Melancholic depression and abdominal fat distribution: A mini-review

Stress

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-15

  Mann, J N ^a   Thakore, J H ^a  

^a ST VINCENT S UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Cortisol; Depressive disorder; Intra abdominal fat; Physical illness

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CHOLESTEROL; CHYLOMICRON; FATTY ACID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; GLUCOSE; GLYCEROL; GROWTH HORMONE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; LEPTIN; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; SEX HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

ABDOMEN; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LIPID METABOLISM; MELANCHOLIA; METABOLIC DISORDER; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SHORT SURVEY;

EID: 0032827430     PISSN: 10253890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10253899909001108     Document Type: Short Survey

References (116)

1. Adams, J.E., Johnson, R.J., Rickards, D. and Isherwood, I. (1983) Computed Tomography in adrenal disease. Clinical Radiology 3-4(1),39-49.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (revised). Washington D. C. American Psychiatric Association.
3. Assmann, G., von Eckardstein, A. and Funke, H. (1993) High density lipoproteins, reverse transport of cholesterol, and coronary artery disease. Insights from mutations. Circulation 87 (4 supplement), 28-34.
4. Austin, H., Austin, J.M., Partridge, E.E., Hatch, K.D. and Shingleton, H.M. (1991) Endometrial cancer, obesity, and body fat distribution. Cancer Research 51 (2), 568-572.
5. Austin, M.A. (1989) Plasma triglycéride as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. The epidemiologic evidence and beyond. American Journal of Epidemiology 129 (2), 249-259.
6. Baischer, W., Koinig, G B., Huber, J. and Langer, G. (1995) Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in depressed premenopausal women. Psy'choneuroendocrinology 20 (5), 553-559.
7. Banki, C.M., Karmacsi, L., Bissette, G. and Nemeroff, C.B. (1992) Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeplides in mood disorder and dementia. Journal of Affective Disorders 25 (1), 39-45.
8. Barefoot, J.C., Helms, M.J., Mark, D.B., Blumenthal, J.A., Califf, R.M., Haney, T.L., O'Connor, C.M., Siegler, I.C. and Williams, R.B. (1996) Depression and long-term mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology 78 (6), 613-617.
9. Barrett-Connor, E. and Khaw, K.T. (1989) Cigarette smoking and increased central adiposity. Annals of Internal Medicine 111 (10), 783-787.
10. Bjomtorp, P. (1996) The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. International Journal of Obesity 20,291 -302.
11. Bouchard, C., Despres, J-P. and Mautiege, P. (1993) Genetic and nongenetic determinants of regional fat distribution. Endocrine Reviews 14(1), 72-93.
12. Bray, G.A. (1987) Overweight is risking fate. Definition, classification, prevalence, and risks. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 499, 14-28.
13. Bray, G.A. (1997) Progress in understanding the genetics of obesity. Journal of Nutrition 127 (5 supplement), 940S-942S.
14. Bujalska, I.J., Kumar, S. and Stewart, P.M. (1997) Does central obesity reflect "Cushing's disease of the omentum?". Lancet 349(9060X1210-1213.
15. Byberg, L., Siegbahn, A., Berglund, L., McKeigue, P., Reneland, R. and Lithell, H. (1998) Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity is independently to both insulin sensitivity and serum triglycérides in 70 year old men. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 18 (2), 258-264.
16. Checkley, S. (1996) The neuroendocrinology of depression and chronic stress. British Medical Bulleti/i 52(3), 597-617.
17. Cigolini, M, Targher, G., Bergamo Andreis, I.A., Tonoli, M., Filippi, E, Muggeo, M. and De Sandre, G. (1996) Moderate alcohol consumption and its relation to visceral fat and plasma androgens in healthy women International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 20 (3), 206-212.
18. Cigolini, M., Targher, G., Bergamo Andreis, LA, Tonoli, M. Agostino, G. and De Sandre, G. (1996) Visceral fat accumulation and its relation to plasma haemostatic factors in healthy men. Arteriosclersis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biologv 16 (3), 368-374.
19. Considine, R.V., Nyce, M.R., Kolaczynski, J.W., Zhang, P.L., Ohannesian, J.P., Moore, J.H., Fox, J.W. and Caro, J.F. (1997) Dexamethasone stimulates leptin release from human adipo-cytes: unexpected inhibition by insulin. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 65 (2), 254-258.
