Post-extraction remodeling of the adult mandible

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 384-404

  Kingsmill, V J ^a,b  

^a ST BARTHOLOMEW S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bone turnover; Mandible; Oral bone loss; Osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

AGE; ALVEOLAR BONE; ARTICLE; BONE DENSITY; BONE REMODELING; BONE TURNOVER; CALCIUM METABOLISM; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MANDIBLE; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; TOOTH EXTRACTION;

EID: 0032848153     PISSN: 10454411     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/10454411990100030801     Document Type: Article

References (241)

1. Aaron JE, Gallagher JC, Nordin BEC (1974). Seasonal variation of histological osteomalacia in femoral-neck fractures. Lancet 11:84-85.
2. Akeson WH, Amiel D, Abel MF, Garfin SR, Woo SL-Y (1987). Effects of immobilization on joints. Clin Orthop 219:28-37.
3. Applegate OC (1958). The removable partial denture in the general practice of tomorrow. J Prosthet Dent 8:609-622.
4. Arnett TR, Dempster DW (1990). Perspectives: protons and osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 5:1099-1103.
5. Atkinson PJ, Hallsworth AS (1983). The changing pore structure of aging human mandibular bone. Gerodontol 2:57-66.
6. Atkinson PJ, Woodhead C (1968). Changes in human mandibular structure with age. Arch Oral Biol 13:1453-1464.
7. Atwood DA (1957). A cephalometric study of the clinical rest position of the mandible II. J Prosthet Dent 7:544-552.
8. Atwood DA (1962). Some clinical factors related to rate of resorption of residual ridges. J Prosthet Dent 12:441-450.
9. Atwood DA (1963). Postextraction changes in the adult mandible illustrated by microradiographs of mid-sagittal sections and serial cephalometric roentgenograms. J Prosthet Dent 13:810-824.
10. Atwood DA (1979). Bone loss of edentulous residual ridges. Proceedings of the JA English Symposium on Oral Perspectives on Oral Biology. J Periodontol 50(Spec Suppl):11-21.
11. Bairam LR, Miller WA (1994). Mandible bone resorption as determined from panoramic radiographs in edentulous male individuals ages 25-80 years. Gerodontol 11:80-85.
12. Bass SL, Triplett RG (1991). The effects of preoperative resorption and jaw anatomy on implant success. A report of 303 cases. Clin Oral Implant Res 2:193-198.
13. Baxter JC (1987). Osteoporosis: oral manifestations of a systemic disease. Quintessence Int 18:427-429.
14. Baylink DJ, Finkelman RD, Mohan S (1993). Growth factors to stimulate bone formation. J Bone Miner Res 8(Suppl 2):S565-S572.
15. Bays RA, Weinstein RS (1982). Systemic bone disease in patients with mandibular atrophy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40:270-272.
16. Becks H, Grimm DH (1945). Comparative roentgenographic and histologic study of human mandibles. Am J Orthodont 31:383-406.
17. Bender IB (1997). Factors influencing the radiographic appearance of bony lesions. J Endod 23:5-14.
18. Benson BW, Prihoda TJ, Glass BI (1991). Variations in adult cortical bone mass as measured by a panoramic mandibular index. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 71:349-356.
19. Bergman B, Carlsson GE, Ericson S (1971). Effect of differences in habitual use of complete dentures on underlying tissues. Scand J Dent Res 79:449-460.
20. Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ (1992). A colour atlas and textbook of oral anatomy, histology and embryology. 2nd ed. London: Wolfe Publishing Ltd.
21. Biknevicius AR, Ruff CB (1992). The structure of the mandibular corpus and its relationship to feeding behaviour in extant carnivores. J Zool 228:479-507.
22. Boyde A, Jones SJ, Aerssens J, Dequeker J (1995). Mineral density quantitation of the human cortical iliac crest by backscattered electron image analysis: variations with age, sex and degree of osteoarthritis. Bone 16:619-627.
23. Boyne PJ (1982). Postexodontia osseous repair involving the mandibular canal. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40:69-73.
24. Bradley JC (1975). A radiological investigation into the age changes of the inferior dental artery. Br J Oral Surg 13:82-90.
25. Bradley JC (1981). The clinical significance of age changes in the vascular supply to the mandible. Int J Oral Surg 10:71-76.
26. Brahm H, Mallmin H, Michaëlsson K, Ström H, Ljunghall S (1998). Relationship between bone mass measurements and lifetime physical activity in a Swedish population. Calcif Tissue Int 62:400-412.
27. Bras J, van Ooij CP, Abraham-Inpijn L, Kusen GJ, Wilmink JM (1982a). Radiographic interpretation of the mandibular angular cortex: a diagnostic tool in metabolic bone loss. Part I. Normal state. Oral Surg 53:541-545.
28. Bras J, van Ooij CP, Abraham-Inpijn L, Wilmink JM, Kusen GJ (1982b). Radiographic interpretation of the mandibular angular cortex: a diagnostic tool in metabolic bone loss. Part II. Renal osteodystrophy. Oral Surg 53:647-650.
