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Volumn 41, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 21-41

'Productivity on the cheap'? The 'more looms' experiment and the Lancashire weaving industry during the inter-war years

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COTTON; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; INDUSTRIAL HISTORY; PRODUCTIVITY;

EID: 0032857359     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076799900000306     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

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    • unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Warwick
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    • 0003716808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • The major works on industrial relations in the industry during the inter-war years are: A.J. Bullen, The Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers Association and the Breakdown of the Collective Bargaining System, 1928-35' (unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Warwick, 1980); A. and L. Fowler, The History of the Nelson Weavers' Association (Lancashire, 1985); A. Fowler, 'Lancashire Cotton Trade Unionism in the Inter-War Years', in J.A. Jowitt and A.J. McIvor (eds.), Employers and Labour in the English Textile Industries, 1850-1939 (London, 1988); E.M. Gray, The Weaver's Wage (Manchester, 1937); idem, 'Wages Rates and Earnings in Cotton Weaving', Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society (1938-39), pp. 1-22; idem, 'Under-Employment in Cotton Weaving: A Recent Wages Census', Manchester School, Vol.10 (1939), pp.62-76; E. Hopwood, The Lancashire Weavers' Story (1969); A.J. McIvor, 'Cotton Employers' Organisations and Labour Relations, 1890-1939', in Jowitt and McIvor, (eds.), Employers and Labour in the English Textile Industries; idem, Organised Capital: Employers' Associations and Industrial Relations in Northern England, 1880-1939 (Cambridge, 1996) ; J.H. Riley, 'The More-Looms System and Industrial Relations in the Lancashire Cotton Manufacturing Industry, 1928-1935' (unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Manchester, 1981).
    • (1996) Organised Capital: Employers' Associations and Industrial Relations in Northern England, 1880-1939
    • McIvor, A.J.1
  • 39
    • 0006766453 scopus 로고
    • unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Manchester
    • The major works on industrial relations in the industry during the inter-war years are: A.J. Bullen, The Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers Association and the Breakdown of the Collective Bargaining System, 1928-35' (unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Warwick, 1980); A. and L. Fowler, The History of the Nelson Weavers' Association (Lancashire, 1985); A. Fowler, 'Lancashire Cotton Trade Unionism in the Inter-War Years', in J.A. Jowitt and A.J. McIvor (eds.), Employers and Labour in the English Textile Industries, 1850-1939 (London, 1988); E.M. Gray, The Weaver's Wage (Manchester, 1937); idem, 'Wages Rates and Earnings in Cotton Weaving', Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society (1938-39), pp. 1-22; idem, 'Under-Employment in Cotton Weaving: A Recent Wages Census', Manchester School, Vol.10 (1939), pp.62-76; E. Hopwood, The Lancashire Weavers' Story (1969); A.J. McIvor, 'Cotton Employers' Organisations and Labour Relations, 1890-1939', in Jowitt and McIvor, (eds.), Employers and Labour in the English Textile Industries; idem, Organised Capital: Employers' Associations and Industrial Relations in Northern England, 1880-1939 (Cambridge, 1996) ; J.H. Riley, 'The More-Looms System and Industrial Relations in the Lancashire Cotton Manufacturing Industry, 1928-1935' (unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Manchester, 1981).
    • (1981) The More-looms System and Industrial Relations in the Lancashire Cotton Manufacturing Industry, 1928-1935
    • Riley, J.H.1
  • 40
    • 0031872828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short time working and price maintenance: Collusive tendencies in the Cotton Spinning Industry, 1919-1939
    • S. Bowden and D. Higgins, 'Short Time Working and Price Maintenance: Collusive Tendencies in the Cotton Spinning Industry, 1919-1939', Economic History Review, Vol.51 (1998), pp.319-43; D. Higgins, 'Competition, Conflict and Compromise: The Lancashire Weaving Industry during the Inter-War Years' (mimeo, 1997).
