with suspected renal colic: Value of reformatted noncontrast helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 165:509-513, 1995
60. Katz DS, Lane MJ, Sommer FG: Unenhanced helical CT of ureteral stones: Incidence of associated urinary tract findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 166:1319-1322, 1996
61. Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Boridy IC, et al: Unenhanced helical CT of ureterolithiasis: Value of the tissue rim sign. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168:997-1000, 1997
62. Fielding JR, Fox LA, Heller H, et al: Spiral CT in the evaluation of flank pain: Overall accuracy and feature analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 21:635-638, 1997
63. Fielding JR, Steele G, Fox LA, et al: Spiral computerized tomography in the evaluation of acute flank pain: a replacement for excretory urography. J Urol 157:2071-2073, 1997
64. Takahashi N, Kawashima A, Ernst RD, et al: Ureterolithiasis: Can clinical outcome be predicted with unenhanced helical CT. Radiology 208:97-102, 1998
65. Bruce RG, Munch LC, Hoven AD, et al: Urolithiasis associated with the protease inhibitor Indinavir. Urology 50:513-518, 1997
66. Yanez MH, Naidich JB, Kaplan MH: Urolithiasis as a consequence of Indinavir therapy: Evaluation of its frequency and radiographic appearance. Radiology 205(P):509-510, 1997
67. Blake SP, McNicholas MMJ, Raptopoulos V: Nonopaque crystal deposition causing ureteric obstruction in patients with HIV undergoing Indinavir therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171:717-720, 1998
68. Neitlich J, Hodges L, Barish M, et al: The accuracy of unenhanced helical CT in determining renal stone size and volume. Annual Meeting of the Society of Uroradiology, Santa Fe, NM, June, 1997
69. Morse R, Resnick M: Ureteral calculi: Natural history and treatment in an era of advanced technology. J Urol 145:263-265, 1991
70. Bannister LH (ed): Gray's Anatomy, 38th ed. New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone, 1995, pp 1838-1839
71. Levine JA, Neitlich J, Smith RC: The value of prone scanning to distinguish ureterovesical junction stones from ureteral stones that have passed into the bladder: Leave no stone unturned. AJR Am J Roentgenol May 1999 (in press)
72. Grana L, Donnellan WL, Swenson O: Effects of gramnegative bacteria on ureteral structure and function. J Urol 99:539-550, 1968
73. Teague N, Boyarsky S: The effect of coliform bacilli upon ureteral peristalsis. Invest Urol 5:423-426, 1968
74. Grana L, Kidd J, Idriss F, Swenson O: Effect of chronic urinary tract infection on ureteral peristalsis. J Urol 94:652-657, 1965
75. Rose JG, Gillenwater JY: Effect of chronic ureteral obstruction and infection upon ureteral function. Invest Urol 11:471-478, 1974
76. Rose JG, Gillenwater JY: Effects of obstruction on ureteral function. Urology 12:139-145, 1978
77. Richie JP, Sacks SA, Rhodes D, Skinner DG: Urologic complications of appendicitis. Urology 6:689-692, 1975
78. Flannigan GM, Towler JM: Appendicitis presenting with painless hematuria. J Urol 129:1248-1237, 1983
79. Jones WG, Barie PS: Urologic manifestations of acute appendicitis. J Urol 139:1325-1328, 1988
80. Maio G, Aragona F, Cisternino A, et al: Urologic complications of acute appendicitis: Report of two new cases. Urol Int 48:242-244, 1992
81. Morris J, Stellato TA, Haaga JR, Lieberman J: The utility of computed tomography in colonic diverticulitis. Ann Surg 204:128-132, 1987
82. Kunin M: Bridging septa of the perinephric space: Anatomic, pathologic, and diagnostic considerations. Radiology 158:361-365, 1986
83. Parienty RA, Pradel J, Picard JD, et al: Visibility and thickening of the renal fascia on computed tomograms. Radiology 139:119-124, 1981
84. Feuerstein IM, Zeman RK, Jaffe MH, et al: Perirenal cobwebs: The expanding CT differential diagnosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8:1128-1130, 1984