29. Bras J, van Ooij CP, Duns JY, Wansink HM, Driessen RM, van den Akker HP (1983). Mandibular atrophy and metabolic bone loss. A radiologic analysis of 126 edentulous patients. Int J Oral Surg 12:309-313.
30. Brash JC (1928). The growth of the alveolar bone and its relation to the movements of the teeth, including eruption. Int J Orthod 14:196-223.
31. Brehm TW, Abadi BJ (1980). Patient response to variations in complete denture technique. Part IV: residual ridge resorption - cast evaluation. J Prosthet Dent 44:491-494.
32. Buchanan M, Sandhu HS, Anderson C (1988). Changes in bone mineralization pattern: a response to local stimulus in maxilla and mandible of dogs. Histol Histopathol 3:331-336.
33. Burckhardt P, Burnand B (1993). The effect of treatment with calcitonin on vertebral fracture rate in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 3:24-30.
34. Campbell RL (1960). A comparative study of the resorption of the alveolar ridges in denture wearer and non-denture wearers. J Am Dent Assoc 60:143-153.
35. Canalis E, Agnusdei D (1996). Insulin-like growth factors and their role in osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 58:133-134.
36. Carlsson GE, Persson G (1967). Morphologic changes of the mandible after extraction and wearing of dentures. Odontol Revy 18:27-54.
37. Carlsson GE, Thilander H, Hedegård B (1967). Histologic changes in the upper alveolar process after extractions with or without insertion of an immediate full denture. Acta Odontol Scand 25:21-43.
38. Carter TB, Frost DE, Tucker MR, Zuniga JR (1991). Cortical thickness in human mandibles: clinical relevance to the sagittal split ramus osteotomy, Int J Adult Orthodont Orthognath Surg 6:257-260.
39. Castelli W (1963). Vascular architecture of the human adult mandible. J Dent Res 42:786-792.
40. Christiansen C (1993). Skeletal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 8(Suppl 2):S475-S480.
41. Cohen B (1993). John Hunter, pathologist. J R Soc Med 86:587-592.
42. Corten FG, van't Hof MA, Buijs WCAM, Hoppenbrouwers P, Kalk W, Corstens FHM (1993). Measurement of mandibular bone density ex vivo and in vivo by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Arch Oral Biol 38:215-219.
43. Couly GF, Coltey PM, Le Douarin NM (1993). The triple origin of the skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras. Development 117:409-429.
44. Crothers A, Sandham A (1993). Vertical height differences in subjects with severe dental wear. Eur J Orthod 15:519-525.
45. Davidovitch Z (1991). Tooth movement. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2:411-450.
46. de Aguiar AE, Klein AI, Beck JO (1968). Spongy bone architecture of edentulous mandibles: a television radiographic evaluation. J Prosthet Dent 19:12-21.
47. de Van MM (1935). An analysis of stress counteraction on the part of alveolar bone, with a view to its preservation. Dent Cosmos 77:109-123.
48. Devlin H, Ferguson MWJ (1991). Alveolar ridge resorption and mandibular atrophy. A review of the role of local and systemic factors. Br Dent J 170:101-104.
49. Devlin H, Sloan P, Luther F (1994). Alveolar bone resorption: a histologic study comparing bone turnover in the edentulous mandible and iliac crest. J Prosthet Dent 71:478-481.
50. Dyer M, Ball J (1980). Alveolar crest recession in the edentulous. Br Dent J 149:290-292.
51. Edwards LF (1954). The edentulous mandible. J Prosthet Dent 4:222-231.
52. Elders PJM, Habets LLMH, Netelenbos JC, van der Linden LWJ, van der Stelt PF (1992). The relation between periodontitis and systemic bone mass in women between 46 and 55 years of age. J Clin Periodontol 19:492-496.
53. Elovic RP, Hipp JA, Hayes WC (1995). Maxillary molar extraction causes increased bone loss in the mandible of ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res 10:1087-1093.
54. Engel MB, Rosenberg HM, Jordan SL, Holm K (1994). Radiological evaluation of bone status in the jaw and in the vertebral column in a group of women. Gerodontol 11:86-92.
55. Engstrom C, Hollender L, Lindqvist S (1985). Jaw morphology in edentulous individuals: a radiographic cephalometric study. J Oral Rehabil 12:451-460.
56. Enlow DH, Bianco HJ, Eklund S (1976). The remodeling of the edentulous mandible. J Prosthet Dent 36:685-693.
57. Feik SA, Ellender G, Crowe DM, Ramm-Anderson SM (1990). Periosteal response in translation-induced bone remodelling. J Anat 171:69-84.
58. Fish EW (1947). Tongue space in full denture construction. Br Dent J 83:137-142.
59. Franchi-Miller C, Saffar JL (1995). The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BWA4C impairs osteoclastic resorption in a synchronized model of bone remodeling. Bone 17:185-191.