    • (1998) Economic History Review , vol.51 , pp. 319-343
    • Bowden, S.1    Higgins, D.2
  • 42
    • 0011206239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between 1919 and 1920 the operatives secured advances equal to 100 per cent on list; between 1920-29, the employers secured reductions equal to 132.5 per cent off list. Calculated from Hopwood, The Lancashire Weavers' Story, p. 192. By 1928, UK exports of cotton piece goods (by volume) had declined by 38.7 per cent, and by 1930 61.2 per cent, of their 1909-13 average. H. Clay, Report on the Position of the English Cloth Industry, Confidential Report for the Security Management Trust (London, 1931), p.42.
    • The Lancashire Weavers' Story , pp. 192
    • Hopwood1
  • 43
    • 0003465854 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Between 1919 and 1920 the operatives secured advances equal to 100 per cent on list; between 1920-29, the employers secured reductions equal to 132.5 per cent off list. Calculated from Hopwood, The Lancashire Weavers' Story, p. 192. By 1928, UK exports of cotton piece goods (by volume) had declined by 38.7 per cent, and by 1930 61.2 per cent, of their 1909-13 average. H. Clay, Report on the Position of the English Cloth Industry, Confidential Report for the Security Management Trust (London, 1931), p.42.
    • (1931) Report on the Position of the English Cloth Industry, Confidential Report for the Security Management Trust , pp. 42
    • Clay, H.1
  • 46
    • 85028497738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political and economic planning
    • Political and Economic Planning, Report, p.23. The Board of Trade estimated an excess capacity of 115,000 looms or 14.5 per cent in 1924. Board of Trade, Working Party Reports, Cotton (London, 1946), p.6.
    • Report , pp. 23
  • 47
    • 0040906327 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Political and Economic Planning, Report, p.23. The Board of Trade estimated an excess capacity of 115,000 looms or 14.5 per cent in 1924. Board of Trade, Working Party Reports, Cotton (London, 1946), p.6.
    • (1946) Cotton , pp. 6
  • 48
    • 85028490133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political and economic planning
    • Political and Economic Planning, Report, p.62.
    • Report , pp. 62
  • 49
    • 85028493456 scopus 로고
    • The looms test
    • 15 April
    • A distinction needs to be made between savings on labour costs and savings on total costs of production when comparisons are made between the efficiency of automatic looms and ordinary looms. In the LCC experiment costs of production were calculated on the ordinary system and three types of automatic looms. As far as labour costs were concerned, the automatic looms had cost savings over the ordinary loom system ranging between -10.6 per cent and -19.4 per cent. However, these savings in labour costs were more than offset by the greater interest and depreciation charges on automatic looms. The effect of these charges was that automatic looms had a total cost of production disadvantage compared to the ordinary loom system ranging between 18.5 per cent and 29.2 per cent. 'The Looms Test', Textile Recorder (15 April 1932), p.40. We are grateful to a referee for bringing this distinction to our attention. A further report commented, 'it is exceedingly difficult to obtain data on which to base a decision in regard to the large scale adoption of automatic looms'. The Automatic Loom Question', Textile Recorder (15 Nov. 1929).
    • (1932) Textile Recorder , pp. 40
  • 50
    • 85028489683 scopus 로고
    • The automatic loom question
    • 15 Nov.
    • A distinction needs to be made between savings on labour costs and savings on total costs of production when comparisons are made between the efficiency of automatic looms and ordinary looms. In the LCC experiment costs of production were calculated on the ordinary system and three types of automatic looms. As far as labour costs were concerned, the automatic looms had cost savings over the ordinary loom system ranging between -10.6 per cent and -19.4 per cent. However, these savings in labour costs were more than offset by the greater interest and depreciation charges on automatic looms. The effect of these charges was that automatic looms had a total cost of production disadvantage compared to the ordinary loom system ranging between 18.5 per cent and 29.2 per cent. 'The Looms Test', Textile Recorder (15 April 1932), p.40. We are grateful to a referee for bringing this distinction to our attention. A further report commented, 'it is exceedingly difficult to obtain data on which to base a decision in regard to the large scale adoption of automatic looms'. The Automatic Loom Question', Textile Recorder (15 Nov. 1929).
