Future directions in tissue heart valves: Impact of recent insights from biology and pathology

Journal of Heart Valve Disease

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 350-358

  Schoen, Frederick J ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 CARBOXYGLUTAMIC ACID; ALCOHOL; ALUMINUM; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTARALDEHYDE; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN; IRON; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; OLEIC ACID; OSTEOCALCIN; OSTEONECTIN; OSTEOPONTIN;

CROSS LINKING; ENDOCARDITIS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FUTUROLOGY; HEART VALVE BIOPROSTHESIS; HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT; HEMOLYSIS; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTHESIS FAILURE; REVIEW; SOFT TISSUE CALCIFICATION; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TISSUE REGENERATION; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

ANIMALS; BIOPROSTHESIS; CALCINOSIS; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; HEART VALVES; HUMANS; PROSTHESIS DESIGN; PROSTHESIS FAILURE;

EID: 0032819718     PISSN: 09668519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Bloomfield P, Wheatley DJ, Prescott RJ, Miller HC. Twelve-year comparison of a Bjork-Shiley mechanical heart valve with porcine bioprostheses. N Engl J Med 1991;324:573-579
2. Hammermeister KE, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, Oprian C, Kim T, Rahimtoola S. A comparison of outcomes in men 11 years after heart-valve replacement with mechanical valve or bioprosthesis. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1289-1296
3. Edmunds JH Jr, Clark RF, Cohn LH et al. Guidelines for reporting morbidity and mortality after cardiac valvular operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:708-711
4. Schoen FJ. Aortic valve structure-function correlations: Role of elastic fibers no longer a stretch of the imagination. J Heart Valve Dis 1997;6:1-6
5. Schoen FJ, Levy RJ. Tissue heart valves: Current challenges and future research perspectives. J Biomed Mater Res 1999 (in press)
6. Broom ND, Thompson FJ. Influence of fixation conditions on the performance of glutaraldehyde-treated porcine aortic valves. Towards a more scientific basis. Thorax 1979;34:166-176
7. Lee JM, Boughner DR, Courtman DW. The glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine aortic valve xenograft. II. Effect of fixation with or without pressure on the tensile viscoelastic properties of the leaflet material. J Biomed Mater Res 1984;18:79-98
8. Christie GW. Anatomy of aortic heart valve leaflets: The influence of glutaraldehyde fixation on function. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1992;6:S25-S32
9. Hilbert SL, Barrick MK, Ferrans VJ. Porcine aortic valve bioprostheses: A morphologic comparison of the effects of fixation pressure. J Biomed Mater Res 1990;24:773-787
10. Flomenbaum MA, Schoen FJ. Effects of fixation back pressure and antimineralization treatment on the morphology of porcine aortic bioprosthetic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;105:154-164
11. Sacks MS, Smith DB, Hiester ED. The aortic valve microstructure: Effects of transvalvular pressure. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;41:131-141
12. Broom ND. An in-vitro study of mechanical fatigue in glutaraldehyde-treated porcine aortic valve tissue. Biomaterials 1980:1:3-8
13. Gabbay S, Kadam P, Factor S, Cheung TK. Do heart valves bioprostheses degenerate for metabolic or mechanical reasons? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988;55:208-215
14. Vesely I, Boughner D, Song T. Tissue buckling as a mechanism of bioprosthetic valve failure. Ann Thorac Surg 1988;46:302-308
15. Camilleri JP, Pornin B, Carpentier A. Structural changes of glutaraldehyde-treated porcine bioprosthetic valves. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982;106:490-496
16. Mako JW, Calabro A, Ratliff NB, Vesely I. Loss of glycosaminoglycans from implanted bioprosthetic heart valves. Circulation 1997;96:I-155
