Exporting the "gospel of productivity": United States technical assistance and British industry 1945-1960

Business History Review

Volumn 71, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 41-81

  Tiratsoo, Nick ^a   Tomlinson, Jim ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0031515571     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3116329     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. This estimate appears in James M. Silberman, "The History of the Technical Assistance Programs of the Marshall Plan and Successor Agencies 1948-1961" (Draft Report to the Industry Development Division of the World Bank, Nov. 1992), 5. The authors are grateful to Tony Hubert for drawing their attention to this document.
2. See, e.g., Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan. America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Charles S. Maier, "The Politics of Productivity: Foundations of American International Economic Policy after World War II," International Organisation 31 (Autumn 1977): 607-33; and Immanuel Wexler, The Marshall Plan Revisited: the European Recovery Program in Economic Perspective (Westport, Conn., 1983).
3. See, e.g., Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan. America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Charles S. Maier, "The Politics of Productivity: Foundations of American International Economic Policy after World War II," International Organisation 31 (Autumn 1977): 607-33; and Immanuel Wexler, The Marshall Plan Revisited: the European Recovery Program in Economic Perspective (Westport, Conn., 1983).
4. See, e.g., Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan. America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York, 1987); Charles S. Maier, "The Politics of Productivity: Foundations of American International Economic Policy after World War II," International Organisation 31 (Autumn 1977): 607-33; and Immanuel Wexler, The Marshall Plan Revisited: the European Recovery Program in Economic Perspective (Westport, Conn., 1983).
5. However, there is also a developing literature which does not conform to these strictures. See inter alia Anthony Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Manchester, 1987); Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, Calif., 1993); Werner Link, "Building Coalitions: Non-governmental German and American Linkages," in The Marshall Plan and Germany, ed. Charles S. Maier with the assistance of Gunter Bischof (New York, 1991), 282-330; Jacqueline McGlade, The Illusion of Consensus: American Business, Cold War Aid and the Recovery of Western Europe, 1948-1958 (Ph.D. diss., The George Washington University, 1994) and Jacqueline McGlade, "U.S. Technical Assistance and the Education of European Managers, 1948-1958," paper presented to conference on "The Development of Business Schools in Europe," Bertinoro, Italy, June 1995.
6. However, there is also a developing literature which does not conform to these strictures. See inter alia Anthony Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Manchester, 1987); Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, Calif., 1993); Werner Link, "Building Coalitions: Non-governmental German and American Linkages," in The Marshall Plan and Germany, ed. Charles S. Maier with the assistance of Gunter Bischof (New York, 1991), 282-330; Jacqueline McGlade, The Illusion of Consensus: American Business, Cold War Aid and the Recovery of Western Europe, 1948-1958 (Ph.D. diss., The George Washington University, 1994) and Jacqueline McGlade, "U.S. Technical Assistance and the Education of European Managers, 1948-1958," paper presented to conference on "The Development of Business Schools in Europe," Bertinoro, Italy, June 1995.
7. However, there is also a developing literature which does not conform to these strictures. See inter alia Anthony Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Manchester, 1987); Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, Calif., 1993); Werner Link, "Building Coalitions: Non-governmental German and American Linkages," in The Marshall Plan and Germany, ed. Charles S. Maier with the assistance of Gunter Bischof (New York, 1991), 282-330; Jacqueline McGlade, The Illusion of Consensus: American Business, Cold War Aid and the Recovery of Western Europe, 1948-1958 (Ph.D. diss., The George Washington University, 1994) and Jacqueline McGlade, "U.S. Technical Assistance and the Education of European Managers, 1948-1958," paper presented to conference on "The Development of Business Schools in Europe," Bertinoro, Italy, June 1995.
8. However, there is also a developing literature which does not conform to these strictures. See inter alia Anthony Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Manchester, 1987); Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, Calif., 1993); Werner Link, "Building Coalitions: Non-governmental German and American Linkages," in The Marshall Plan and Germany, ed. Charles S. Maier with the assistance of Gunter Bischof (New York, 1991), 282-330; Jacqueline McGlade, The Illusion of Consensus: American Business, Cold War Aid and the Recovery of Western Europe, 1948-1958 (Ph.D. diss., The George Washington University, 1994) and Jacqueline McGlade, "U.S. Technical Assistance and the Education of European Managers, 1948-1958," paper presented to conference on "The Development of Business Schools in Europe," Bertinoro, Italy, June 1995.