85. Winfield AC, Gerlock AJ, Shaff MI: Perirenal cobwebs: A CT sign of renal vein thrombosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5:705-708, 1981
86. Aizenstein RI, Wilbur AC, O'Neill HK: Interfascial and perinephric pathways in the spread of retroperitoneal disease: Refined concepts based on CT observations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168:639-643, 1997
87. Holmes MJ, O'Morchoe PJ, O'Morchoe CCC: The role of renal lymph in hydronephrosis. Invest Urol 15:215-219, 1977
88. Baumgarten DA, Figueroa A: Decreased renal density: Another secondary sign of obstruction by noncontrast CT. Annual Meeting of the Society of Uroradiology, Bermuda, June, 1998
89. Orton GH: Some fallacies in the x-ray diagnosis of renal and ureteral calculi. Br Med J 2:716-719, 1908
90. Rice RP: The plain film of the abdomen, in Taveras JM, Ferrucci JT (eds): Radiology Diagnosis-Imaging-Intervention. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1992, pp 2-5
91. Balogh C: Ein Phlebolith. Virchows Arch 22:187-189, 1861
92. Culligan JM: Phleboliths. J Urol 15:175-188, 1925
93. Fenlon H, Bell TV, Kamal M, Hussain S: CT criteria to differentiate ureteric calculi from phleboliths in the pelvis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168(suppl):68, 1997
94. Fox LA, Fielding JR, Seltzer SE: Differentiation between pelvic ureteral calculi and phleboliths: Spiral CT image analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168(suppl):68, 1997
95. Bell TV, Fenlon HM, Davison BD, et al: Unenhanced helical CT criteria to differentiate distal ureteral calculi from pelvic phleboliths. Radiology 207:363-367, 1998
96. Traubicci J, Neitlich JD, Smith RC: Comparison of plain films and unenhanced helical CT in evaluating phleboliths: Is there a lucent center? AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:13-17, 1999
97. Algood CA, Sood N, Fairchild T, Mayo ME: Experimental study of ureteral calculus disease: Effects of calculus size, obstruction, and hydration. J Urol 130:999-1004, 1983
98. Lane MJ, Katz DS, Ross BA, et al: Unenhanced helical CT for suspected acute appendicitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168:405-409, 1997
99. Lanoue MZ, Mindell HJ: The use of unenhanced helical CT to evaluate suspected renal colic. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169:1579-1584, 1997
100. Singal RK, Denstedt JD: Contemporary management of ureteral stones. Urol Clin North Am 24:59-68, 1997
101. Chu G, Rosenfield AT, Anderson, K, et al: Sensitivity and value of digital CT scout radiography for detecting ureteral stones in patients with ureterolithiasis diagnosed on unenhanced CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999 (in press)
102. Vieweg J, The CL, Preminger GM: The value of unenhanced helical CT in patients with acute flank pain (abstr). J Urol 157:124, 1997
103. Preminger GM, Vieweg J, Leder RA, Nelson RC: Urolithiasis: Detection and management with unenhanced spiral CT - a urologic perspective. Radiology 207:308-309, 1998
104. McCullough DL: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, in Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey TA, Vaughan ED Jr (eds): Campbell's Urology, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 1992, pp 2157-2182
105. Huffman JL: Ureteroscopy, in Walsh PC, Retik AB, Stamey TA, Vaughan ED Jr (eds): Campbell's Urology, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 2195-2230, 1992
106. Segura JW: Ureteroscopy for lower ureteral stones. Urology 42:356-357, 1993
107. Bierkens AF, Hendrikx AJM, De La Rosette JJ, et al: Treatment of mid- and lower ureteric calculi: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy vs laser Ureteroscopy. A comparison of costs, morbidity, and effectiveness. Br J Urol 81:31-35, 1998