17. Vyavahare N, Ogle M, Schoen FJ, et al. Mechanisms of bioprosthetic heart valve failure: Fatigue causes collagen structural denaturation and glycosaminoglycan loss. J Biomed Mater Res 1999;46:44-50
18. Ishihara T, Ferrans VJ, Jones M, et al. Occurrence and significance of endothelial cells in implanted porcine bioprosthetic valves. Am J Cardiol 1981;48:443-454
19. Gendler E, Gendler S, Nimni ME. Toxic reactions evoked by glutaraldehyde-fixed pericardium and cardiac valve tissue bioprosthesis. J Biomed Mater Res 1984;18:727-736
20. Huang-Lee LLH, Cheung DT, Nimni ME. Biochemical changes and cytotoxicity associated with the degradation of polymeric glutaraldehyde derived crosslinks. J Biomed Mater Res 1990;24:1185-1201
21. Eybl E, Grimm M, Grabenwoger M, Bock P, Muller MM, Wolner E. Endothelial cell lining of bioprosthetic heart valve materials. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:763-769
22. Cohn LH, Collins JJ, DiSesa VJ, et al. Fifteen-year experience with 1678 Hancock porcine bioprosthetic heart valve replacements. Ann Surg 1989;210:435-442
23. Grunkemeier GL, Jamieson WR, Miller DC, Starr A. Actuarial versus actual risk of porcine structural valve deterioration. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;108:709-718
24. Jamieson WR, Munro AI, Miyagishima RT, et al. Carpentier-Edwards standard porcine bioprosthesis: Clinical performance to seventeen years. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;60:999-1006
25. Schoen FJ, Levy RJ. Bioprosthetic heart valve failure: Pathology and pathogenesis. Cardiol Clin 1984;2:717-739
26. Schoen FJ, Hobson CE. Anatomic analysis of removed prosthetic heart valves: Causes of failure of 33 mechanical valves and 58 bioprostheses, 1980 to 1983. Hum Pathol 1985;16:549-559
27. Schoen FJ, Cohn LH. Explant analysis of porcine bioprosthetic heart valves: Modes of failure and stent creep. In: Bodnar E, Yacoub MH (ed). Biological and bioprosthetic valves. Yorke, New York; 1986:356-365
28. Schoen FJ, Kujovich JL, Webb CL, Levy RJ. Chemically determined mineral content of explanted porcine aortic valve bioprostheses: Correlation with radiographic assessment of calcification and clinical data. Circulation 1987;76:1061-1066
29. Ferrans FJ, Boyce SW, Billingham ME, et al. Calcific deposits in porcine bioprostheses: Structure and pathogenesis. Am J Cardiol 1980;46:721-734
30. Valente M, Bortolotti U, Thiene G. Ultrastructural substrates of dystrophic calcification in porcine bioprosthetic valve failure. Am J Pathol 1985;119:12-21
31. Schoen FJ, Harasaki H, Kim KM, Anderson HC, Levy RJ. Biomaterial-associated calcification: Pathology, mechanisms, and strategies for prevention. J Biomed Mater Res 1988;22:11-36
32. Levy RJ, Schoen FJ, Levy JT, et al. Biologic determinants of dystrophic calcification and osteocalcin deposition in glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic valve leaflets implanted subcutaneously in rats. Am J Pathol 1983;113:143-155
33. Schoen FJ, Levy RJ, Nelson AC, et al. Onset and progression of experimental bioprosthetic heart valve calcification. Lab Invest 1985;52:523-532
34. Schoen FJ, Hirsch D, Bianco RW, Levy RJ. Onset and progression of calcification in porcine aortic bioprosthetic valves implanted as orthotopic mitral valve replacements in juvenile sheep. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;108:880-887
35. Schoen FJ, Tsao JW, Levy RJ. Calcification of bovine pericardium used in cardiac valve bioprostheses: Implications for the mechanisms of bioprosthetic tissue mineralization. Am J Pathol 1986;123:134-145
36. Bernacca GM, Fisher AC, Wilkinson R, Mackay TG, Wheatley DJ. Calcification and stress distribution in bovine pericardial heart valves. J Biomed Mater Res 1992;26:959-966
37. Schoen FJ, Golomb G, Levy RJ. Calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves: A perspective on models. J Heart Valve Dis 1992;1:110-114
38. Mako WJ, Vesely I. In-vivo and in-vitro models of calcification in porcine aortic valve cusps. J Heart Valve Dis 1997;6:316-323