20. Danforth, E. Jr. and Burger, A. (1984) The role of thyroid hormones in energy expenditure, clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 13(3), 581-595.
21. de Boer, H., Blok, G.J., Voerman, B., Derriks, P. and van der Veen, E. (1996) Changes in subcutaneous and visceral fat mass during growth hormone replacement therapy in adult men. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 20 (6), 580-587.
22. De Paermentier, F., Mauger, J.M., Lowther, S., Crompton, M.R., Katpna, C.L. and Horton, R.W. (1997) Brain alpha-adrenocep'tors in depressed suicides. Brain Research 757 (1), 60-68.
23. Despres, J.P., Moorjini, S., Ferland, M., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P.J., Nadeau, A., Pinault, S., Theriault, G. and Bouchard. (1989) Adipose tissue distribution and plasma lipoprotein levels in obese women. Importance of intra-abdominal fat. Arteriosclerosis 9 (2), 203-210.
24. Dinan, T.G. (1994) Glucocorticoids and the genesis of depressive illness. A Psychobiological model. British Journal of Psychiatry 164 (3), 365-371.
25. Everson, S.A., Roberts, R.E., Goldberg, D.E. and Kaplan, O.A. (1998) Depressive symptoms and increased risk of stroke mortality over a 29 year period. Archives of Intentai Medicine 158(10), 1133-1138.
26. Fiasche, R., Fideleff, H.L., Moisezowicz, J., Frieder, P., Pagano, S.M. and Holland, M. (1995) Growth hormone neurosecretory dysfunction in major depressive illness. Psychorfeitroendocrinology 20 (7), 727-733.
27. Fink, G., Sumner, B.E., Rosie, R., Grace, O. and Quinn, J.P. (1996) Estrogen control of central neurotransmission: effect on mood, mental state, and memory. Cell Molecular and Neurobiotogy 16 (3). 325-344.
28. Fried, S.K., Russell, CD., Grauso, N.L. and Brolin, R.E. (1993) Lipoprotein lipase regulation by insulin and glucocorticoid in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues of obese women and men. Journal of Clinical Investigation 92 (5), 2191-2198.
29. Galard, R., Gallart, J., Arguello, J.M., Schwanz, S., Castellanos, J.M. and Catalan, R. (1988) Plasma levels of beta-endorphin, Cortisol, prolactin and growth hormone in depressed patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 78 (2), 230-233.
30. Garcia-Sevilla, J.A., Guimon, J., Garcia-Vallejo, P. and Fuster, M.J. (1986) Biochemical and functional evidence of supersensitive platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptors in major affective disorder. Effect of long term lithium carbonate treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 43 ( 1 ), 51 -57.
31. Garg, A. (1996) Insulin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Dyslipidaemia. Diabetes Care 19 (4), 387-390.
32. Garrow, J.S. (1996) Obesity. In Weatherall, D.J., Leadingham, J.G.C. and Warrell, D.A. (editors) Oxford Textbook of Medicine, Third Edition, Oxford Medical Publications, p 1305.
33. Grekin, R. J., Vollmer, A.P. and Sider, R.S. (1995) Presser effects of portal venous oleate infusion. A proposed mechanism for obesity hypertension. Hypertension 26 (1), 193-198.
34. Grundy, S.M. (1997) Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. The 21st century. Archives of Internal Medicine 157 (11), 1177-1184.
35. Haarbo, J., Marslew, U.,-Gotfredsen, A. and Christiansen, C. (1991) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy prevents central distribution"of body fat after menopause. Metabolism 40 (12), 1323-1326.
36. Haffner, S.M., Katz, M.S. and Dünn, J.F. (1991) Increased upper body and overall adiposity is associated with decreased sex hormone binding globulin in post menopausal women. InternationalJoumal of Obesity 15,471-478.
37. Hamilton, M. (1960) A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Nenrosiirgery and Psychiatry 23,56-62.
38. Harris, C.E. and Barraclough., B. (1997) Excess mortality of mental disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 173 (6), 11-53.
39. Heimberg, M., Olubadewo, J.O. and Wilcox, H.G. (1985) Plasma lipoproteins and regulation of hepatic metabolism of fatty acids in altered thyroid states. Endocrinology Reviews 6 (4), 590-607.