60. Frost HM (1960). Micropetrosis. J Bone Joint Surg 42(A):144-150.
61. Gabriel AC (1958). Some anatomical features of the mandible. J Anat 92:580-586.
62. Garn SM, Feutz E, Colbert C, Wagner B (1966). Comparison of cortical thickness and radiographic microdensitometry in the measurement of bone loss. In: Progress in development of methods in bone densitometry. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, pp. 65-78.
63. Gershenson A, Nathan H, Luchansky E (1986). Mental foramen and mental nerve: changes with age. Acta Anat 126:21-28.
64. Grant DA, Bernick S (1972). The periodontium of ageing humans. J Periodontol 43:660-667.
65. Habets LL, Bras J, Borgmeyer-Hoelen AM (1988a). Mandibular atrophy and metabolic bone loss. Endocrinology, radiology and histomorphometry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 17:208-211.
66. Habets LL, Bras I, van-Merkesteyn JP (1988b). Mandibular atrophy and metabolic bone loss. Histomorphometry of iliac crest biopsies in 74 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 17:325-329.
67. Hammerman MR (1987). Insulin-like growth factors and aging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 16:995-1011.
68. Harrison A (1972). Alveolar bone resorption in two edentulous populations. J Dent 1:77-82.
69. Helkimo E, Carlsson GE, Helkimo M (1976). Bite force and state of dentition. Acta Odontol Scand 35:297-303.
70. Henderson B, Wilson M (1996). Cytokine induction by bacteria: beyond lipopolysaccharide. Cytokine 8:269-282.
71. Henrikson PA, Wallenius K (1974). The mandible and osteoporosis (I). A qualitative comparison between the mandible and the radius. J Oral Rehabil 1:67-74.
72. Hildebolt CF (1997) Osteoporosis and oral bone loss. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 26:3-15.
73. Hildebolt CF, Rupich RC, Vannier MW, Zerbolio DJ, Shrout MK, Cohen S, et al. (1993). Interrelationships between bone mineral content measures. Dual energy radiography (DER) and bitewing radiographs (BWX). J Clin Periodontol 20:739-745.
74. Hill PA, Tumber A, Papaioannou S, Meikle MC (1998). The cellular actions of interleukin-II on bone resorption in vitro. Endocrinol 139:1564-1572.
75. Hirai T, Ishijima T, Hashikawa Y, Yajima T (1993). Osteoporosis and reduction of residual ridge in edentulous patients. J Prosthet Dent 69:49-56.
76. Horner K, Devlin H (1992). Clinical bone densitometric study of mandibular atrophy using dental panoramic tomography. J Dent 20:33-37.
77. Horner K, Devlin H (1998). The relationships between two indices of mandibular bone quality and bone mineral density measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 27:17-21.
78. Horner K, Devlin H, Alsop CW, Hodgkinson IM, Adams JE (1996). Mandibular bone mineral density as a predictor of skeletal osteoporosis. Br J Radiol 69:1019-1025.
79. Hsieh YD, Devlin H, McCord F (1995). The effect of ovariectomy on the healing tooth socket of the rat. Arch Oral Eiol 40:529-531.
80. Humble BH (1936). The radiographic appearance of the edentulous jaw with special reference to residual infection. Dent Rec 56:697-710.
81. Hylander WL, Picq PG, Johnson KR (1991). Function of the supraorbital region of primates. Arch Oral Biol 36:273-281.
82. Indresano AT, Lundell MI (1981). Measurement of regional bone blood flow in the rabbit mandible using the hydrogen washout technique. J Dent Res 60:1365-1370.
83. Inke G (1972). Morphological subdivision of the jaw bones. In: Morphology of the maxillo-mandibular apparatus. Schumacher G-H, editor. Leipzig: Georg Thieme, pp. 193-199.
84. Jacobs R, Ghyselen J, Koninckx P, van Steenberghe D (1996). Long-term bone mass evaluation of mandible and lumbar spine in a group of women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Eur J Oral Sci 104:10-16.
85. Jacobsen TE, Krol AJ (1983). A contemporary review of the factors involved in complete dentures. Part III: support. J Prosthet Dent 49:306-313.
86. Jäger A, Radlanski RJ, Taufall D, Klein C, Steinhofel N, Doler W (1990). Quantitative determination of alveolar bone density using digital image analysis of microradiographs. Anat Anz 170:171-179.
87. Jayasinghe JAP, Jones SJ, Boyde A (1994). Three-dimensional photographic study of cancellous bone in human fourth lumbar vertebral bodies. Anat Embryol 189:259-274.
88. Jee WS, Li XJ, Schaffler MB (1991). Adaptation of diaphyseal structure with aging and increased mechanical usage in the adult rat: a histomorphometrical and biomechanical study. Anat Rec 230:332-338.
89. Jeffcoat MK (1993). Bone loss in the oral cavity. J Bone Miner Res 8(Suppl 2):S467-S473.
90. Jones SJ, Arora M, Boyde A (1995). The rate of osteoclastic destruction of calcified tissues is inversely proportional to mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int 56:554-558.