    • (1929) Textile Recorder
  • 51
    • 85028490501 scopus 로고
    • More looms or automatics?
    • 17 April
    • These cost comparisons did make allowance for the higher capital costs of automatic looms. These were estimated at £50 per automatic loom. Moreover, the comparison was between 24 and 40 fully automatic looms versus the ordinary four-loom system. 'More Looms or Automatics?' Textile Weekly (17 April 1931), p.207.
    • (1931) Textile Weekly , pp. 207
  • 52
    • 0001833889 scopus 로고
    • The Cotton Industry
    • B. Elbaum and W.A. Lazonick, Oxford
    • W.A. Lazonick, "The Cotton Industry', in B. Elbaum and W.A. Lazonick, The Decline of the British Economy (Oxford, 1986), p.28.
    • (1986) The Decline of the British Economy , pp. 28
    • Lazonick, W.A.1
  • 53
    • 85028491956 scopus 로고
    • 28 June
    • CSMA minutes, 28 June 1928.
    • (1928) CSMA Minutes
  • 54
    • 85028495444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In fact, 13 firms were listed against the 12 which had constituted the original agreement. These firms were: O. Whittaker & Sons Ltd; Brierfield Mills Ltd; John Spencer Ltd; Trafalgar Mill Co. Ltd; G. Walmsley & Sons Ltd; Maxfield & Co. Ltd; Sharp Thornber Ltd; Simpson & Baldwin Ltd; John Grey Ltd; E. Halstead Ltd; Nuttall & Crook Ltd, and B. Thornber & Sons Ltd. Riley, thesis, p.42
    • In fact, 13 firms were listed against the 12 which had constituted the original agreement. These firms were: O. Whittaker & Sons Ltd; Brierfield Mills Ltd; John Spencer Ltd; Trafalgar Mill Co. Ltd; G. Walmsley & Sons Ltd; Maxfield & Co. Ltd; Sharp Thornber Ltd; Simpson & Baldwin Ltd; John Grey Ltd; E. Halstead Ltd; Nuttall & Crook Ltd, and B. Thornber & Sons Ltd. Riley, thesis, p.42.
  • 55
    • 85028490580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Board of Trade, Industrial Survey of Lancashire, p.139. The issue of capital costs is not important in this context. The explanation for this is that the comparison now is not between ordinary looms and automatic looms, but between different systems of work allocation on ordinary looms. Since no new capital expenditure was involved and since a large proportion of the ordinary looms were fully depreciated anyway, the issue of capital costs therefore disappears.
    • Industrial Survey of Lancashire , pp. 139
  • 56
    • 85028493447 scopus 로고
    • More looms per weaver
    • 20 June
    • 'More Looms per Weaver', Textile Weekly (20 June 1930). This figure was given by Mr Ashurst, secretary of CSMA. Precise estimates of the extent to which savings in weaving are translated into actual savings in the final cloth will vary according to the type of cloth produced (finer and more intricate cloths require more labour input, but are less amenable to MLS), and movements in the exchange rate.
    • (1930) Textile Weekly
  • 57
    • 0039720390 scopus 로고
    • Cmnd.
    • An official investigation into the Lancashire textile industry suggested that because publicly quoted companies have such a small proportion of all weaving firms (unlike in the spinning and finishing sections of the industry), greater amalgamation was unlikely in the weaving industry. Economic Advisory Council, Committee on the Cotton Industry, Report, Cmnd. 3615 (1930).
    • (1930) Report , pp. 3615
  • 58
    • 84972011466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clay, Report, p.24. A further 86 companies which were not proper combinations but alliances of interests, accounted for less than ten per cent of loomage. Ibid., p.23.
    • Report , pp. 24
    • Clay1
  • 59
    • 85028493687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clay, Report, p.24. A further 86 companies which were not proper combinations but alliances of interests, accounted for less than ten per cent of loomage. Ibid., p.23.
    • Report , pp. 23
  • 60
    • 85028489368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p.22.