40. Heymsfield, S.B., Gallagher, D., Poehlman, E.T., Wolper, C, Nonas, K., Nelson, D. and Wang, Z. (1994) Menopausal changes in body composition and energy expenditure. Experimental Gerontology 29,377-389.
41. Hodge, A.M., Dowse, O.K., Gareeboo, H., TuomilehtoJ., Alberti, K.G. and Zimmett, P.Z. (1996) Incidence, increasing prevalence, and predictors of change in obesity and fat distribution over 5 years in the rapidly developing population of Mauritius. International Journal of Obesity anil Related Metabolic Disorders-20(2), 137-146.
42. Hoffstedt, J., Wahrenbuerg, H., Thorne, A. and Lonnqvist, F. (1996) The metabolic syndrome is related to beta-3 adrenoceptor sensitivity in visceral adipose tissue. Diabetologia 39 (7), 838-844.
43. Jayo, J.M., Shively, C.A., Kaplan, J.R. and Manuck, S.B. (1993) Effects of exercise and stress on body fat distribution in male cynomolgus monkeys. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. 17 (10), 597-604.
44. Jeaningros, R, Mazzola, P., Azorin. J.M., Samuelian-Massa, C. and Tissot, R. (1991) Beta-adrenoceptor density of intact mononu.- clear leukocytes in subgroups of depressive disorders. Biological Psychiatry 29 (8"), 789-798.
45. Joffe, RT., Sokolov, S.T. and Singer, W. (I995) Thyroid hormone treatment of depression. Thyroid 5 (3), 235-239.
46. Jonas, B.S., Franks, P. and Ingram, D.D. (1997) Are symptoms of anxiety and depression risk factors for hypertension? Longitudinal evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Exami'nation Survey 1 Epidemiological Follow-up Study. Archives of Family Medicine 6(1), 43-49.
47. Horsten, M., Wamala, S.P., Vingerhoets, A. and Orth-Gomer, K. (1997) Depressive symptoms, social support, and lipid profile in healthy middle-aged women. Psychosomatic Medicine 59 (5), 521-528.
48. James, R.W., Brulhart-Meynet, M.C., Lehmann, T. and Golay, A. (1997) Lipoprotein distribution and composition in obesity: their association with central adiposity. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 22 (5), 432-139.
49. Kahn. C.R. (1978) Insulin resistance, insulin insensitivity, and insulin unresponsiveness: a necessary distinction. Metabolism 27 (12 supplement 2), 1893-1902.
50. Kanai, H., Matuzawa, Y., Kotani, K., Keno, Y., Kobatake, T., Nagai, Y, Fujioka, S., Tokunaga, K. and Tarui, S. (1990) Close correlation of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to hypertension in obese women. Hypertension 16 (5), 484-490.
51. Kanai, H., Tokunaga, K., Fujioka, S., Yamashita, S., Kameda-Takemura, K.K. and Matsuzawa, Y. (1996) Decrease in intra-abdominal visceral fat may reduce blood pressure in obese hypertensive women. Hypertension 27 (1), 125-129.
52. Karam, J.H. (1996) Reversible insulin resistance in non- insulin -dependent diabetes mellitus. Hormonal and Metabolic Research 28 (9), 440-444.
53. Lapidus, L., Bengtsson, C., Larsson, B., Pennert, K., Rybo, E. and Sjostrom, L. (1984) Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12 year follow up of par-ticipants in the population study of women in Gothenberg, Sweden. British'Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 289(6454), 1257-1261.
54. Lapidus, L. and Bengtsson, C. (1988) Regional obesity as a health hazard in women. A prospective study. Acta Medico Scandinavica 723 (supplement), 53-59.
55. Larsson, B. (1988) Regional obesity as a health hazard in men. Prospective studies. Acta Medico Scandanavica 723 (supplement), 45-51.
56. Larsson, H. and Ahren, B. (1996) Short term dexamethasone treatment increases plasma leptin independently of changes in .-.- insulin sensitivity in healthy women. Journal of Clinical and Eiuhcrinological Metabolism 81(12), 4428-4432.
57. Leonard, B.E. (1997) The role of noradrenaline in depression: a review. Journal of Psychopharinacology (Oxford) 11 (supplement 4), S39-S47.
