메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 369-381

Crowding norms in marine settings: A case study of snorkeling on the great barrier reef

Author keywords

Crowding norms; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park; Image capture technology; Recreation; Snorkeling

Indexed keywords

CORAL REEFS; MARINE PARKS; SNORKELING;

EID: 0032885148     PISSN: 0364152X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002679900240     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (86)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0019696750 scopus 로고
    • Density as an incomplete cause of crowding in backcountry settings
    • Absher, J. D., and R. G. Lee. 1981. Density as an incomplete cause of crowding in backcountry settings. Leisure Sciences 4:231-247.
    • (1981) Leisure Sciences , vol.4 , pp. 231-247
    • Absher, J.D.1    Lee, R.G.2
  • 2
    • 0345655121 scopus 로고
    • Tourism and conservation
    • K. Hotta and I. M. Dutton (eds.), Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo
    • Auyong, J. 1995. Tourism and conservation. Pages 95-116 in K. Hotta and I. M. Dutton (eds.), Coastal management in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation, Tokyo.
    • (1995) Coastal Management in the Asia-Pacific Region , pp. 95-116
    • Auyong, J.1
  • 3
    • 0003451084 scopus 로고
    • Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, Australia
    • Blamey, R. K. 1995. The nature of ecotourism. Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, Australia.
    • (1995) The Nature of Ecotourism
    • Blamey, R.K.1
  • 4
    • 0000503884 scopus 로고
    • Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen
    • Bryan, H. 1977. Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen. Journal of Leisure Research 9:174-187.
    • (1977) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.9 , pp. 174-187
    • Bryan, H.1
  • 5
    • 0344360549 scopus 로고
    • Freedom versus control: A study of backpackers preferences for wilderness management
    • Bultena, G., D. Albrecht, and P. Womble. 1981. Freedom versus control: A study of backpackers preferences for wilderness management. Leisure Sciences 13:254-266.
    • (1981) Leisure Sciences , vol.13 , pp. 254-266
    • Bultena, G.1    Albrecht, D.2    Womble, P.3
  • 6
    • 0028984454 scopus 로고
    • Recreational scuba-diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas
    • Davis, D., and C. Tisdell. 1995. Recreational scuba-diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 26:19-40.
    • (1995) Ocean and Coastal Management , vol.26 , pp. 19-40
    • Davis, D.1    Tisdell, C.2
  • 7
    • 0011955994 scopus 로고
    • Scuba gaining among mainstream travelers
    • Dignam, D. 1990. Scuba gaining among mainstream travelers. Tour and Travel News March:26.
    • (1990) Tour and Travel News , vol.MARCH , pp. 26
    • Dignam, D.1
  • 9
    • 0021086932 scopus 로고
    • Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding
    • Ditton, R. B., A. J. Fedler, and A. R. Graefe. 1983. Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding. Leisure Sciences 5:273-288.
    • (1983) Leisure Sciences , vol.5 , pp. 273-288
    • Ditton, R.B.1    Fedler, A.J.2    Graefe, A.R.3
  • 10
    • 0027519004 scopus 로고
    • Meeting ecological and economic goals: Marine parks in the Caribbean
    • Dixon, J. A., L. Fallon-Scura, and T. van't Hof. 1993. Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean. Ambio 22:117-125.
    • (1993) Ambio , vol.22 , pp. 117-125
    • Dixon, J.A.1    Fallon-Scura, L.2    Van't Hof, T.3
  • 12
    • 0032428902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representing the Great Barrier Reef to tourists: Implications for tourism experience and evaluation of coral reef environments
    • Fenton, D. M., M. Young, and V. Y. Johnson. 1998. Representing the Great Barrier Reef to tourists: Implications for tourism experience and evaluation of coral reef environments. Leisure Sciences 20:177-192.
    • (1998) Leisure Sciences , vol.20 , pp. 177-192
    • Fenton, D.M.1    Young, M.2    Johnson, V.Y.3
  • 13
    • 0020374188 scopus 로고
    • Toward a behavioral theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: An evaluation and synthesis of research
    • Gramann, J. H. 1982. Toward a behavioral theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: An evaluation and synthesis of research. Leisure Sciences 5:109-126.