91. Kalk W, de Baat C (1989). Some factors connected with alveolar bone resorption. J Dent 17:162-165.
92. Karlsson MK, Hasserius R, Nilsson JA, Obrant KJ (1995). Bone mass and density of the head. Eur J Exp Musculoskel Res 4:51-55.
93. Kasperk C, Wergedal J, Strong D, Farley J, Wangerin K, Gropp H, et al. (1995). Human bone cell phenotypes differ depending on their skeletal site of origin. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 80:2511-2517.
94. Kingsmill VJ (1996). Bone structure and turnover in the adult human mandible (PhD thesis). University of London.
95. Kingsmill VJ, Boyde A (1998a). Variation in the apparent density of human mandibular bone with age and dental status. J Anat 192:233-244.
96. Kingsmill VJ, Boyde A (1998b). Mineralisation density of human mandibular bone: quantitative backscattered electron image analysis. J Anat 192:245-256.
97. Kingsmill VJ, Boyde A (1999). Mineralisation density and apparent density of bone in cranial and postcranial sites in the ageing human. Osteoporos Int 9:260-268.
98. Kingsmill VJ, Boyde A, Jones SJ (1999). The resorption of vital and devitalized bone in vitro: significance for bone grafts. Calcif Tissue Int 64:252-256.
99. Klemetti E (1996). A review of residual ridge resorption and bone density. J Prosthet Dent 75:512-514.
100. Klemetti E, Vainio P (1993). Effect of bone mineral density in skeleton and mandible on extraction of teeth and clinical alveolar height. J Prosthet Dent 69:21-25.
101. Klemetti E, Vainio P (1994). Effect of maxillary edentulousness on mandibular residual ridges. Scand J Dent Res 102:309-312.
102. Klemetti E, Vainio P, Lassila V, Alhava E (1993a). Trabecular bone mineral density of mandible and alveolar height in postmenopausal women. Scand J Dent Res 101:166-170.
103. Klemetti E, Vainio P, Lassila V, Alhava E (1993b). Cortical bone mineral density in the mandibles and osteoporosis status in postmenopausal women. Scand J Dent Res 101:219-223.
104. Klemetti E, Kolmakov S, Heiskanen P, Vainio P, Lassila V (1993c). Panoramic mandibular index and bone mineral densities in postmenopausal women. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 75:774-779.
105. Klemetti E, Collin HL, Forss H, Markkanen H, Lassila V (1994a). Mineral status of skeleton and advanced periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 21:184-188.
106. Klemetti E, Vainio P, Lassila V (1994b). Mineral density in the mandibles of partially and totally edentate postmenopausal women. Scand J Dent Res 102:64-67.
107. Klemetti E, Kolmakov S, Kröger H (1994c). Pantomography in assessment of the osteoporosis risk group. Scand J Dent Res 102:68-72.
108. Klemetti E, Vainio P, Kröger H (1994d). Muscle strength and mineral densities in the mandible. Gerodontol 11:76-79.
109. Klingsberg J, Butcher EO (1960). Comparative histology of age changes in oral tissues of rat, hamster and monkey. J Dent Res 39:158-169.
110. Korioth TW, Romilly DP, Hannam AG (1992). Three-dimensional finite element stress analysis of the dentate human mandible. Am J Phys Anthropol 88:69-96.
111. Krall EA, Dawson-Hughes B (1993). Heritable and lifestyle determinants of bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 8:1-9.
112. Kribbs PJ (1990). Comparison of mandibular bone in normal and osteoporotic women. J Prosthet Dent 63:218-222.
113. Kribbs PJ (1992). Two-year changes in mandibular bone mass in an osteoporotic population. J Prosthet Dent 67:653-655.
114. Kribbs PJ, Smith DE, Chesnut CH (1983). Oral findings in osteoporosis. Part II: Relationship between residual ridge and alveolar bone resorption and generalized skeletal osteopenia. J Prosthet Dent 50:719-724.
115. Kribbs PJ, Chesnut CH, Ott SM, Kilcoyne RF (1989). Relationships between mandibular and skeletal bone in an osteoporotic population. J Prosthet Dent 62:703-707.
116. Kusiak JF, Zins JE, Whitaker LA (1985). The early revascularisation of membrane bone. Plast Reconstr Surg 76:510-516.
117. Kuznetsova LV, Semenov EK, Smirnov WG (1972). Teethjaw segments of the upper and lower jaws. In: Morphology of the maxillo-mandibular apparatus. Schumacher G-H, editor. Leipzig: Georg Thieme, pp. 182-192.
118. Kydd WL, Daly C (1982). The biologic and mechanical effects of stress on oral mucosa. J Prosthet Dent 47:317-329.
119. Lammie GA (1956). Aging changes and the complete lower denture. J Prosthet Dent 6:450-464.
120. Landini G (1991). Videodensitometrical study of the alveolar bone crest in periodontal disease. J Periodontol 62:528-534.