9. However, there is also a developing literature which does not conform to these strictures. See inter alia Anthony Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan: The Politics of Productivity and the Marketing of Management Science (Manchester, 1987); Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, Calif., 1993); Werner Link, "Building Coalitions: Non-governmental German and American Linkages," in The Marshall Plan and Germany, ed. Charles S. Maier with the assistance of Gunter Bischof (New York, 1991), 282-330; Jacqueline McGlade, The Illusion of Consensus: American Business, Cold War Aid and the Recovery of Western Europe, 1948-1958 (Ph.D. diss., The George Washington University, 1994) and Jacqueline McGlade, "U.S. Technical Assistance and the Education of European Managers, 1948-1958," paper presented to conference on "The Development of Business Schools in Europe," Bertinoro, Italy, June 1995.
10. The pattern of Anglo-American business relationships and perceptions can be traced in John H. Dunning, American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry (London, 1958); P. A. Clark, Anglo-American Innovation (Berlin, 1987); Wayne Lewchuk, American Technology and the British Vehicle Industry (Cambridge, 1987); and Mauro F. Guillen, Models of Management (Chicago, Ill., 1994).
11. The pattern of Anglo-American business relationships and perceptions can be traced in John H. Dunning, American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry (London, 1958); P. A. Clark, Anglo-American Innovation (Berlin, 1987); Wayne Lewchuk, American Technology and the British Vehicle Industry (Cambridge, 1987); and Mauro F. Guillen, Models of Management (Chicago, Ill., 1994).
12. The pattern of Anglo-American business relationships and perceptions can be traced in John H. Dunning, American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry (London, 1958); P. A. Clark, Anglo-American Innovation (Berlin, 1987); Wayne Lewchuk, American Technology and the British Vehicle Industry (Cambridge, 1987); and Mauro F. Guillen, Models of Management (Chicago, Ill., 1994).
13. The pattern of Anglo-American business relationships and perceptions can be traced in John H. Dunning, American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry (London, 1958); P. A. Clark, Anglo-American Innovation (Berlin, 1987); Wayne Lewchuk, American Technology and the British Vehicle Industry (Cambridge, 1987); and Mauro F. Guillen, Models of Management (Chicago, Ill., 1994).
14. J. Tann, "Diffusion of Management Thought and Practice, 1880-1970," in The Transfer of International Technology: Europe, Japan and the U.S.A. in the Twentieth Century, ed. David J. Jeremy (Aldershot, U.K., 1992), 193-220.
15. Wayne Lewchuk, "Fordist Technology and Britain: The Diffusion of Labour Speed-up," in ibid, 7-32.
16. Tony Fryer, Regulating Big Business: Antitrust in Great Britain and America, 1880-1990 (Cambridge, 1992), 196-268.
17. R. Lewis and A. Maude, The English Middle Classes (London, 1949), 137.
18. L. Rostas, "Industrial Production, Productivity and Distribution in Britain, Germany and the United States," Economic Journal 53 (April 1943): 39-54; and Economist, 19 Aug. 1944.
19. L. Rostas, "Industrial Production, Productivity and Distribution in Britain, Germany and the United States," Economic Journal 53 (April 1943): 39-54; and Economist, 19 Aug. 1944.
20. Quoted in Economist, 28 July 1944.
21. L. Rostas, Comparative Productivity in British and American Industry (Cambridge, 1948), 189-92 and 231-2.
22. Economist, 28 July 1945.
23. Nick Tiratsoo and Jim Tomlinson, Industrial Efficiency and State Intervention: Labour 1939-51 (New York, 1993).
24. "A Contributor," "Training Within Industry - A National Issue," Industry Illustrated 13 (Dec. 1945): 14-15; G. R. Creyke, "Motion Study," Industry Illustrated 16 (Feb. 1948): 26-8.
25. "A Contributor," "Training Within Industry - A National Issue," Industry Illustrated 13 (Dec. 1945): 14-15; G. R. Creyke, "Motion Study," Industry Illustrated 16 (Feb. 1948): 26-8.