    • (1982) Leisure Sciences , vol.5 , pp. 109-126
    • Gramann, J.H.1
  • 14
    • 0030518568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who cares about encounters? Differences between those with and without norms
    • Hall, T., and B. Shelby. 1996. Who cares about encounters? Differences between those with and without norms. Leisure Sciences 18:7-22.
    • (1996) Leisure Sciences , vol.18 , pp. 7-22
    • Hall, T.1    Shelby, B.2
  • 15
    • 84909179916 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive dimensions of wilderness solitude
    • Hammitt, W. E. 1982. Cognitive dimensions of wilderness solitude. Environment and Behavior 14:478-493.
    • (1982) Environment and Behavior , vol.14 , pp. 478-493
    • Hammitt, W.E.1
  • 16
    • 0021061550 scopus 로고
    • Toward an ecological approach to perceived crowding in outdoor recreation
    • Hammitt, W. E. 1983. Toward an ecological approach to perceived crowding in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 5:309-320.
    • (1983) Leisure Sciences , vol.5 , pp. 309-320
    • Hammitt, W.E.1
  • 17
    • 0021358507 scopus 로고
    • Use level and encounters: Important variables of perceived crowding among nonspecialized recreationists
    • Hammitt, W. E., C. D. McDonald, and F. P. Noe. 1984. Use level and encounters: Important variables of perceived crowding among nonspecialized recreationists. Journal of Leisure Research 16:1-8.
    • (1984) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.16 , pp. 1-8
    • Hammitt, W.E.1    McDonald, C.D.2    Noe, F.P.3
  • 18
    • 0028159325 scopus 로고
    • The growth of coastal tourism in the Red Sea: Present and possible future effects on coral reefs
    • Hawkins, J. P., and C. M. Roberts. 1994. The growth of coastal tourism in the Red Sea: Present and possible future effects on coral reefs. Ambio 23:503-508.
    • (1994) Ambio , vol.23 , pp. 503-508
    • Hawkins, J.P.1    Roberts, C.M.2
  • 19
    • 0000079873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the carrying capacity of coral reefs for scuba diving
    • H. A. Lessios and I. G. Macintyre (eds.), Panama, June 1996. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama
    • Hawkins, J. P., and C. M. Roberts. 1997. Estimating the carrying capacity of coral reefs for scuba diving. Pages 1923-1926 in H. A. Lessios and I. G. Macintyre (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th international coral reef symposium, Panama, June 1996. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama.
    • (1997) Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium , pp. 1923-1926
    • Hawkins, J.P.1    Roberts, C.M.2
  • 20
    • 0010278987 scopus 로고
    • Density, crowding and satisfaction: Sociological studies for determining carrying capacity
    • General Technical Report NC-28. USDA Forest Service, Minneapolis, Minnesota
    • Heberlein, T. A. 1977. Density, crowding and satisfaction: Sociological studies for determining carrying capacity. Pages 67-76 in Proceedings of the river recreation management and research symposium. General Technical Report NC-28. USDA Forest Service, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
    • (1977) Proceedings of the River Recreation Management and Research Symposium , pp. 67-76
    • Heberlein, T.A.1
  • 21
    • 0030352190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation
    • Heywood, J. L. 1996. Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 18:355-363.
    • (1996) Leisure Sciences , vol.18 , pp. 355-363
    • Heywood, J.L.1
  • 22
    • 0006396678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science and tourism infrastructure on the Great Barrier Reef: Learning from experience or just "muddling through"?
    • Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Australia
    • Inglis, G. J. 1997. Science and tourism infrastructure on the Great Barrier Reef: learning from experience or just "muddling through"? Pages 319-334 in The Great Barrier Reef: Science, use and management, a national conference: Proceedings Vol. 1. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Australia.