    • Report , pp. 22
  • 61
    • 85028493189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p.20: Political and Economic Planning, Report, p.61. In 1929, six Bolton firms merged to form Quilt Manufacturers Ltd. In 1936, this group was renamed Vantona (which subsequently became part of Carrington Viyella in the 1970s).
    • Report , pp. 20
  • 62
    • 85028489149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political and economic planning
    • Ibid., p.20: Political and Economic Planning, Report, p.61. In 1929, six Bolton firms merged to form Quilt Manufacturers Ltd. In 1936, this group was renamed Vantona (which subsequently became part of Carrington Viyella in the 1970s).
    • Report , pp. 61
  • 63
    • 85028497738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political and economic planning
    • Political and Economic Planning, Report, pp.23 and 36.
    • Report , pp. 23
  • 64
    • 85028493386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculated from political and economic planning
    • Calculated from Political and Economic Planning, Report, p.36.
    • Report , pp. 36
  • 65
    • 84972011466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clay, Report, pp.20-21.
    • Report , pp. 20-21
    • Clay1
  • 66
    • 85028498778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political and economic planning
    • Political and Economic Planning, Report, p.28.
    • Report , pp. 28
  • 67
    • 0039720396 scopus 로고
    • 17 June
    • CSMA Minutes, 15 April 1930. Of importance also, was that employers should be free to extend MLS where they saw fit (that is, irrespective of the cloths they actually produced). CSMA Joint Meetings, 17 June 1930.
    • (1930) CSMA Joint Meetings
  • 68
    • 0040445096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Established in 1892, the Uniform List amalgamated and standardised the rates of pay for the three major weaving towns of Blackburn, Burnley and Preston. This list determined the rates of pay for weavers employed on the traditional Lancashire system of four looms per weaver. McIvor, Organised Capital, p.121.
    • Organised Capital , pp. 121
    • McIvor1
  • 69
    • 0039720396 scopus 로고
    • 8 Aug.
    • CSMA Joint Meetings, 8 Aug. 1930; Minutes, 12 Aug. 1930. At a further meeting, CSMA re-affirmed its stance that it would not allow any preconditions for the setting up of a joint sub-committee. At this point AWA decided to veto any further extension of MLS. CSMA Joint Meetings, 15 Aug. 1930; Minutes, 19 Aug. 1930.
    • (1930) CSMA Joint Meetings
  • 70
    • 85028487962 scopus 로고
    • 12 Aug.
    • CSMA Joint Meetings, 8 Aug. 1930; Minutes, 12 Aug. 1930. At a further meeting, CSMA re-affirmed its stance that it would not allow any preconditions for the setting up of a joint sub-committee. At this point AWA decided to veto any further extension of MLS. CSMA Joint Meetings, 15 Aug. 1930; Minutes, 19 Aug. 1930.
    • (1930) Minutes
  • 71
    • 0039720396 scopus 로고
    • 15 Aug.
    • CSMA Joint Meetings, 8 Aug. 1930; Minutes, 12 Aug. 1930. At a further meeting, CSMA re-affirmed its stance that it would not allow any preconditions for the setting up of a joint sub-committee. At this point AWA decided to veto any further extension of MLS. CSMA Joint Meetings, 15 Aug. 1930; Minutes, 19 Aug. 1930.
    • (1930) CSMA Joint Meetings
  • 72
    • 85028498006 scopus 로고
    • 19 Aug.
    • CSMA Joint Meetings, 8 Aug. 1930; Minutes, 12 Aug. 1930. At a further meeting, CSMA re-affirmed its stance that it would not allow any preconditions for the setting up of a joint sub-committee. At this point AWA decided to veto any further extension of MLS. CSMA Joint Meetings, 15 Aug. 1930; Minutes, 19 Aug. 1930.