26. A. G. Irvine, "The American Business Scene Today," Industry Illustrated 15 (Jan. 1947): 27-8.
27. Economist, 3 Feb. 1945.
28. Machinery and Allied Products Institute, Technological Stagnation in Great Britain (Chicago, Ill., 1948).
29. McGlade, "Illusion of Consensus," passim.
30. The following paragraph is based on material in Tiratsoo and Tomlinson, Industrial Efficiency, 132-40.
31. L. Rostas, Comparative Productivity.
32. Francis E. Rogers, "Report of the United Kingdom Technical Exchange and Section 115-K Program," 6 Sept. 1956, 1-8, box 5, file on "U.K. Productivity - General (Directors' Files) 1955-7," Subject Files of the Director 1953-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C. [hereafter Rogers]; and EPA Information Bulletin, No. 6-7 (Dec. 1954-Jan. 1955): 10.
33. Francis E. Rogers, "Report of the United Kingdom Technical Exchange and Section 115-K Program," 6 Sept. 1956, 1-8, box 5, file on "U.K. Productivity - General (Directors' Files) 1955-7," Subject Files of the Director 1953-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C. [hereafter Rogers]; and EPA Information Bulletin, No. 6-7 (Dec. 1954-Jan. 1955): 10.
34. Rogers, 9-22.
35. See, e.g., James A. Hynes and Carl R. Taylor, "Comments on the Productivity Drive," 15 April 1950, box 25, Technical Assistance Country Files 1949-52, Office of the Director, ECA Productivity and Technical Assistance Division, Record Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; and Anon., "U.K. Mission - Production Assistance Program Report. Summary and Conclusions," 9 July 1951, box 13, file on "Lennen. U.K. Policy," Records Relating to Productivity Program Policy, 1949-55, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
36. See, e.g., James A. Hynes and Carl R. Taylor, "Comments on the Productivity Drive," 15 April 1950, box 25, Technical Assistance Country Files 1949-52, Office of the Director, ECA Productivity and Technical Assistance Division, Record Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; and Anon., "U.K. Mission - Production Assistance Program Report. Summary and Conclusions," 9 July 1951, box 13, file on "Lennen. U.K. Policy," Records Relating to Productivity Program Policy, 1949-55, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
37. See, e.g., James A. Hynes and Carl R. Taylor, "Comments on the Productivity Drive," 15 April 1950, box 25, Technical Assistance Country Files 1949-52, Office of the Director, ECA Productivity and Technical Assistance Division, Record Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; and Anon., "U.K. Mission - Production Assistance Program Report. Summary and Conclusions," 9 July 1951, box 13, file on "Lennen. U.K. Policy," Records Relating to Productivity Program Policy, 1949-55, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
38. Jean Fourastie, "Towards Higher Labour Productivity in the Countries of Western Europe," International Labour Review 67 (April 1953): 340-355; and "European Productivity Agency. Results Obtained and Future Prospects," EPA (57) 11, 3 Sept. 1957, 9-13, box 1, file of "EPA - General through 1957," Records Relating to EPA 1953-7, Record Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
39. Jean Fourastie, "Towards Higher Labour Productivity in the Countries of Western Europe," International Labour Review 67 (April 1953): 340-355; and "European Productivity Agency. Results Obtained and Future Prospects," EPA (57) 11, 3 Sept. 1957, 9-13, box 1, file of "EPA - General through 1957," Records Relating to EPA 1953-7, Record Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
40. Francis E. Rogers to William L. Batt, 5 Aug. 1952, box 6, file on "U.K. Productivity. 115K Agreement ... ," Subject Files of the Director 1953-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
41. Anon., "U.K. Mission," 1-12, box 13, file on "Lennen. U.K. Policy," National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Arnold Rivkin - Lincoln Gordon, 24 April 1953, box 6, file on "U.K. Productivity Section 115 (K) - Productivity Attitudes ...," Subject Files of the Director, 1953-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; and W. John Kenney, "Marshall Aid and British Management," Manager 18 (June 1950): 264-5.
42. Rogers, 23.
43. EPA, Higher Productivity Through European Co-operation (Paris, 1956), 3; EPA, Activities and Achievements (Paris, 1958), 35; Rogers, 23-41.
44. EPA, Higher Productivity Through European Co-operation (Paris, 1956), 3; EPA, Activities and Achievements (Paris, 1958), 35; Rogers, 23-41.
45. Silberman, "History," 34.
46. See. e.g., "The Heavy Electrical Engineering Industry," R. 269/March 1953, Labour Party archive, Manchester, U.K.; "The American Stake in London," Director (July 1964): 39.
