Chlamydial lipopolysaccharide

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease

Volumn 1455, Issue 2-3, 1999, Pages 387-402

  Kosma, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND LIFE SCIENCES   (Austria)

Author keywords

Chlamydia; Endotoxin; Kdo; Lipid A; Lipopolysaccharide

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; EPITOPE; LIPID A; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID; NEOGLYCOPROTEIN; OLIGOSACCHARIDE; OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN;

BACTERIAL CELL WALL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHLAMYDIA; CHLAMYDIASIS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HUMAN; HYDROPHOBICITY; NONHUMAN; OUTER MEMBRANE; PLASMID; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY; REVIEW; SALMONELLA ENTERICA;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, BACTERIAL; BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS; CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE; CELL WALL; CHLAMYDIA; CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS; EPITOPES; GLYCOPROTEINS; HUMANS; LIPID A; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; TRISACCHARIDES;

ANIMALIA; CHLAMYDIA; CHLAMYDIAE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; SALMONELLA ENTERICA;

EID: 0032879996     PISSN: 09254439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0925-4439(99)00061-7     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Schachter J., Caldwell H.D. Chlamydiae. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 34:1980;285-309.
2. J. Storz, Chlamydia and Chlamydia-Induced Diseases, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1991.
3. H. Brade, Chlamydial lipopolysaccharide, in: D.C. Morrison, H. Brade, S. Opal, S. Vogel (Eds.), Endotoxins in Health and Disease, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999, pp. 222-242.
4. Brade H., Brabetz W., Brade L., Holst O., Löbau S., Lucakova M., Mamat U., Rozalski A., Zych K., Kosma P. J. Endotoxin Res. 4:1997;67-84.
5. Everett K.D.H., Bush R.M., Andersen A.A. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49:1999;415-440.
6. Cox R.L., Kuo C.-C., Grayston J.T., Campbell L.A. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:1988;265-268.
7. Vanrompay D., Ducatelle R., Haesebrouck F. Chlamydia psittaci infections: a review with emphasis on avian chlamydiosis. Vet. Microbiol. 45:1995;93-119.
8. Fukushi H., Hirai K. Chlamydia pecorum - The fourth species of genus Chlamydia. Microbiol. Immunol. 37:1993;515-522.
9. Caldwell H.D., Cromhout J., Schachter J. Purification and partial characterization of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia. Infect. Immun. 31:1981;1161-1176.
10. Newhall W.J., Terko V.P., Wilde C.E. III, Batteiger B.E., Jones R.B. Serovar determination of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates using type-specific monoclonal antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:1986;333-338.
11. Baehr W., Zhang Y., Joseph T. Mapping antigenic domains expressed by Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;4003-4004.
12. W.R. Bowie, H.D. Caldwell, R.P. Jones, P.-A. Mårdh, G.I. Ridgway, J. Schachter (Eds.), Chlamydial Infections, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990.
13. Keat A., Thomas B., Dixey J. Chlamydia trachomatis and reactive arthritis: the missing link. Lancet. 1:1987;72-74.
14. Domeika K., Brade L., Mårdh P.-A., Brade H., Witkin S.S., Domeika M. Characterization of serum antibody response to chlamydiae in patients with sexually acquired reactive arthritis. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 19:1997;191-202.
15. Gérard H.C., Branigan P.J., Schumacher H.R. Jr., Hudson A.P. Synovial Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with reactive arthritis/Reiter's syndrome are viable but show aberrant gene expression. J. Rheuomatol. 25:1998;734-742.
16. Grayston J.T., Campbell L.A., Kuo C.-C., Mordhorst C.H., Saikku P., Thom D.H., Wang S.-P. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. J. Infect. Dis. 161:1990;618-625.
17. Kuo C.-C., Jackson L.A., Campbell L.A., Grayston J.T. Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR). Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8:1995;451-461.