    • (1997) The Great Barrier Reef: Science, use and Management, a National Conference: Proceedings , vol.1 , pp. 319-334
    • Inglis, G.J.1
  • 23
    • 0002473783 scopus 로고
    • Standard characteristics of norms
    • I. D. Steiner and M. F. Fishbein (eds.), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York
    • Jackson, J. M. 1965. Standard characteristics of norms. Pages 301-309 in I. D. Steiner and M. F. Fishbein (eds.), Current studies in social psychology. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
    • (1965) Current Studies in Social Psychology , pp. 301-309
    • Jackson, J.M.1
  • 26
    • 0021574442 scopus 로고
    • The scenic value of forest landscape as assessed in the field and the laboratory
    • Kellomaki, S., and R. Savolianen. 1984. The scenic value of forest landscape as assessed in the field and the laboratory. Landscape Planning 11:97-108.
    • (1984) Landscape Planning , vol.11 , pp. 97-108
    • Kellomaki, S.1    Savolianen, R.2
  • 27
    • 0000722359 scopus 로고
    • Human behavior, cognition and affect in the natural environment
    • D. Stokols and I. Altman (eds.), Wiley, New York
    • Knopf, R. C. 1987. Human behavior, cognition and affect in the natural environment. Pages 783-825 in D. Stokols and I. Altman (eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. Wiley, New York.
    • (1987) Handbook of Environmental Psychology , pp. 783-825
    • Knopf, R.C.1
  • 28
    • 0038094390 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and behavioral adaptations to perceived crowding: A panel study of coping and displacement
    • Kuentzel, W. F., and T. A. Heberlein. 1992. Cognitive and behavioral adaptations to perceived crowding: A panel study of coping and displacement. Journal of Leisure Research 24:377-393.
    • (1992) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.24 , pp. 377-393
    • Kuentzel, W.F.1    Heberlein, T.A.2
  • 29
    • 0344792429 scopus 로고
    • Physical, social, and personal factors in the perception of crowding
    • Leventhal, G., and L. Levitt. 1979. Physical, social, and personal factors in the perception of crowding. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 4:40-55.
    • (1979) Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , vol.4 , pp. 40-55
    • Leventhal, G.1    Levitt, L.2
  • 32
    • 0001915153 scopus 로고
    • Crowding norms in backcountry settings: A review and synthesis
    • Manning, R. E. 1985. Crowding norms in backcountry settings: A review and synthesis. Journal of Leisure Research 17:75-89.
    • (1985) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.17 , pp. 75-89
    • Manning, R.E.1
  • 33
    • 0030426933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier National Park
    • Manning, R. E., D. Johnson, and M. Vande Kamp. 1996a. Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier National Park. Leisure Sciences 18:125-141.
    • (1996) Leisure Sciences , vol.18 , pp. 125-141
    • Manning, R.E.1    Johnson, D.2    Vande Kamp, M.3
  • 34
    • 0003824738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality
    • Manning, R. E., D. E. Lime, W. A. Freimund, and D. G. Pitt. 1996b. Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Sciences 18:39-59.
    • (1996) Leisure Sciences , vol.18 , pp. 39-59
    • Manning, R.E.1    Lime, D.E.2    Freimund, W.A.3    Pitt, D.G.4
  • 35
    • 0028172297 scopus 로고
    • The applicability of terrestrial visitor impact management strategies to the protection of coral reefs
    • Marion, J. L., and C. S. Rogers. 1994. The applicability of terrestrial visitor impact management strategies to the protection of coral reefs. Ocean and Coastal Management 22:153-163.
    • (1994) Ocean and Coastal Management , vol.22 , pp. 153-163
    • Marion, J.L.1    Rogers, C.S.2
  • 36
    • 0345655111 scopus 로고
    • Encounter and proximity norms for salmon anglers in California and New Zealand
    • Martinson, K. S., and B. Shelby. 1992. Encounter and proximity norms for salmon anglers in California and New Zealand. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12:559-567.
    • (1992) North American Journal of Fisheries Management , vol.12 , pp. 559-567
    • Martinson, K.S.1    Shelby, B.2
  • 39
    • 0027330637 scopus 로고
    • Human disturbances on coral reefs in Sri Lanka: A case study
    • Öhman, M. C., A. Rajasuriya, and O. Linden. 1993. Human disturbances on coral reefs in Sri Lanka: A case study. Ambio 22:474-480.
    • (1993) Ambio , vol.22 , pp. 474-480
    • Öhman, M.C.1    Rajasuriya, A.2    Linden, O.3
  • 40
    • 0010248528 scopus 로고
    • Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters and their relationship to wilderness solitude
    • Patterson, M. E., and W. E. Hammitt. 1990. Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters and their relationship to wilderness solitude. Journal of Leisure Research 22:259-275.