121. Lanyon LE (1992). The success and failure of the adaptive response to functional load-bearing in averting bone fracture. Bone 13:S17-S21.
122. Law A, Bollen A-M, Chen S-K (1996). Detecting osteoporosis using dental radiographs. A comparison of four methods. J Am Dent Assoc 127:1734-1742.
123. Lekholm U, Zarb GA (1985). Patient selection and preparation. In: Tissue-integrated prosthesis: osseointegration in clinical dentistry. Brånemark PI, Zarb GA, Albrektsson T, editors. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing.
124. Lekkas C (1989). Systemic bone diseases and reduction of the residual ridge of the mandible; primary hyperparathyroidism. A preliminary report. J Prosthet Dent 62:546-550.
125. Leroux P, Saffar JL (1993). Dose-effect and evidence of escape of inhibition after indomethacin treatment in a synchronized model of bone resorption. Agents Actions 38:290-294.
126. Lewin (1913). Die innere Struktur der Mandibula der Anthropinen und Anthropoiden in mechanischer Beleuchtung. Cited by: Seipel CM (1948). Trajectories of the jaws. Acta Odontol Scand 8:81-191.
127. Lin W-L, McCulloch AG, Cho MI (1994). Differentiation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts into osteoblasts during socket healing after tooth extraction in the rat. Anat Rec 240:492-506.
128. Little W, Fowler HW, Coulson J (1959). The shorter Oxford English dictionary on historic principles. Onions CT, editor. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
129. Likeman PR, Watt DM (1974). Morphological changes in the maxillary denture bearing area. A follow-up 14-17 years after tooth extraction. Br Dent J 136:500-503.
130. Lockington TJ, Bennett GCJB (1994). Osteoporosis and the jaws: questions remain to be answered. Gerondontol 11:67-75.
131. Lönberg P (1951). Changes in the size of the lower jaw on account of age and loss of teeth (thesis). Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm University.
132. Lytle RB (1957). Management of abused oral tissues in complete denture construction. J Prosthet Dent 7:27-42.
133. Maejima-Ikeda A, Aoki M, Tsuritani K, Kamioka K, Hiura K, Miyoshi T, et al. (1997). Chick osteocyte-derived protein inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption. Biochem J 322:245-250.
134. Manson JD (1976). Bone morphology and bone loss in periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 3:14-22.
135. Manson JD, Lucas RB (1962). A radiographic study of age changes in the human mandible. Arch Oral Biol 7:761-769.
136. Massler M (1956). Tissue changes during aging. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 9:1185-1196.
137. Mauley EB, Stuart D (1937). A radiographic study of the healing sockets after the extraction of the teeth. Br Dent J 63:400-412.
138. McCulloch CAG, Melcher AH (1983). Cell density and cell generation in the periodontal ligament of mice. Am J Anat 167:43-58.
139. Mercier P, Inoue S (1981). Bone-density and serum minerals in cases of residual alveolar ridge atrophy. J Prosthet Dent 46:250-255.
140. Mercier P, Lafontant R (1979). Residual alveolar ridge atrophy: classification and influence of facial morphology. J Prosthet Dent 41:90-100.
141. Midgett RJ, Shaye R, Fruge JF (1981). The effect of altered bone metabolism on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthodont 80:256-262.
142. Miller SC, Hunziker J, Mecham M, Wronski TJ (1997). Intermittent parathyroid hormone administration stimulates bone formation in the mandibles of aged ovariectomized rats. J Dent Res 76:1471-1476.
143. Mohajery M, Brooks SL (1992). Oral radiographs in the detection of early signs of osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 73:112-117.
144. Møller E (1966). The chewing apparatus; an electromyographic study of the action of the muscles of mastication and its correlation to facial morphology. Acta Physiol Scand 280(Suppl):1-229.
145. Moskalewski S, Osiecka A, Malejczyk J (1988). Comparison of bone formed intramuscularly after transplantation of scapular and calvarial osteoblasts. Bone 9:101-106.
146. Moskalewski S, Dabrowski M, Hyc A (1991). Difference in size of bone islands formed by isolated bone cells transplanted intramuscularly under various conditions. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 29:125-130.
147. Mosolov NN (1972). On the anatomy of human masticatory musculature. In: Morphology of the maxillo-mandibular apparatus. Schumacher G-H, editor. Leipzig: Georg Thieme, pp. 65-69.
148. Moss ML (1972). Functional cranial analysis and the functional matrix. In: Morphology of the maxillo-mandibular apparatus. Schumacher G-H, editor. Leipzig: Georg Thieme, pp. 160-165.
149. Mullender MG, van der Meer DD, Huiskes R, Lips P (1996). Osteocyte density changes in aging and osteoporosis. Bone 18:109-113.
150. Mundy GR (1993). Role of cytokines in bone resorption. J Cell Biochem 53:296-300.
151. Nemeth BR, Pesun IJ, Rhem K (1998). Cephalometric evaluation of combination syndrome for patients with mandibular implants (abstract). J Dent Res 77(Spec Iss A):200.