47. See. e.g., "The Heavy Electrical Engineering Industry," R. 269/March 1953, Labour Party archive, Manchester, U.K.; "The American Stake in London," Director (July 1964): 39.
48. See. e.g., Minutes of Meeting of Anglo-American Consultative Group, AACG (55) 3rd Meeting, 29 Nov. 1955, item 2, box 1, file on "United Kingdom - Anglo-American Consultative Group," Subject Files of the Director 1955-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Rogers, 7 and 52.
49. Cabinet European Co-operation Committee, "Survey of Technical Assistance and Similar Schemes. Note by the Chairman . . . ," E.R. (L) (51) 12, 13 Feb. 1951, 8, BT 195/ 57, Public Record Office, London, U.K.
50. W. A. Kimbel - W. J. Hoff, 19 Oct. 1949, 4, BT 195/53, Public Record Office, London, U.K.
51. Rogers, 49.
52. See, e.g., editorial comment. Manager 20 (May 1952): 271-2; Anon., "The Productivity Reports," Future 6 (June-July 1951): 59-71; Iron and Coal Trades Review, 19 Oct. 1951; and L. H. C. Tippett, Productivity in the Cotton Industry - Achievements and Prospects (Manchester, 1954).
53. See, e.g., editorial comment. Manager 20 (May 1952): 271-2; Anon., "The Productivity Reports," Future 6 (June-July 1951): 59-71; Iron and Coal Trades Review, 19 Oct. 1951; and L. H. C. Tippett, Productivity in the Cotton Industry - Achievements and Prospects (Manchester, 1954).
54. See, e.g., editorial comment. Manager 20 (May 1952): 271-2; Anon., "The Productivity Reports," Future 6 (June-July 1951): 59-71; Iron and Coal Trades Review, 19 Oct. 1951; and L. H. C. Tippett, Productivity in the Cotton Industry - Achievements and Prospects (Manchester, 1954).
55. See, e.g., editorial comment. Manager 20 (May 1952): 271-2; Anon., "The Productivity Reports," Future 6 (June-July 1951): 59-71; Iron and Coal Trades Review, 19 Oct. 1951; and L. H. C. Tippett, Productivity in the Cotton Industry - Achievements and Prospects (Manchester, 1954).
56. British Productivity Council, A Review of Productivity in the Bronze and Brass Casting Industry (London, 1955), 7.
57. "Visit to Manchester. Conversation with Mr. Alan Kershaw," 27 Sept. 1955, box 2, file on "United Kingdom - Economic Research July 1954-August 1956," Subject Files, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
58. A. Henderson, "Private Network," Management Education and Development 3 (1972): 117-27.
59. Economist, 4 Aug. 1956.
60. Cabinet Mutual Aid Committee Minutes, MAC (59) 4th Meeting, 6 April 1959, CAB 134/2203, Public Record Office, London, U.K.
61. See, e.g., EPA, Annual Report. Part One (Paris, 1954), Annex 3.
62. T. M. Mosson, Management Education in Five European Countries (London, 1965), 156.
63. National Economic Development Council, Management Recruitment and Development (London, 1965). 6.
64. H. Stuart Taylor, "How Business Uses Graduates," Management Today (May 1969): 87-9.
65. T. Burns and G. M. Stalker, The Management of Innovation (London, 1961), 211.
66. New Society, 16 June 1966.
67. P. F. Dyer, "Presenting Financial Information to Employees," Manager 25 (1957): 101-8.
68. D. Wilson, "The Baton not the Rod," Director 7 (Oct. 1955): 124-5.
69. L. Urwick, Personnel Management in Perspective (London, 1959).
70. British Productivity Council, A Review of Productivity in the Pressed Metal Industry (London, 1954), 7.
71. James W. McLean, "What Goes Wrong with British Packaging," Director 12 (Oct. 1959): 122-3.
72. F. Nixon, "Spending to Save. Product Quality and Reliability," Times Review of Industry and Trade 2 (Feb. 1964): 18-19.
73. G. Simpson, "The Specialist Barrier," Scientific Business 1 (1963): 143-8.
74. Anon., "Summary of United States Assistance Programs to the United Kingdom Sept. 1955, 1, box 5, file on "U.K. Productivity - General (Director's File) 1955-7," Subject Files of the Director 1953-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
75. Francis E. Rogers -Martin M. Tank, 9 Jan. 1956, box 6, file on "U.K. Productivity -EPA 1952-7, Directors' File," Subject Files of the Director 1953-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; and more generally, William Gomberg, "Labor's Participation in the European Productivity Program. A Study in Frustration," Political Science Quarterly 74 (June 1959): 240-5.