18. Saikku P., Mattila K., Nieminen M.S., Huttunen J.K., Leinonen M., Ekman M.-R., Mäkelä P.H., Valtonen V. Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2:1988;983-985.
19. Saikku P. Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis- an update. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl. 104:1997;53-56.
20. Muhlestein J.B., Hammond E.H., Carlquist J.F., Radicke E., Thomson M.J., Karagounis L.A., Woods M.L., Anderson J.L. Increased incidence of Chlamydia species within the coronary arteries of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic versus other forms of cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 27:1996;1555-1561.
21. Kuo C.-C., Grayston J.T., Campbell L.A., Goo Y.A., Wissler R.W., Benditt E.P. Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) in coronary arteries of young adults (15-34 years old). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;6911-6914.
22. Shor A., Kuo C.-C., Patton D.L. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in coronary arterial fatty streaks and atheromatous plaques. S. Afr. Med. J. 82:1992;158-161.
23. Kuo C.-C., Shor A., Campbell L.A., Fukushi H., Patton D.L., Grayston J.T. Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries. J. Infect. Dis. 167:1993;841-849.
24. Jackson L.A., Campbell L.A., Kuo C.-C., Rodriguez D.I., Grayston J.T. Isolation of a Chlamydia pneumoniae from a carotid endarterectomy specimen. J. Infect. Dis. 176:1997;292-295.
25. Maass M., Bartels C., Engel P.M., Mamat U., Sievers H.-H. Endovascular presence of viable Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common phenomenon in coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 31:1998;827-832.
26. Mattila K.J., Valtonen V.V., Nieminen M.S., Asikainen S. Role of infection as a risk factor for atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26:1998;719-734.
27. Ossewaarde J.M., Feskens E.J.M., De Vries A., Vallinga C.E., Kromhout D. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in symptom-free elderly men, but Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus are not. Epidemiol. Infect. 120:1998;93-99.
28. von Hertzen L.C. Chlamydia pneumoniae and its role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann. Med. 30:1998;27-37.
29. Moulder J.W. Interaction of Chlamydiae and host cells in vitro. Microbiol. Rev. 55:1991;143-190.
30. Newhall W.J. Biosynthesis and disulfide cross-linking of outer-membrane components during the growth cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect. Immun. 55:1987;162-168.
31. Kuo C.-C., Takakhashi N., Swanson A.F., Ozeki Y., Hakomori S. An N-linked high-mannose type oligosaccharide, expressed at the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis, mediates attachment and infectivity of the microorganism to HeLa cells. J. Clin. Invest. 98:1997;2813-2818.
32. Su H., Raymond L., Rockey D.D., Fischer E., Hackstadt T., Caldwell H.D. A recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein binds to heparan sulfate receptors on epithelials cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;11143-11148.
33. Su H., Caldwell H.D. Sulfated polysaccharides and a synthetic sulfated polymer are potent inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis infectivity in vitro but lack protective efficacy in an vivo murine model of chlamydial genital tract infection. Infect. Immun. 66:1998;1258-1260.
34. Swanson A.F., Ezekowitz R.A.B., Lee A., Kuo C.-C. Human mannose-binding protein inhibits infection of HeLA cells by Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect. Immun. 66:1998;1607-1612.
35. Ward M.E. The immunobiology and immunopathology of chlamydial infection. APMIS. 103:1995;769-796.
36. Raulston J.E. Chlamydial envelope components and pathogen-host cell interactions. Mol. Microbiol. 15:1995;607-616.
37. Beatty W.L., Morrison R.P., Byrne G.I. Persistent Chlamydiae: from cell culture to a paradigm for chlamydial pathogenesis. Microbiol. Rev. 58:1994;686-699.
38. Kol A., Sukhova G.K., Lichtman A.H., Libby P. Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 localizes in human atheroma and regulates macrophage tumor necrosis factor-α and matrix metalloproteinase expression. Circulation. 98:1998;300-307.
39. Domeika M., Domeika K., Paavonen J., Mårdh P.-A., Witkin S.S. Humoral immune response to conserved epitopes of Chlamydia trachomatis and human 60-kDa heat-shock protein in women with pelvic inflammatory disease. J. Infect. Dis. 177:1998;714-719.