    • (1990) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.22 , pp. 259-275
    • Patterson, M.E.1    Hammitt, W.E.2
  • 42
    • 0001623181 scopus 로고
    • River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept
    • Roggenbuck, J. W., D. R. Williams, S. P. Bange, and D. J. Dean. 1991. River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research 23:133-153.
    • (1991) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.23 , pp. 133-153
    • Roggenbuck, J.W.1    Williams, D.R.2    Bange, S.P.3    Dean, D.J.4
  • 45
    • 0030885218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving at sites with different reef topographies
    • Rouphael, A. B., and G. J. Inglis. 1997. Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation 82:329-336.
    • (1997) Biological Conservation , vol.82 , pp. 329-336
    • Rouphael, A.B.1    Inglis, G.J.2
  • 46
    • 0018203530 scopus 로고
    • The influence of experience expectations on crowding perceptions and social-psychological carrying capacity
    • Schreyer, R., and J. W. Roggenbuck. 1978. The influence of experience expectations on crowding perceptions and social-psychological carrying capacity. Leisure Sciences 1:373-394.
    • (1978) Leisure Sciences , vol.1 , pp. 373-394
    • Schreyer, R.1    Roggenbuck, J.W.2
  • 47
    • 0028366327 scopus 로고
    • Viewer preference for spatial arrangement of park trees: An application of video-imaging technology
    • Schroeder, H. W., and B. Orland. 1994. Viewer preference for spatial arrangement of park trees: An application of video-imaging technology. Environmental Management 18:119-128.
    • (1994) Environmental Management , vol.18 , pp. 119-128
    • Schroeder, H.W.1    Orland, B.2
  • 48
    • 0011924715 scopus 로고
    • Divisional Paper No. 1993-44. The World Bank Environment Department, Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division, 48 pp
    • Scura, L. F., and T. van't Hof. 1993. The ecology and economics of Bonaire Marine Park. Divisional Paper No. 1993-44. The World Bank Environment Department, Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division, 48 pp.
    • (1993) The Ecology and Economics of Bonaire Marine Park
    • Scura, L.F.1    Van't Hof, T.2
  • 49
    • 0029505895 scopus 로고
    • Purism revisited: Specifying recreational conditions of concern according to resource intent
    • Shafer, C. S., and W. E. Hammitt. 1995. Purism revisited: specifying recreational conditions of concern according to resource intent. Leisure Sciences 17:15-30.
    • (1995) Leisure Sciences , vol.17 , pp. 15-30
    • Shafer, C.S.1    Hammitt, W.E.2
  • 52
    • 0018922067 scopus 로고
    • Crowding models for backcountry recreation
    • Shelby, B. 1980. Crowding models for backcountry recreation. Land Economics 56:43-55.
    • (1980) Land Economics , vol.56 , pp. 43-55
    • Shelby, B.1
  • 53
    • 0000467068 scopus 로고
    • Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers
    • Shelby, B. 1981. Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. Journal of Leisure Research 13:129-138.
    • (1981) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.13 , pp. 129-138
    • Shelby, B.1
  • 55
    • 0000701168 scopus 로고
    • Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers
    • Shelby, B., and J. J. Vaske. 1991. Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research 23:173-187.
    • (1991) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.23 , pp. 173-187
    • Shelby, B.1    Vaske, J.J.2
  • 56
    • 0021055386 scopus 로고
    • Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities
    • Shelby, B., T. A. Heberlein, J. J. Vaske, and G. Alfano. 1983. Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities. Leisure Sciences 6:1-14.
    • (1983) Leisure Sciences , vol.6 , pp. 1-14
    • Shelby, B.1    Heberlein, T.A.2    Vaske, J.J.3    Alfano, G.4
  • 57
  • 58
    • 21844518302 scopus 로고
    • Product shift in recreational settings: Findings and implications from panel research
    • Shindler, B., and B. Shelby. 1995. Product shift in recreational settings: Findings and implications from panel research. Leisure Sciences 17:91-107.