76. Francis E. Rogers -Martin M. Tank, 9 Jan. 1956, box 6, file on "U.K. Productivity - EPA 1952-7, Directors' File," Subject Files of the Director 1953-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; and more generally, William Gomberg, "Labor's Participation in the European Productivity Program. A Study in Frustration," Political Science Quarterly 74 (June 1959): 240-5.
77. McGlade, "U.K. Technical Assistance," 22.
78. S. L. Behoteguy -M. S. Belcher, 19 July 1956, box 11, file on EPA Project 349, EPA Project Files 1950-7, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
79. Francis E. Rogers -Martin M. Tank, 4 Feb. 1956, box 6, file on "U.K. Productivity EPA 1952-7, Directors' File," Subject Files of the Director 1953-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
80. E.g., Katherine F. Allen - Scott L. Behoteguy, 29 July 1957, box 10, file on EPA Project 329, EPA Project Files 1950-7, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
81. "Technical Assistance. Facts and Figures on Mission Organisation," EPA/CS/376, 25 May 1956, 9-10, box 3, file on EPA Project 180, EPA Project Files 1950-7, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
82. S. A. Holme - N. Kipling, 1 June 1951, MSS 200/F/3/D3/7/29, Confederation of British Industry papers. Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, U.K.
83. Bent Boel, "The European Productivity Agency and the Development of Management Education in Western Europe in the 1950s," paper presented to conference on "The Development of Business Schools in Europe," Bertinoro, Italy, June 1995.
84. "European Productivity Agency. Results Obtained and Future Prospects," EPA (57)11, 3 Sept. 1957, 24, box 1, files on "EPA - General Through 1957," Records Relating to EPA 1953-7, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
85. Productivity' Committee Minutes, EPA/D/9097, 7-8 March 1961, MSS 200/F/3/S2/ 48/2, Confederation of British Industry papers, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, U.K.
86. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), 389-92.
87. Stephen Broadberry, "Employment and Unemployment" in The Economic History of Britain since 1700. Volume 3: 1939-1992, ed. Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey (Cambridge, 1994), 212; N. F. R. Crafts, "The Assessment: British Economic Growth over the Long-Run," Oxford Review of Economic Policy No. 4 (1988), x; and N. F. R. Crafts, " 'You've never had it so good?': British economic policy and performance. 1945-60," in Europe's Post-War Recovery, ed. B. Eichengreen (Cambridge, 1995), 246-70.
88. Stephen Broadberry, "Employment and Unemployment" in The Economic History of Britain since 1700. Volume 3: 1939-1992, ed. Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey (Cambridge, 1994), 212; N. F. R. Crafts, "The Assessment: British Economic Growth over the Long-Run," Oxford Review of Economic Policy No. 4 (1988), x; and N. F. R. Crafts, " 'You've never had it so good?': British economic policy and performance. 1945-60," in Europe's Post-War Recovery, ed. B. Eichengreen (Cambridge, 1995), 246-70.
89. Stephen Broadberry, "Employment and Unemployment" in The Economic History of Britain since 1700. Volume 3: 1939-1992, ed. Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey (Cambridge, 1994), 212; N. F. R. Crafts, "The Assessment: British Economic Growth over the Long-Run," Oxford Review of Economic Policy No. 4 (1988), x; and N. F. R. Crafts, " 'You've never had it so good?': British economic policy and performance. 1945-60," in Europe's Post-War Recovery, ed. B. Eichengreen (Cambridge, 1995), 246-70.
90. In 1949, Britain had 55,129 manufacturing establishments employing more than ten workers, but only 25 percent of these employed over 100: see Ministry of Labour Gazette 58 (June 1950): 189-90.
91. See, e.g., H. D. Willcock, "The Dissemination of Technical Information in Industry. A Pilot Inquiry," 1952, RG 23/170, Public Record Office, London, U.K.
92. Anon., "Progress report on Pottery," Business 78 (Oct. 1948): 41.
93. W. H. Temple, "Personnel Management in the Small Firm," 12 Oct. 1951, 2, LAB 10/1020, Public Record Office, London, U.K.