40. Perez Melgosa M., Kuo C.-C., Campbell L.A. Outer membrane complex of Chlamydia pneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 112:1993;199-204.
41. Wenman W.M., Lovett M.A. Expression in E. coli of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen recognized during human infection. Nature. 296:1982;68-70.
42. Kaltenboeck B., Kosoulas K.G., Storz J. Structures of and allelic diversity and relationships among the major outer membrane protein (ompA) genes of the four chlamydial species. J. Bacteriol. 175:1993;487-502.
43. Zhang Y.-X., Stewart S., Joseph T., Taylor H.R., Caldwell H.D. Protective monoclonal antibodies recognize epitopes located on the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. J. Immunol. 138:1987;575-581.
44. Nurminen M., Leinonen M., Saikku P., Mäkelä P.H. The genus-specific antigen of Chlamydia: Resemblance to the lipopolysaccharide of enteric bacteria. Science. 220:1983;1279-1281.
45. Dhir S.P., Hakomori S., Kenny G.E., Grayston J.T. Immunochemical studies on chlamydial group antigen (presence of a 2-keto-3-deoxy carbohydrate as immunodominant group). J. Immunol. 109:1972;116-122.
46. Nurminen M., Rietschel E.T., Brade H. Chemical characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 48:1985;573-575.
47. Brade L., Schramek S., Schade U., Brade H. Chemical, biological and immunochemical properties of the Chlamydia psittaci lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 54:1986;568-574.
48. Mathiesen M., Volkert M. The antigenic relationship between ornithosis virus and bacterium anitratum. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 39:1956;117-126.
49. Nurminen M., Wahlström E., Kleemola M., Leinonen M., Saikku P., Mäkelä P.H. Immunologically related keodeoxyoctonate-containing structures in Chlamydia trachomatis, Re mutants of Salmonella species and Acinetobacter calacoaceticus var. anitratus. Infect. Immun. 44:1984;609-613.
50. Brade H., Brunner H. Serological cross-reactivities between Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Chlamydia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 10:1979;819-822.
51. Brade L., Nurminen M., Mäkelä P.H., Brade H. Antigenic properties of Chlamydia trachomatis lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 48:1985;569-572.
52. Brade H., Rietschel E.T. α-2→4-Interlinked 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid disaccharide: a common constituent of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides. Eur. J. Biochem. 145:1984;231-236.
53. Kuhn H.-M., Brade L., Appelmelk B.J., Kusumoto S., Rietschel E.T., Brade H. Characterization of the epitope specificity of murine monoclonal antibodies directed against lipid A. Infect. Immun. 60:1992;2202-2210.
54. Nano F.E., Caldwell H.D. Expression of the chlamydial genus-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope in Escherichia coli. Science. 228:1985;742-744.
55. Brade L., Nano F.E., Schlecht S., Schramek S., Brade H. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of recombinants from Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella minnesota rough mutants expressing in their lipopolysaccharide a genus-specific chlamydia epitope. Infect. Immun. 55:1987;482-486.
56. Brade H., Brade L., Nano F.E. Chemical and serological investigations on the genus-specific epitope of Chlamydia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1987;2508-2512.
57. Holst O., Brade H., Kosma P. G.l.c.-m.s. of reduced acetylated and methylated (2→4)- and (2→8)-linked disaccharides of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulopyranosonic acid (Kdo). Carbohydr. Res. 231:1992;65-71.
58. Holst O., Brade L., Kosma P., Brade H. Structure, serological specificity and synthesis of artificial glycoconjugates representing the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia spp. J. Bacteriol. 173:1991;1862-1866.
59. Holst O., Broer W., Thomas-Oates J.E., Mamat U., Brade H. Structural analysis of two oligosaccharide bisphosphates isolated from a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli F515 (Re chemotype) expressing the genus-specific epitope of Chlamydia lipopolysaccharide. Eur. J. Biochem. 214:1993;703-710.