58. Levitt, A.J. and Joffe, R.T. (1988) Total and free testosterone in depressed men. Acta Psychialrica Scandinavica 77 (3), 346-348.
59. Lloyd, C.E., Wing, R.R. and Orchard, T.J. (1996) Waist to hip ratio and psychosocial factors in adults with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications study. Metabolism 45 (2), 268-272.
60. Lonn, L., Kvist, H., Ernest, I. and Sjostrom, L. (1994) Changes in body composition and adipose tissue distribution after treatment of women with Cushing's syndrome. Metabolism 43 (12),.1517-1522.
61. Mantzorosj C.S., Georgiadis, E.I, Evangelopoulou, K. and Kalsilambros, N. (1996). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone are independently associated with body fat distribution in premenopausal women. Epidemiology 7 (5), 513-516.
62. Marin, P. (1996) Testosterone and regional fat distribution. ObesityResearch 3 (supplement 4), 609S-612S.
63. Masuzaki, H., Ogawa, Y., Hosoda, K., Miyawaki, T., Hanaoka, I., Hiraoka, J., Yasuno, A., Nishimura, H., Yoshimasa, Y, Nishi, S. and Nakao, K. (1997) Glucocorticoid regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion in humans: elevated plasma leptin levels in Cushing's syndrome. Journal of Clinical and Endocrinological Metabolism 82 (8), 2542-2547.
64. Miell, J.P., Englaro, P. and Blum, W.F. (1996) Dexamethasone induces an acute and sustained rise in circulating leptin levels in normal human subjects. Hormone and Metabolic Research 28(12),704-707.
65. Modell, S., Yassouridis, A., Huber, J. and Holsboer, F. (1997) Corticosteroid receptor function is decreased in depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 65 (3), 216-222.
66. Mokrani, M.C., Duval, F., Crocq, M.M., Bailey, P. and Macher, J.P. (1997) HPA axis dysfunction in depression: correlation with monoamine system abnormalities. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22 (supplement 0,63-68.
67. Moldin, S.O., Scheftner, W.A., Rice, J.P., Nelson, E., Knesevich, M.A. and Akiskal, H. (1993) Association between major depressive disorder and physical illness. Psychological Medicine 23 (3), 755-761.
68. Navab, M., Fogelman, A.M., Berliner, J.A., Territo, M.C., Demer, L.L., Frank, J.S., Watson, A.D., Edwards, P.A. and Lusis, A.J. (1995) Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. American Journal of Cardiology 76 (9), 18C-23C.
69. O'Brien, S.N., Welter, B.H., Mantzke, K.A. and Price. T.M. (1998) Identification of progesterone receptor in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 (2), 509-513.
70. Ohlson, L.O., Larsson, B., Svardsudd, K., Welin, L., Eriksson, H., Wilhelmsen, L., Bjomtorp, P. and Tibblin, G. (1985) The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus. 13.5 years follow up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913. Diabetes 34 (10), 1055-1058.
71. Ottoson, M., Vikman-Adolfson, K., Enerback, S. Olivecrona, G. and Bjorntorp, P. (1994) the effects of cortisol on the regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in human adipose tissue. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 79 (3), 820-825.
72. Ottosson, M., Marin, P., Karason, K., Elander, A. and Bjorntorp, P. (1995). Blockade of the glucocorticoid receptor with RU 486: effects in vitro and in vivo on human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. Obesity Research 3 (3), 233-240.
73. Pederson, S.B., Jonler, M. and Richelsen, B. (1994) Characterization of regional and gender differences in glucocorficoid receptors and lipoprotein lipase activity in human adipose tissue. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 78 (6), 1354-1359.
74. Pederson, S.B.,.FugsIig, S., Sjogren, P. and Richelsen, B. (1996) Identification of steroid receptors in human adipose tissue. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 26 (12), 10511056.
75. Pederson, S.B., Hansen, P.S., Lund, S., Andersoen, P.H., Odgaard, A. and Richelsen, B. (I996) Identification of oestrogen receptors and oestrogen receptor mRNA in human adipose tissue. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 26 (4), 262-269.
76. Peiris, A.N., Struve, M.F., Mueller, R.A., Lee, M.B. and Kissebah, A.H. (1988) Glucose metabolism in obesity: influence of body fat distribution. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 67 (4), 760-767.