    • (1930) Minutes
  • 73
    • 85028489124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • thesis
    • The firm of James Nelson Ltd was based in the town of Nelson. This firm was not one of the firms which was authorised to begin the original MLS experiment. Moreover, this firm did not specialise in the type of heavy, plain cloths - 'Burnley lump' - which were so affected by foreign competition. James Nelson Ltd wished to adopt the MLS in order to break into a new section of trade, silk and art silk mixture cloths (dominated by French imports). In order to do so, the firm estimated that it would need to reduce its costs of production by between 15 and 30 per cent, and MLS was the means by which it sought to achieve these reductions. The committee of the CSMA did not approve of the James Nelson agreement; and a sub-committee recommended that it should only apply to silk and art silk goods. Riley, thesis, pp.83-8.
    • Riley1
  • 74
    • 85028495454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political and economic planning
    • The terms were that no weaver was to operate more than eight looms, the rate of pay was to to a reduction in actual wages of 8.5 per cent) The major provisions were that no further extension of MLS should be attempted until a full consultation between the two sides had occurred under a new set of joint rules, and that firms currently engaged on MLS should not make any reduction on the wages they were at present paying or were paying before the strike. Political and Economic Planning, Report, p.85.
    • Report , pp. 85
  • 75
    • 85028491870 scopus 로고
    • 3, 6 and 17 Oct. and 8 Nov.
    • This agreement altered the basis of the MLS from eight to six looms. It had four main provisions: the basis of the price list was to be 17.5 old pence (7.3p) per 100,000 picks; when a weaver was employed under this system on four or fewer looms he would be entitled to a 'retentive' (fall-back) wage of not less than 28 shillings (£1.40) per week; not more than 20 per cent of the total number of looms in a shed working on MLS were to be run by weavers regularly running less than six looms and that ancillary labour would be provided for some of the cleaning and cloth carrying. The effect of this agreement allowed for weavers to work six looms paid by piecework at a lower rate than the Uniform (four-loom) List. CSMA Minutes, 3, 6 and 17 Oct. and 8 Nov. 1932. McIvor, Organised Capital, p.201.
    • (1932) CSMA Minutes
  • 76
    • 0040445096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This agreement altered the basis of the MLS from eight to six looms. It had four main provisions: the basis of the price list was to be 17.5 old pence (7.3p) per 100,000 picks; when a weaver was employed under this system on four or fewer looms he would be entitled to a 'retentive' (fall-back) wage of not less than 28 shillings (£1.40) per week; not more than 20 per cent of the total number of looms in a shed working on MLS were to be run by weavers regularly running less than six looms and that ancillary labour would be provided for some of the cleaning and cloth carrying. The effect of this agreement allowed for weavers to work six looms paid by piecework at a lower rate than the Uniform (four-loom) List. CSMA Minutes, 3, 6 and 17 Oct. and 8 Nov. 1932. McIvor, Organised Capital, p.201.
    • Organised Capital , pp. 201
    • McIvor1
  • 77
    • 85028489793 scopus 로고
    • 22 June and 18 Sept.
    • CSMA Minutes, 22 June and 18 Sept. 1934.
    • (1934) CSMA Minutes
  • 78
  • 79
    • 85028494691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This was to come into force on 15 July 1935.
  • 80
    • 85028491991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A further number of relatively minor amendments were made to this Order by the 1937 Legalised List. A crucial provision of this Act was that wage agreement would apply to all firms in a give area, irrespective of whether they belonged to an employers' association. Unfortunately by equalising the wage rates payable on the two systems, the Act operated to discourage the extension of MLS. In Darwen, for example, some firms reverted to the four loom system. Grey, The Weavers' Wage, pp. 14-15.
    • The Weavers' Wage , pp. 14-15
    • Grey1
  • 82
    • 0039128029 scopus 로고
    • London, Table 21
    • Working Party Reports, Cotton (London, 1946), Table 21, p.42. An alternative interpretation is also possible. To the extent that the MLS attempted to make production from Lancashire looms more productive it may have acted to delay the adoption of automatic looms. We are grateful to a referee for bringing this to our attention.
    • (1946) Working Party Reports, Cotton , pp. 42
  • 85
    • 85028490305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political and economic planning
    • Political and Economic Planning, Report, pp.63, 88.
    • Report , pp. 63


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