    • (1995) Leisure Sciences , vol.17 , pp. 91-107
    • Shindler, B.1    Shelby, B.2
  • 59
    • 0242579557 scopus 로고
    • Coral reefs in Thai waters: Newest tourist attraction
    • C. Wilkinson, S. Sudara, and C. L. Ming (eds.), Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
    • Sudara, S., and Yeemin, T. 1995. Coral reefs in Thai waters: newest tourist attraction. Pages 89-100 in C. Wilkinson, S. Sudara, and C. L. Ming (eds.), Proceedings of the third ASEAN symposium on living coral resources, volume 1: Status reviews. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.
    • (1995) Proceedings of the Third ASEAN Symposium on Living Coral Resources, Volume 1: Status Reviews , vol.1 , pp. 89-100
    • Sudara, S.1    Yeemin, T.2
  • 60
    • 0024860458 scopus 로고
    • The use of nearshore dive sites by recreational dive operations in Hawaii
    • Tabata, R. S. 1989. The use of nearshore dive sites by recreational dive operations in Hawaii. Coastal Zone 89:2865-2875.
    • (1989) Coastal Zone , vol.89 , pp. 2865-2875
    • Tabata, R.S.1
  • 61
    • 0002696371 scopus 로고
    • Scuba-diving holidays
    • B. Weiler and C. M. Hall (eds.), Belhaven Press, New York
    • Tabata, R. S. 1992. Scuba-diving holidays. In B. Weiler and C. M. Hall (eds.), Special interest tourism. Belhaven Press, New York.
    • (1992) Special Interest Tourism
    • Tabata, R.S.1
  • 62
    • 0002673066 scopus 로고
    • Impacts of recreational activities on coral reefs
    • E. B. Salvat (ed.), Antenne Museum E.P.H.E., French Polynesia
    • Tilmant, J. T. 1987. Impacts of recreational activities on coral reefs. Pages 195-214 in E. B. Salvat (ed.), Human impacts on coral reefs: facts and recommendations. Antenne Museum E.P.H.E., French Polynesia.
    • (1987) Human Impacts on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations , pp. 195-214
    • Tilmant, J.T.1
  • 64
    • 0345655109 scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of crowding between early and more recent visitors
    • Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly, and T. A. Heberlein. 1980. Perceptions of crowding between early and more recent visitors. Leisure Sciences 3:311-323.
    • (1980) Leisure Sciences , vol.3 , pp. 311-323
    • Vaske, J.J.1    Donnelly, M.P.2    Heberlein, T.A.3
  • 66
    • 0000201945 scopus 로고
    • Florida's coral reefs are imperiled
    • Ward, F. 1990. Florida's coral reefs are imperiled. National Geographic 178:115-132.
    • (1990) National Geographic , vol.178 , pp. 115-132
    • Ward, F.1
  • 67
    • 0005879650 scopus 로고
    • Perceived crowding and attitudes toward limiting use in backcountry recreation areas
    • West, P. C. 1981. Perceived crowding and attitudes toward limiting use in backcountry recreation areas. Leisure Sciences 4:419-425.
    • (1981) Leisure Sciences , vol.4 , pp. 419-425
    • West, P.C.1
  • 69
    • 0001273378 scopus 로고
    • The effect of norm-encounter compatibility on crowding perceptions, experience and behavior in river recreation settings
    • Williams, D. R., J. W. Roggenbuck, and S. P. Bange. 1991. The effect of norm-encounter compatibility on crowding perceptions, experience and behavior in river recreation settings. Journal of Leisure Research 23:154-172.
    • (1991) Journal of Leisure Research , vol.23 , pp. 154-172
    • Williams, D.R.1    Roggenbuck, J.W.2    Bange, S.P.3
  • 70
    • 0001017980 scopus 로고
    • The variability of user-based social impact standards for wilderness management
    • Williams, D. R., J. W. Roggenbuck, M. E. Patterson, and A. E. Watson. 1992. The variability of user-based social impact standards for wilderness management. Forest Science 38:738-756.
    • (1992) Forest Science , vol.38 , pp. 738-756
    • Williams, D.R.1    Roggenbuck, J.W.2    Patterson, M.E.3    Watson, A.E.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.