60. Holst O., Thomas-Oates J.E., Brade H. Preparation and structural analysis of oligosaccharide monophosphates obtained from the lipopolysaccharides of recombinant strains of Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli expressing the genus-specific epitope of Chlamydia lipopolysaccharide. Eur. J. Biochem. 222:1994;183-194.
61. Holst O., Bock K., Brade L., Brade H. The structures of oligosaccharide bisphosphates isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of a recombinant Escherichia coli strain expressing the gene gseA [3-deoxy-D-manno-octulopyranosonic acid (Kdo) transferase] of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC. Eur. J. Biochem. 229:1995;194-200.
62. Brade H., Schramek S., Schade U. Chemical, biological and immunochemical properties of the lipopolysaccharide of Chlamydia psittaci. Infect. Immun. 54:1986;568-574.
63. Holst O., Thomas-Oates J.E., Brade H. Preparation and structural analysis of oligosaccharide monophosphates obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of recombinant strains of Salmonella minnesota and Escherichia coli expressing the genus-specific epitope of Chlamydia lipopolysaccharide. Eur. J. Biochem. 222:1994;183-194.
64. Kosma P., Gass J., Schulz G., Christian R., Unger F.M. Artificial antigens: synthesis of polyacrylamide copolymers containing 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulopyranosylono (Kdo) residues. Carbohydr. Res. 167:1987;39-54.
65. Kosma P., Schulz G., Brade H. Synthesis of a trisaccharide of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulopyranosylonic acid (Kdo) residues related to the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia. Carbohydr. Res. 183:1988;183-199.
66. Kosma P., Bahnmüller R., Schulz G., Brade H. Synthesis of a tetrasaccharide of the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia. Carbohydr. Res. 208:1990;37-50.
67. Kosma P., Strobl M., Schmid E., Allmaier G., Brade H. synthesis of pentasaccharide core structures corresponding to the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia. Carbohydr. Res. 254:1994;105-132.
68. Rozalski A., Brade L., Brade H., Kosma P., Appelmelk B.J., Kusumoto S., Paulsen H. Determination of the epitope specificities of monoclonal antibodies against the inner core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by use of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-containing synthetic antigens. Carbohydr. Res. 193:1989;257-270.
69. Brade L., Kosma P., Appelmelk B.J., Paulsen H., Brade H. Use of synthetic antigens to determine the epitope specificities against the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Infect. Immun. 55:1987;462-466.
70. Fu Y., Baumann M., Kosma P., Brade L., Brade H. A synthetic glycoconjugate representing the genus-specific epitope of chlamydial lipopolysaccharide exhibits the same specificity as its natural counterpart. Infect. Immun. 60:1992;1314-1321.
71. Brade L., Holst O., Kosma P., Xou Zhang Y., Paulsen H., Krausse R., Brade H. Characterization of murine monoclonal and murine, rabbit and human polyclonal antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 58:1990;205-213.
72. Mikol V., Kosma P., Brade H. Crystal and molecular structure of allyl O-(sodium 3-deoxy-α-D-manno-2-octulopyranosylonate)-(2→8)-O-(sodium 3-deoxy-α-D-manno-2-octulopyranosidonate)-monohydrate. Carbohydr. Res. 263:1995;35-42.
73. Sokolowski T., Haselhorst T., Scheffler K., Weisemann R., Kosma P., Brade H., Brade L., Peters T. Conformational analysis of the disaccharide α-D-Kdo-(2→8)-α-D-Kdo-(2→O)-allyl in aqueous solution and bound to a monoclonal antibody. J. Biomol. NMR. 12:1998;123-133.
74. Brade L., Brunnemann H., Ernst M., Fu Y., Kosma P., Nährer H., Persson K., Brade H. Occurrence of antibodies against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide in human sera as measured by ELISA using an artificial glycoconjugate antigen. FEMS Immun. Med. Microbiol. 8:1994;27-42.
75. Mazzoli S., Tofani N., Fantini A., Semplici F., Bandini F., Salvi A., Vergassola R. Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody response in patients with acute myocardial infarction and their follow-up. Am. Heart J. 135:1998;15-20.
76. Stuart E.S., Troidle K.T., MacDonald A.B. Chlamydial glycolipid antigen: extracellular accumulation, biological activity and antibody recognition. Curr. Microbiol. 28:1994;85-90.