77. Pi-Sunyer, F.X. (1993) Medical hazards of obesity. Annals of Internal Medicine 119 (7 part 2), 655-660.
78. Price, T.M., O'Brien, S.N., Welter, B.H., George, R., Anandjiwala, " J. and Kilgore, M. (1998) Estrogen regulation of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase-possible mechanism of body fat distribution. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 178 '(lpt1), 101-107.
79. Pyorala, K., Laakso, M. and Uusitupa, M. (I987) Diabetes and atherosclerosis: an epidemiological view. Diabetes and Metabolic Reviews 3 (2), 463-524.
80. Ramirez, M.E., McMurry, M.P., Wiebke, G.A., Feiten, K.J., Ren, K., Meikle.A.W. and Iverius, P.H. (1997) Evidence for sex steroid inhibition of lipoprotein lipase in men: comparison of abdominal and femoral adipose tissue. Metabolism 46 (2), 179-185.
81. Rao, M.L., Ruhrmann, S., Retey, B., Liappis, N., Fuger, J., Kraemer, M., Kasper, S. and Moller, HJ. (1996) Low plasma thyroid indices of depressed patients are attenuated by antidepressant drugs and influence treatment outcome. Pharmacopsychiatry 29 (5), 180-186.
82. Reaven, G.M. (1988) The role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37, 1595-1607.
83. Reaven, G.M., Chen, Y.D., Jeppesen, J., Maheux, P. and Krauss, R.M. (1993) Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in individuals with small, dense low density lipoprotein particles. Journal of Clinical Investigation 92, 141-146.
84. Rebuffe-Scrive, M., Andersson, B., Olbe, L. and Bjomtorp, P. (1989) Metabolism of adipose tissue in intra abdominal depots of non obese men and women. Metabolism 38 (5), 453-458.
85. Reichten, S. (1998) Neuroendocrinology. In Wilson, Foster, Kronenberg and Larsen (editors), Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, Ninth Edition, pp 165-249.
86. Ribiero, S.C.M., Tandon, R., Grunhaus, L. and Greden, J.F. (1993) The DST as a predictor of outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 150, 1618-1629.
87. Richelsen, B. (1997) Action of growth hormone in adipose tissue. Hormone Research 48 (supplement 5), 105-110.
88. Rosmond, R., Lapidus, L., Marin, P. and Bjorntorp, P. (1996) Mental distress, obesity and body fat distribution in middle-aged men. Obesity Research 4 (3),245-252.
89. Rubin, R.T., Poland, R.E., Lesser, I.M., Winston, R.A. and Blodgett, A.L.N. (1987) Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 44, 328-336.
90. Rubin'R.T., Poland, R.E. and Lesser, I.M. (1989) Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression VIII. Pituitary-gonadal axis activity in male patients and matched controls. Psychneiiroemlocrinology 14 (3), 217-229.
91. Rubin, R.T., Phillips, J.J., Sadow, T.F. and McCracken, J.T. (1995) Adrenal gland volume in major depression. Increases during the depressive episode and decrease with successful treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 52 (3), 213-218.
92. Samra, J.S., Clark, M.L., Humphries, S.M., McDonald, I.A., Bannister, P.A. and Frayn, K.M. (1998) Effects of physiological hypercortisolaemia on the regulation of lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Journal of Clinical and Endocrinological Metabolism 83 (2), 626-631.
93. Schapira, D.V., Clark, R.A., Wolff, P.A., Jarrett, A.R., Kumar, N.B. and Aziz, N.M. (1994) Visceral obesity and breast cancer risk. Cancer 74 (2), 632-639.
94. Seidell, JJC., Bjorntorp, P., Sjostrom, L., Sannerstedt, R., Krotkiewski. M. and Kvist, H. (1989) Regional distribution of muscle and fat mass in men. New insight in to the risk of abdominal obesity using computed tomography. International Journal of Obesity-13 (3),289-303.
95. Seidman, S.N. and Rabkin, J.G. (1998) Testosterone replacement for hypogonadal men with SSRI-refractory depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 48 (2-3), 157-161.
96. Sherwin, B.B. (1988) Affective changes with estrogen and androgen replacement therapy in surgically menopausal women. Journal of Affective Disorders 14 (2), 177-187.