152. Neufeld JO (1958). Changes in the trabecular pattern of the mandible following the loss of teeth. J Prosthet Dent 8:685-697.
153. Nicolas V, Prewett A, Bettica P, Mohan S, Finkelman RD, Baylink DJ, et al. (1994). Age-related decreases in insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-β in femoral cortical bone from both men and women: implications for bone loss with aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 78:1011-1016.
154. Nordin BEC (1987). The definition and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 40:57-58.
155. Ortman HR (1962). Factors of bone resorption of the residual ridge. J Prosthet Dent 12:429-440.
156. Ortman LF, Hansmann E, Dunford RG (1989). Skeletal osteopenia and residual ridge resorption. J Prosthet Dent 61:321-325.
157. Osborne J (1963). Application of basic science to prosthetic dentistry. Austr Dent J 8:292-298.
158. Packota GV, Hoover JN, Neufeld BD (1988). A study of the height of intact alveolar bone on panoramic radiographs of adult patients. J Prosthet Dent 60:504-509.
159. Parfitt GJ (1962). Investigation of the normal variation in alveolar bone trabeculation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 15:1453-1463.
160. Parkinson CF (1978). Similarities in resorption patterns of maxillary and mandibular ridges. J Prosthet Dent 39:598-602.
161. Penhall B (1980). Preventive measures to control further bone loss and soft tissue damage in denture wearing. Austr Dent J 25:319-324.
162. Phillips HB, Ashley F (1973). The relationship between periodontal disease and metacarpal bone index. Br Dent J 134:237-239.
163. Picton DCA, Wills DJ (1978). Viscoelastic properties of the periodontal ligament and mucous membrane. J Prosthet Dent 40:263-272.
164. Pietrokovski J (1975). The bony residual ridge in man. J Prosthet Dent 34:456-462.
165. Pietrokovski J, Massler M (1967). Alveolar ridge resorption following tooth extraction. J Prosthet Dent 17:21-27.
166. Poirot L, Delattre JF, Palot C, Flament JB (1986). The inferior alveolar artery in its bony course. Surg Radiol Anat 8:237-244.
167. Pudwill ML, Wentz FM (1975). Microscopic anatomy of edentulous residual alveolar ridges. J Prosthet Dent 34:448-455.
168. Raustia AM, Salonen MAM (1997). Gonial angles and condylar and ramus height of the mandible in complete denture wearers - a panoramic radiograph study. J Oral Rehabil 24:512-516.
169. Raustia AM, Salonen MAM, Pyhtinen J (1996). Evaluation of masticatory muscles of edentulous patients by computed tomography and electromyography. J Oral Rehabil 23:11-16.
170. Recker RR (1992). Embryology, anatomy, and microstructure of bone. In: Disorder of bone and mineral metabolism. Coe FL, Favus MJ, editors. New York: Raven Press, pp. 219-240.
171. Redford M, McGowan J (1993). Executive summary and research recommendations. J Bone Miner Res 8(Suppl 2):S451-S453.
172. Riggs BL, Seeman E, Hodgson SF, Taves DR, O'Fallon WM (1982). Effect of the fluoride/calcium regimen on vertebral fracture occurrence in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Comparison with conventional therapy. N Engl J Med 306:446-450.
173. Roberts WE (1993). Fundamental principles of bone physiology, metabolism and loading. In: Osseointegration in oral rehabilitation: an introductory textbook. Naert I, van Steenberghe D, Worthington P, editors. Chicago: Quintessence, pp. 157-170.
174. Roberts WE, Chase DC (1981). Kinetics of cell proliferation and migration asssociated with orthodontically induced osteogenesis. J Dent Res 60:174-181.
175. Rosenquist JB, Baylink DJ, Berger JS (1978). Alveolar atrophy and decreased skeletal mass of the radius. Int J Oral Surg 7:479-481.
176. Roth GI, Calmes R (1981). Oral biology. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company.
177. Rubin CT, Lanyon LE (1984). Dynamic strain similarity in vertebrates: an alternative to allometric limb bone scaling. J Theoret Biol 107:321-327.
178. Ruff CB, Hayes WC (1988). Sex differences in age-related remodeling of the femur and tibia. J Orthop Res 6:886-896.
179. Ruttimann UE, Webber RL, Hazelrig JB (1992). Fractal dimension from radiographs of peridental alveolar bone. A possible diagnostic indicator of osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 74:98-110.
180. Sasano Y, Kamakura S, Nakamura M, Suzuki O, Mizoguchi I, Akita H, et al. (1995). Subperiosteal implantation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) stimulates both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the tibia, but only osteogenesis in the parietal bone of a rat. Anat Rec 242:40-46.
181. Schiessl H, Frost HM, Jee WSS (1998). Estrogen and bone-muscle strength and mass relationships. Bone 22:1-6.
182. Scott CK, Hightower JA (1991). The matrix of endochondral bone differs from the matrix of intramembranous bone. Calcif Tissue Int 49:349-354.