94. Engineering, 30 Sept. 1955.
95. G. Macrea, "New Ideas Enliven an Old Industry," Business 85 (1955): 107-111.
96. Trades Union Congress, Trades Unions and Productivity (London, 1950), 58-61.
97. F. M. Paride, "Briefing Paper on Productivity," May 1951, 6, box 6, file on "Productivity," Glenn Atkinson Papers, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
98. Harry L. Turtledove - John Hutchison, 5 Dec. 1951, enc. "Survey of United Kingdom Productivity Team Follow-Up Activities," box 5, file 10, Subject Files of Glenn Atkinson 1950-2, Labour Division, Office of Economic Policy and Planning, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; and James Stein, "The United Kingdom Industrial Productivity Program," [n.d.], 19, box 6, file on "Productivity," Glenn Atkinson Papers, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
99. Harry L. Turtledove - John Hutchison, 5 Dec. 1951, enc. "Survey of United Kingdom Productivity Team Follow-Up Activities," box 5, file 10, Subject Files of Glenn Atkinson 1950-2, Labour Division, Office of Economic Policy and Planning, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; and James Stein, "The United Kingdom Industrial Productivity Program," [n.d.], 19, box 6, file on "Productivity," Glenn Atkinson Papers, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
100. N. Tiratsoo and J. Tomlinson, "Restrictive Practices on the Shopfloor in Britain, 1945-1960: Myth and Reality," Business History 36 (April 1994): 65-82.
101. Editorial comment, The Times Review of Trade and Engineering (April 1946): 2.
102. Editorial comment, The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders' Progress Report (March 1949): 4.
103. Iron and Coal Trades Review, 9 May 1952.
104. See, e.g., anon., "Japanese Competition," Chamber of Commerce Journal 134 (Sept. 1953): 12.
105. See, e.g., Iron and Coal Trades Review, 14 Aug. 1953 and anon., "What's Wrong with the Motor Industry," Director 9 (Oct. 1956): 94-5.
106. See, e.g., Iron and Coal Trades Review, 14 Aug. 1953 and anon., "What's Wrong with the Motor Industry," Director 9 (Oct. 1956): 94-5.
107. Freyer, Regulating Big Business, 285-98.
108. H. Mercer, Constructing a Competitive Order: The Hidden History of British Antitrust Policies (Cambridge, 1995), 3 and 31-4.
109. D. C. Hague, The Economics of Man-Made Fibres (London, 1957); A. G. Donnithorne, British Rubber Manufacturing (London, 1958); and T. Barna, Investment and Crowth Policies in British Industrial Firms (Cambridge, 1962).
110. D. C. Hague, The Economics of Man-Made Fibres (London, 1957); A. G. Donnithorne, British Rubber Manufacturing (London, 1958); and T. Barna, Investment and Crowth Policies in British Industrial Firms (Cambridge, 1962).
111. D. C. Hague, The Economics of Man-Made Fibres (London, 1957); A. G. Donnithorne, British Rubber Manufacturing (London, 1958); and T. Barna, Investment and Crowth Policies in British Industrial Firms (Cambridge, 1962).
112. Mercer, Constructing a Competitive Order, passim.
113. Political and Economic Planning, Industrial Trade Associations. Activities and Organisation (London, 1957), 164.
114. C. F. Carter and B. R. Williams, Industry and Technical Progress (London, 1957), 154-62 and 163-6; and D. Burn, "Retrospect," in The Structure of British Industry, Volume 2, ed. D. Burn (Cambridge, 1958), 429-54.
115. C. F. Carter and B. R. Williams, Industry and Technical Progress (London, 1957), 154-62 and 163-6; and D. Burn, "Retrospect," in The Structure of British Industry, Volume 2, ed. D. Burn (Cambridge, 1958), 429-54.
116. W. Campbell Balfour, "Productivity and the Worker," British Journal of Sociology, 4 (Sept. 1953): 257-65.
117. See various reports from MSA sponsored British visitors to the States, MSS 200/F/3/T3/29/4-6, Confederation of British Industry papers, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, U.K.; and AACP Team Report, Freight Handling (London, 1951), 51.
118. G. B. Blaker, "Note for Record," 21 July 1950, BT 195/52, Public Record Office, London, U.K.; and T. G. Elliott, A Survey of Production and Industrial Engineering Organisation and Practice in the U.S.A. and Canada (London, 1952).