77. Schnaitman C.A., Klena J.D. Genetics of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in enteric bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 57:1993;655-682.
78. Raetz C.R.H. Bacterial endotoxins: extraordinary lipids that activate eucaryotic signal transduction. J. Bacteriol. 175:1993;5745-5753.
79. 13C NMR spectroscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 260:1985;14695-14700.
80. Lehmann V., Rupprecht E., Osborn M.J. Isolation of mutants conditionally blocked in the biosynthesis of the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid-lipid A part of lipopolysaccharides derived from Salmonella typhimurium. Eur. J. Biochem. 76:1977;41-49.
81. Belunis C.J., Raetz C.R.H. Biosynthesis of endotoxin. Purification and catalytic properties of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;9988-9997.
82. Brozek K.A., Hosaka K., Robertson A.D., Raetz C.R.H. Biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;6956-6966.
83. Tipples G., McClarty G. Cloning and expression of the Chlamydia trachomatis gene for CTP-synthetase. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;7908-7914.
84. Brabetz W., Brade H. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and functional characterization of the gene kdsA encoding 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC. Eur. J. Biochem. 244:1997;66-73.
85. Woisetschläger M., Högenauer G. Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 168:1986;437-439.
86. Wylie J.L., Iliffe E.R., Wang L.L., McClarty G. Identification, characterization, and developmental regulation of Chlamydia trachomatis 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (Kdo)-8-phosphate synthetase and CMP-Kdo synthetase. Infect. Immun. 65:1997;1527-1530.
87. Clementz T., Raetz C.R.H. A gene encoding for 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid transferase in Escherichia coli. Identification, mapping, cloning and sequencing. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;9687-9696.
88. Belunis C.J., Clementz T., Carty S.M., Raetz C.R.H. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and cell growth following inactivation of the kdtA gene in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;27646-27652.
89. Belunis C.J., Mdluli K.E., Raetz C.R.H., Nano F.E. A novel 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid transferase from Chlamydia trachomatis required for the expression of the genus-specific epitope. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;18702-18707.
90. Ekpo P., Nano F.E. Arg276 of GseA, a Chlamydia trachomatis transferase, is required for the synthesis of the chlamydial genus-specific epitope in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol.Lett. 96:1992;49-54.
91. Mamat U., Baumann M., Schmidt G., Brade H. The genus-specific lipopolysaccharide of Chlamydia is assembled in C. psittaci and C. trachomatis by glycosyl transferases of low homology. Mol. Microbiol. 10:1993;935-941.
92. Löbau S., Mamat U., Brabetz W., Brade H. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and functional characterization of the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic gene kdtA encoding 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic-acid transferase of Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TW-183. Mol. Microbiol. 18:1995;391-399.
93. Mamat U., Löbau S., Persson K., Brade H. Nucleotide sequence variations within the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic gene gseA (Kdo transferase) among the Chlamydia serovars. Microbial Pathogenesis. 17:1994;87-97.
94. Qureshi N., Kaltashov J., Walker K., Doroshenko V., Cotter R.J., Takayama K., Sievert T.R., Rice P.A., Lin J.-S.L., Golenbock D.T. Structure of the monophosphoryl lipid A moiety obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Chlamydia trachomatis. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;10594-10600.
95. Ingalls R.R., Rice P.A., Qureshi N., Takayama K., Lin J.S., Golenbock D.T. The inflammatory cytokine response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection is endotoxin mediated. Infect. Immun. 63:1995;3125-3130.
96. Lukácová M., Baumann M., Brade L., Mamat U., Brade H. Lipopolysaccharide smooth-rough phase variation in bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. Infect. Immun. 62:1994;2270-2276.