183. Scott CK, Bain SD, Hightower JA (1994). Intramembranous bone matrix is osteoinductive. Anat Rec 238:23-30.
184. Seipel CM (1948). Trajectories of the jaws. Acta Odontol Scand 8:81-191.
185. Sherman S, Hadley EC (1993). Aging and bone quality: an underexplored frontier (editorial). Calcif Tissue Int 53(Suppl 1):S1.
186. Shore RC, Kirkham J, Robinson C, Rahemtulla F (1996). Effect of occlusal load on the distribution of proteoglycans within the rat mandible (abstract). J Dent Res 75(Spec Iss):1155.
187. Short E, Johnson RB (1990). Effects of tooth function on adjacent alveolar bone and Sharpey's fibers of the rat periodontium. Anat Rec 227:391-396.
188. Skerry TM, Lanyon LE (1993). Immobilisation induced bone loss in the sheep is not modulated by calcitonin treatment. Bone 14:511-516.
189. Smith FW, Applegate OC (1961). Roentgenographic study of bone changes during exercise stimulation of edentulous areas. J Prosthet Dent 11:1086-1097.
190. Smith JD, Abramson M (1974). Membranous vs endochondral bone autografts. Arch Otolaryngol 99:203-205.
191. Smith M, Hickman A, Amanze D, Lumsden A, Thorogood P (1994). Trunk neural crest origin of caudal fin mesenchyme in the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio. Proc R Soc Lond 256:137-145.
192. Sobolik CF (1960). Alveolar bone resorption. J Prosthet Dent 10:612-619.
193. Sones AD, Wolinsky LE, Kratochvil FJ (1986). Osteoporosis and mandibular bone resorption in the Sprague Dawley rat. Calcif Tissue Int 39:267-270.
194. Southard TE, Southard KA (1996). Detection of simulated osteoporosis in maxillae using radiographic texture analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 43:123-132.
195. Stahl SS, Weinmann JP, Schour I, Budy AM (1950). The effect of oestrogen on the alveolar bone and teeth of mice and rats. Anat Rec 107:21-41.
196. Stutzmann J, Malan A, Petrovic A (1981). Seasonal-variations of the human alveolar bone turn-over - a quantitative-evaluation in organ-culture. J Interdisciplinary Cycle Res 12:177-180.
197. Suenaga K, Sato T, Nishigawa G, Minagi S (1997). Relationship between size of denture foundation area and resorption of alveolar ridge in the edentulous mandible. J Oral Rehabil 24:315-319.
198. Syrjänen S, Lampainen E (1983). Mandibular changes in paroramic radiographs of patients with endstage renal disease. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 12:51-56.
199. Taguchi A, Tanimoto K, Suei Y, Otani K, Wada T (1995). Oral signs as indicators of possible osteoporosis in elderly women. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 80:612-616.
200. Takahashi M (1987). Age-changes of alveolar bone-structure of monkeys (abstract). J Dent Res 66(Spec Iss):931.
201. Tallgren A (1957). Changes in adult face height due to ageing, wear and loss of teeth and prosthetic treament; a roentgen cephalometric study mainly on Finnish women. Acta Odontol Scand 24:1-122.
202. Tallgren A (1966). The reduction in face height of edentulous and partially edentulous subjects during long-term denture wear; a longitudinal roentgenographic cephalometric study. Acta Odontol Scand 24:195-239.
203. Tallgren A (1967). The effect of denture wearing on facial morphology. Acta Odontol Scand 25:563-560.
204. Tallgren A (1969). Positional changes of complete dentures: a 7-year longitudinal study. Acta Odontol Scand 27:539-561.
205. Tallgren A (1972). The continuing reduction of the residual alveolar ridges in complete denture wearers: a mixed-longitudinal study covering 25 years. J Prosthet Dent 27:120-132.
206. Tebo HG, Telford IB (1950). An analysis of the variations in position of the mental foramen. Anat Rec 107:61-66.
207. Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Winkler AJ, Dechow PC (1992). Bone strain following application of a rigid bone plate: an in vitro study in human mandibles. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50:1066-1073.
208. Tonna EA (1976). Factors (aging) affecting bone and cementum. J Periodontol 47:267-280.
209. Ulm C (1989). Anatomisch-röntgenologische Studie über den Canalis mandibulae im atrophen Unterkiefer. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 101:390-393.
210. Ulm CW, Solar P, Ulm MR, Matejka M (1994). Sex-related changes in the bone mineral content of atrophic mandibles. Calcif Tissue Int 54:203-207.
211. Ulm CW, Kneissel M, Hahn M, Solar P, Matejka M, Donath K (1997). Characteristics of the cancellous bone of edentulous mandibles. Clin Oral Impl Res 8:125-130.
212. van der Klaauw CJ (1952). Size and position of the functional components of the skull. Arch Néerl Zool 9:1-559.