119. G. B. Blaker, "Note for Record," 21 July 1950, BT 195/52, Public Record Office, London, U.K.; and T. G. Elliott, A Survey of Production and Industrial Engineering Organisation and Practice in the U.S.A. and Canada (London, 1952).
120. "Interim Report to the Mutual Security Agency by the British Industrial Management Group, College of Business Administration, University of Cincinnati," 12 May 1953, 18, MSS 200/F/3/T3/29/4, Confederation of British Industry papers, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, U.K.
121. See, e.g., Board of Trade, Working Party Reports. Cotton (London, 1946), 242-9; John Jewkes, Ordeal by Planning (London, 1948), 222; editorial comment, Manager 20 (1952): 271-2; and editorial comment in the Engineer, 2 Jan. 1953.
122. See, e.g., Board of Trade, Working Party Reports. Cotton (London, 1946), 242-9; John Jewkes, Ordeal by Planning (London, 1948), 222; editorial comment, Manager 20 (1952): 271-2; and editorial comment in the Engineer, 2 Jan. 1953.
123. See, e.g., Board of Trade, Working Party Reports. Cotton (London, 1946), 242-9; John Jewkes, Ordeal by Planning (London, 1948), 222; editorial comment, Manager 20 (1952): 271-2; and editorial comment in the Engineer, 2 Jan. 1953.
124. See, e.g., Board of Trade, Working Party Reports. Cotton (London, 1946), 242-9; John Jewkes, Ordeal by Planning (London, 1948), 222; editorial comment, Manager 20 (1952): 271-2; and editorial comment in the Engineer, 2 Jan. 1953.
125. See. e.g., the differing assessments in Tiratsoo and Tomlinson, Industrial Efficiency, 144-52 and Jonathan Zeitlin, "Americanization and its Limits: Theory and Practice in the Reconstruction of Britain's Engineering Industries, 1945-55", Business and Economic History 24 (Fall 1995): 277-86.
126. See. e.g., the differing assessments in Tiratsoo and Tomlinson, Industrial Efficiency, 144-52 and Jonathan Zeitlin, "Americanization and its Limits: Theory and Practice in the Reconstruction of Britain's Engineering Industries, 1945-55", Business and Economic History 24 (Fall 1995): 277-86.
127. "Industry Comment 7. Internal Combustion Engines," [n.d.], 1, SUPP 14/141, Public Record Office, London, U.K.
128. Nick Tiratsoo, "Standard Motors 1945-55 and the Post-war Malaise of British Management," in Management and Business in Britain and France: The Age of the Corporate Economy, ed. Youssef Cassis, Francois Crouzet and Terry Gourvish (Oxford, 1995), 99.
129. H. D. Willcock, "Overseas Buyers' Experience of British Goods," (Aug. 1953), 45, RG 23/185, Public Record Office, London, U.K.
130. Economist, 29 Dec. 1951 and 5 Jan. 1952.
131. Economist, 29 Dec. 1951.
132. "Report of the Lemon Committee for Standardisation of Engineering Products - Comments by the Employer Members on the Engineering Advisory Council," [n.d.], 1, SUPP 14/141, Public Records Office, London, U.K.
133. AACP Team Report, Metalworking Machine Tools (London, 1953), 48.
134. AACP Team Report, Drop Forging (London, 1950), 9.
135. AACP Team Report, Simplification in British Industry (London, 1950), 5-6.
136. Manchester Guardian, 29 Nov. 1949.
137. Engineering, 8 June 1956.
138. Some Aspects of the Motor Vehicle Industry in the U.S.A. (Technical Assistance Mission No. 92, Paris, 1953), 21.
139. British Productivity Council, Better Ways. Nineteen Paths to Higher Productivity (London, 1957), 34.
140. Advocacy of the "3 Ss" could be sometimes rather crudely made in popular propaganda material as opposed to technical publications: see, e.g., G. Hutton, We Too Can Prosper (London, 1953), 89-118.
141. Harry Hopkins, The New Look (London, 1964), 109-110.
142. G. Withers to Mr. White, 10 Oct. 1952, MSS 200/F/3AT3/29/2, Confederation of British Industry papers, University of Warwick, U.K.
143. "Gulliver," "Across the Board," Director (Jan. 1966): 45.
144. H. D. Willcock, "Public Opinion: Attitudes Towards America and Russia," Political Quarterly 19 (Jan.-March 1948): 61-2.