97. Shively, C.A., Clarkson, T.B., Miller, L.C. and Weingand, K.W. (1987) Body fat distribution as a risk factor for coronary artery arteriosclerosis in female cynomolgus monkeys. Arteriosclerosis 7 (3), 226-231.
98. Sichel, D.A., Cohen, L.S., Robertson, L.M., Ruttenberg, A. and Rosenbaum, J.F. (1995) Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry 38 (12), 814-818.
99. Silva, J.E. (1995) Thyroid hormone control of thermogenesis and energy balance. Thyroids (6), 481-492.
100. Stoll, B.A. (1995) Timing of weight gain in relation to breast cancer risk. Annals of Oncology 6 (3), 245-248.
101. Sullivan, P.P., Wilson, D.A., Mulder, R.T. and Joyce, PR. (1997) The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in major depression. Ada Psychiatrica Scandinavica 95 (5), 370-378.
102. Thakore, J.H., Richards, P.J., Reznek, R.H., Martin, A. and Dinan, T.G. (1997) Increased intra-abdominal fat deposition in patients with major depressive illness as measured by computed tomography. Biological Psychiatry 41 (II), 1140-1142.
103. Thakore, J.H. (1998) Stabilisation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as a treatment strategy for mood disorders. Human Psychopharmacology 13, 77-81.
104. Unden, F., Ljunggren, J.G., Beck-Friis, J., Kjellman, B.F. and Wetterberg, L. (1988) Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in major depressive disorders. Ada Psychiatrien Scandinavica 78(2), 138-146.
105. Vague, J. (1956) The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: A factor determining predisposition to diabetes, artherosclerosis, gout and uric calculous disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4,20-34.
106. van Harmelen, V., Lonnqvist, F., Thorne, A., Wennlund, A., Large, V., Reynisdottir, S. and Arner, P. (1997) Noradrenaline-induced lipolysis in isolated mesenteric, omental and subcutaneous adipocytes from obese subjects. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 21 (11), 972-979.
107. van Londen, L., Goekoop, J. G., van Kempen, G.M., Frankhuijzen-Sierevogel, A.C., Wiegant, V.M., van der Velde, E.A. and De Wied, D. (1997) Plasma levels of arginine vifsopressin elevated in patients with major depression. Neiiropsycliopharmacology 17 (4), 284-292.
108. Vieth, R.C., Lewis, N., Linares, O.A., Barnes, R.F., Raskind, M.A., Villacres, E.G., Murburg, M.M., Ashleigh, E.A., Castillo, S. and Peskind E.R. (1994) Sympathetic nervous activity in major depression. Basal and desipramine-induced alterations in plasma norepinephrine kinetics. Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (5), 411-422.
109. Voderholzer, U G., Wittmann, R., Daffiner-Bujia, C., Hinz, A., Haag, C. and Baghai, T. (1993) Profiles of spontaneous 24-hour and stimulated growth hormone secretion in male
110. patients with endogenous depression. Psychiatry Research 47 (3), 215-227.
111. Wajchenberg, B.L., Bosco, A., Marone, M.M., Levin, S., Rocha, M., Lerario, A.C., Nery, M., Goldman, J. and Liberman, B. (1995) Estimation of body fat and lean tissue distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal body fat evaluation by computed tomography in Cushing's disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 80 (9), 2791-2794.
112. Wing, R.R., Matthews, K.A., Kuller, L.H., Meilahn, E.N. and Plantinga, P. (1991) Waist to hip ratio in middle-aged women. Associations with behavioural and psychosocial factors and with changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 11, 1250-1257.
113. Woeber, K.A. (1997) Subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Archives of Internal Medicine 157 (10), 1065-1068.
114. Yoshida, S., Inadera, H., Ishikawa, Y., Shinomiya, M., Shirai, K. andSaito, Y. (1991) Endocrine disorders and body fat distribution. International Journal of Obesity 15 (supplement 2), 37-40.
115. Zeiger, M.A., Fraker, D.L., Pass, H.I., Nieman, L.K., Cutler, G.B., Chrousos, O.P. and Norton, J.A. (1993) Effective reversibility of the signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism by bilateral adrenalectomy. Surgery 114 (6), 1138-1143.
116. Zhang, Y, Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L. and Friedman, J.M. (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human monologue. Nature 372 (6505), 425-132.