213. von Wowern N (1988). Bone mineral content of mandibles: normal reference values - rate of age-related bone loss. Calcif Tissue Int 43:193-198.
214. von Wowern N, Kollerup G (1992). Symptomatic osteoporosis: a risk factor for residual ridge reduction of the jaws. J Prosthet Dent 67:656-660.
215. von Wowern N, Stoltze K (1977). Variations in bone mass within cortices of the mandible. Scand J Dent Res 85:444-455.
216. von Wowern N, Stoltze K (1979). Comparative bone morphometric analysis of mandibles and 2nd metacarpals. Scand J Dent Res 87:358-364.
217. von Wowern N, Hjørting-Hansen E, Stoltze K (1979). Changes in bone mass in rat mandibles after tooth extraction. Int J Oral Surg 8:229-233.
218. von Wowern N, Storm TL, Olgaard K (1988). Bone mineral content by photon absorptiometry of the mandible compared with that of the forearm and the lumbar spine. Calcif Tissue Int 42:157-161.
219. von Wowern N, Harder F, Hjørting-Hansen E, Gotfredsen K (1990). ITI implants with overdentures: a prevention of bone loss in edentulous mandibles? Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 5:135-139.
220. von Wowern N, Klausen B, Kollerup G (1994). Osteoporosis: a risk factor in periodontal disease. J Periodontol 65:1134-1138.
221. von Wowern N, Klausen B, Hylander E (1996). Bone loss and oral state in patients on home parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enterai Nutr 20:105-109.
222. Waddington RJ, Embery G, Last KS (1989). Glycosaminoglycans of human alveolar bone. Arch Oral Biol 34:587-589.
223. Walkhoff O (1901). Der menschlicher Unterkiefer in Lichte der Entwicklungsmechanik. Dtsch Monatsschr Zahnheilkd 19:111-121.
224. Wallenius K, Heyden G (1972). Histochemical studies of flabby ridges. Odontol Revy 23:169-179.
225. Wang HY (1989). [Anatomic changes of the posterior alveolar ridge and external oblique ridge area in human mandibular edentulous specimens]. Chung Hua Kou Chiang Hsueh Tsa Chih 24:152-155 (in Chinese).
226. Ward VJ, Stephens AP, Harrison A, Lurie D (1977). The relationship between the metacarpal index and the rate of mandibular ridge resorption. J Oral Rehabil 4:83-89.
227. Watson EL, Katz RV, Adelezzi R, Gift HC, Dunn SM (1995). The measurement of mandibular cortical bone height in osteoporotic vs. non-osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Spec Care Dentist 15:124-128.
228. Watt DM, MacGregor AR (1986). Designing complete dentures. 2nd ed. Bristol: Wright.
229. Weinmann JP, Sicher H (1955). Bone and bones. 2nd ed. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company, p. 138.
230. Whittaker DK, Griffiths S, Robson A, Roger-Davies P, Thomas G, Molleson T (1990). Continuing tooth eruption and alveolar crest height in an eighteenth century population from Spitalfields, east London. Arch Oral Biol 35:81-85.
231. Wical KE, Brussee P (1979). Effects of a calcium and vitamin D supplement on alveolar ridge resorption in immediate denture patients. J Prosthet Dent 41:4-11.
232. Wical KE, Swoope CC (1974a). Studies of residual ridge resorption. Part 1: Use of panoramic radiographs for evaluation and classification of mandibular resorption. J Prosthet Dent 32:7-12.
233. Wical KE, Swoope CC (1974b). Studies of residual ridge resorption. Part 2: The relationship of dietary calcium and phosphorus to residual ridge resorption. J Prosthet Dent 32:13-22.
234. Winter CM, Woelfel JB, Igarashi T (1974). Five year changes in the edentulous mandible determined on oblique cephalometric radiographs. J Dent Res 53:1455-1467.
235. Woelfel JB, Winter CM, Igarashi T (1976). Five year cephalometric study of mandibular ridge resorption with different posterior occlusal forms. Part I: Denture construction and initial comparison. J Prosthet Dent 36:602-623.
236. Wright PS (1994) Observations on long term use of a soft lining material for mandibular complete dentures. J Prosthet Dent 72:385-392.
237. Wright PS, Watson RM (1998). Effect of prefabricated bar design with implant-stabilized prostheses on ridge resorption: a clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 13:77-81.
238. Xie Q, Wolf J, Soikkonen K, Ainamo A (1996). Height of mandibular basal bone in dentate and edentulous subjects. Acta Odontol Scand 54:379-383.
239. Xie Q, Wolf J, Tilvis R, Ainamo A (1997). Resorption of mandibular canal wall in the edentulous aged population. J Prosthet Dent 77:596-600.
240. Yaffe A, Fine N, Alt I, Binderman I (1995). The effect of bisphosphonate on alveolar bone resorption following mucoperiosteal flap surgery in the mandible of rats. J Periodontol 66:999-1003.
241. Zins JE, Whitaker LA (1983). Membrane versus endochondral bone: implications for craniofacial reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 72:778-785.