145. Anon., "Anglo-American Economic Co-operation," Manager 13 (Jan. 1945): 31-2; William Clark, Less Than Kin. A Study of Anglo-American Relations (London, 1957), 146-59; and R. Lowenthal, "The American 'Model,' " Twentieth Century 163 (April 1958): 361-71.
146. Anon., "Anglo-American Economic Co-operation," Manager 13 (Jan. 1945): 31-2; William Clark, Less Than Kin. A Study of Anglo-American Relations (London, 1957), 146-59; and R. Lowenthal, "The American 'Model,' " Twentieth Century 163 (April 1958): 361-71.
147. Anon., "Anglo-American Economic Co-operation," Manager 13 (Jan. 1945): 31-2; William Clark, Less Than Kin. A Study of Anglo-American Relations (London, 1957), 146-59; and R. Lowenthal, "The American 'Model,' " Twentieth Century 163 (April 1958): 361-71.
148. R. Lewis and R. Stewart, The Boss. The Life and Times of the British Business Man (London, 1958), 175-95.
149. The following two paragraphs are based upon material in Tiratsoo, "Standard Motors."
150. J. L. Orr, "Providing the Conditions of Efficiency," British Management Review 9 (Oct. 1950): 41.
151. Editorial comment, Business 84 (Nov. 1954): 65.
152. L. Urwick, "The American Challenge in Industrial Management." British Management Review 12 (April 1954): 166.
153. D. Granick, The European Executive (New York, 1962), 234.
154. Tiratsoo and Tomlinson, Industrial Efficiency, passim;
155. Tiratsoo, "Standard Motors."
156. Mercer, Constructing a Competitive Order, passim.
157. R. Appley, "Management and Work," British Management Review 10 (March 1952): 20-3.
158. See, e.g., G. Pollock - F. E. Rogers, enc. "European Productivity Agency . . . ," [n.d.], 1, box 5, Subject Files of the Director, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
159. H. Ingham, "Inter-firm Comparison for Management," Manager 27 (1959): 313-16; J. Shinn, "The Sealed Lips of British Business," Director (Jan. 1963): 96-7.
160. H. Ingham, "Inter-firm Comparison for Management," Manager 27 (1959): 313-16; J. Shinn, "The Sealed Lips of British Business," Director (Jan. 1963): 96-7.
161. Tiratsoo and Tomlinson, Industrial Efficiency, 141.
162. Minutes of Board of Trade Committee on E.P.A. Matters, BT/EPA (59)M, 5 Oct. 1959, 2, MSS 200/B/3/3/944.1 Pt. 9, Confederation of British Industry papers, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, U.K.
163. "Notes of Sir Harry Pilkington's speech . . . on 21 April 1955," 7, MSS 200/F/3/P3/ 11/1, Confederation of British Industry papers, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, U.K.
164. Airgram from L. Gordon to FOA, 23 Feb. 1955, box 1, file on 'EPA . . . ,' Records Relating to EPA 1955-7, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
165. Rivkin - Gordon, 24 April 1953, box 3, file on "U.K. Productivity. . . . ," Subject Files, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
166. "Memorandum of Conversation with Mr. Hill, Board of Trade, November 16, 1954," box 5, file on "U.K. Productivity - General 1954," Subject Files of the Director 1953-7, Office of the Director, Mission to the U.K., Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
167. ECA London - Washington, 14 Oct. 1949, 4 and 7, box 21, ECA Subject Files, Records Group 469, National Archives, Washington, D.C. On the weakness of the Monopolies Commission, see Mercer, Constructing a Competitive Order, chaps. 5 and 6.
168. "Notes of a Conversation with MSA reps.," 13 Oct. 1953, T 235/134, and Cabinet Minutes, 11 Sept. 1952, CAB 128/25, Public Record Office, London, U.K.
169. N. A. Dudley, "Comparative Productivity Analysis - Study in the United Kingdom West Midlands Engineering and Metalworking Industries," International Journal of Production Research 8 (1970): 400.
170. J. M. Williams, "Materials Handling and Manufacturing Management" in Department of Industry Industrial Technologies Secretariat, Manufacturing Management and Industrial Technologies: Symposium Papers (London, 1976), 26-37.
171. Sir F. Warner, Standards and Specifications in the Engineering Industries (London, 1977), 11.
172. Keith G. Lockyer, John S. Oakland and Clive H. Duprey, "Work Study Techniques in U.K. Manufacturing Industry," Omega 11 (1983): 301-2.