Corruption and research

Bioethics

Volumn 13, Issue 3-4, 1999, Pages 262-271

  Luna, Florencia ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VACCINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

AWARENESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MULTICENTER STUDY; PRIVATE PRACTICE;

EID: 0032866298     PISSN: 02699702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8519.00155     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (23)

1. I wish to thank Roberto Saba for his invaluable help and comments, and Christian Gruemberg from Poder Ciudadano.
2. Daniel H. Lowenstein, 'Legal Efforts to Define Political Bribery' in A. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston & V. LeVine Political Corruption, Transaction Books, New Jersey, 1990.
3. Luis Moreno Ocampo 'Normative Systems' (unpublished version) Paper presented at the Woodrow Wilson Center, 1996.
4. W. Michael Reisman, Mentiras encubiertas, ¿un remedio para la corrupción?, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, 1975.
5. See also, Klitgaard, Robert Controlling Corruption, University of California Press, Oxford, 1988.
6. Klitgaard, Robert, ibid. Also in this same vein see Rose-Ackerman, Susan, Corruption: A Study in Political Economy, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
7. Klitgaard, Robert, ibid. Also in this same vein see Rose-Ackerman, Susan, Corruption: A Study in Political Economy, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
8. This assertion is based on studies done by Transparency International. They point to institutional weakness, a short time as a democracy, lack of a tradition of freedom of expression and no effective access to information (i.e. denial of information access to journalists, lack of transparency). Corruption is also correlated with little participation of civil society. This does not necessarily mean that there is no corruption in developed countries with longer democratic traditions (consider some cases in Italy and Spain).
9. This calculus is done by surveys answered by businessmen, risk analysts, journalists and the general public. These surveys ask about the dishonest practice of public officers and politicians. As shown it does not include only developing countries, there are also countries of eastern and central Europe.
10. Consider, for example, the case of genetic research and the 'battles' for patenting.
11. For instance, when you read that some trials done in developing countries cannot be done in developed countries a doubt about possible corruption appears. See Bloom, Barry 'The Highest Attainable Standard: Ethical Issues in AIDs Vacines' Science, vol 129, 9 Jan 1998, 186-188. Or when it is suggested that a double standard is needed, accepting cultural practices that overide the rights of the subjects of research. I am not saying that this is the reason, but that the ready acceptance of these standards in certain countries may cast doubt upon the transparency of certain procedures.
12. Not only is there such a direct method of payment but all other kinds of 'incentives' are more or less accepted, like first class tickets and trips to conferences, etc. Obviously, this is not peculiar to developing countries, but in certain countries it might operate as too big an incentive.
13. See Ruth Macklin and Florencia Luna 'Bioethics in Argentina: An Overview' Although we write there about ethics committees, the same happens with local IRB's, Bioethics, vol 10, N 2, April 1996, p. 150.
14. Although this quote is taken from an article referring to the US IRBs, problems with IRBs are even stronger in developing countries. See, Charles McCarthy 'Challenges to IRBs in the Coming Decades' The Ethics of Research involving Human Subjects, Vanderpool, Maryland, University Publishing Book 1996, p.135.
15. Genset Pharmaceuticals from France is doing genetic research concerning manic depression and bipolar disorder in Hospital Piñero. The reasons for this include good infrastructure, relatively homogeneous and healthy population, and good diagnostics given the development of psychiatry in Argentina. But in addtion the lack of laws on research and genetic patenting diminishes costs if something goes wrong and increases benefits if it succeeds. Siglo XXI, August 27, 1998.
16. Klitgaard, Robert, Controlling Corruption, p. 9.
17. Klitgaard, Robert, Controlling Corruption, p. 9.
18. An example of such were the highly controversial trials with placebo control done with HIV infected pregnant women in developing countries. See Lurie, P and Wolfe, S 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries' New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), VOL 337: 12 (853-6), p. 853. and Angell, Marcia, 'The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World' NEJM, VOL 337: 12 (847-9). Also see special issues of Bioethics, vol 12, N4, Oct. 1998 (pp 286-333), and Hastings Center Report, vol 28, N 6, Nov-Dec 1998 (pp. 23-50).
19. An example of such were the highly controversial trials with placebo control done with HIV infected pregnant women in developing countries. See Lurie, P and Wolfe, S 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries' New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), VOL 337: 12 (853-6), p. 853. and Angell, Marcia, 'The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World' NEJM, VOL 337: 12 (847-9). Also see special issues of Bioethics, vol 12, N4, Oct. 1998 (pp 286-333), and Hastings Center Report, vol 28, N 6, Nov-Dec 1998 (pp. 23-50).
20. An example of such were the highly controversial trials with placebo control done with HIV infected pregnant women in developing countries. See Lurie, P and Wolfe, S 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries' New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), VOL 337: 12 (853-6), p. 853. and Angell, Marcia, 'The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World' NEJM, VOL 337: 12 (847-9). Also see special issues of Bioethics, vol 12, N4, Oct. 1998 (pp 286-333), and Hastings Center Report, vol 28, N 6, Nov-Dec 1998 (pp. 23-50).
21. An example of such were the highly controversial trials with placebo control done with HIV infected pregnant women in developing countries. See Lurie, P and Wolfe, S 'Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries' New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), VOL 337: 12 (853-6), p. 853. and Angell, Marcia, 'The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World' NEJM, VOL 337: 12 (847-9). Also see special issues of Bioethics, vol 12, N4, Oct. 1998 (pp 286-333), and Hastings Center Report, vol 28, N 6, Nov-Dec 1998 (pp. 23-50).
22. Helsinki may seem too high a standard, however the idea is not necessarily going back only to what Helsinki could have accepted, but monitoring research that might be doubiously interpreted. Declaration of Helsinki, World Medical Association, 1964, revised 1975, 1983, 1989 in Vanderpool, H, The Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjects, Maryland, University Publishing Group, 1996.
23. It is the one endorsed by the NGOs working on corruption in Argentina such as Poder Ciudadano, the Argentine chapter of Transparency