39. Thubrikar MJ, Deck JD, Aouad J, Nolan SP. Role of mechanical stress in calcification of aortic bioprosthetic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983;86:115-125
40. Golomb G, Schoen FJ, Smith MS, et al. The role of glutaraldehyde-induced cross-links in calcification of bovine pericardium used in cardiac valve bioprostheses. Am J Pathol 1987;127:122-130
41. Girardot MN, Torrianni M, Dillehay D, Girardot JM. Role of glutaraldehyde in calcification of porcine heart valves: Comparing cusp and wall. J Biomed Mater Res 1995;29:793-801
42. Grabenwoger M, Sider J, Fitzal F, et al. Impact of glutaraldehyde on calcification of pericardial bioprosthetic heart valve material. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;62:772-777
43. Levy RJ, Schoen FJ, Sherman FS, Nichols J, Hawley MA, Lund SA. Calcification of subcutaneously implanted Type I collagen sponges: Effects of glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde pretreatments. Am J Pathol 1986;122:71-82
44. Long MM, Urry DW. On the molecular mechanism of elastic fiber calcification. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1981;27:690-696
45. Vyavahare N, Talapragada S, Ogle M, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ. Purified elastin undergoes calcification when implanted subdermally in rats: A model to study mechanisms underlying BPHV calcification. Am J Pathol 1999 (in press)
46. Biedrzycki LM, Lerner E, Levy RJ, Schoen FJ. Differential calcification of cusps and aortic wall of failed stented porcine bioprosthetic valves. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;34:411-415
47. Gott JP, Girardot M-N, Girardot J-M, et al. Refinement of the alpha amino-oleic acid bioprosthetic valve anticalcification technique. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:50-58
48. Parhami F, Bostrom K, Watson K, Demer LL. Role of molecular regulation in vascular calcification. J Atheroscler Thromb 1996;3:90-94
49. Schinke T, McKee MD, Karsenty G. Extracellular matrix calcification: Where is the action? Nature Genet 1999;21:150-151
50. Hauschka PV, Lian JB, Cole DE, Gundberg CM, et al. Osteocalcin and matrix Gla proteins: Vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Physiol Rev 1989;69:990-1047
51. Boskey AL. Matrix proteins and mineralization: An overview. Connect Tissue Res 1996;35:357-363
52. Ducy P, Desbois C, Boyce B, et al. Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-dependent mice. Nature 1996;382:448-452
53. Wada T, McKee MD, Steitz S, Giachelli CM. Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell cultures. Inhibition by osteopontin. Circ Res 1999; 84:166-178
54. Srivatsa SS, Harrity PJ, Maercklein PB, et al. Increased cellular expression of matrix proteins that regulate mineralization is associated with calcification of native human and porcine xenograft bioprosthetic heart valves. J Clin Invest 1997;99:996-1009
55. Obrien KD, Kuusisto J, Reichenbach DD, et al. Osteopontin is expressed in human aortic valvular lesions. Circulation 1995;92:8:2163-2168
56. Sacks MS, Schoen FJ. Calcification-independent collagen damage in explanted clinical porcine bioprosthetic heart valves. Trans Soc Biomater 1999;22:313
57. Schoen FJ. Pathologic findings in explanted clinical bioprosthetic valves fabricated from photooxidized bovine pericardium. J Heart Valve Dis 1998;7:174-179
58. Hilbert SL, Ferrans VJ, McAllister HA, Cooley DA. Ionescu-Shiley bovine pericardial bioprostheses. Histologic and ultrastructural studies. Am J Pathol 1992;140:1195-1204
59. Broom ND. Fatigue-induced damage in glutaraldehyde-preserved heart valve tissue. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978;76:202-211
60. Broom ND, Marra D. Effect of glutaraldehyde fixation and valve constraint conditions on porcine aortic valve leaflet coaptation. Thorax 1982;37:620-626
61. Sacks MS, Smith DB. Effects of accelerated testing on porcine bioprosthetic heart valve fiber architecture. Biomaterials 1998;19:1027-1036
62. Gloeckner DC, Billiar KL, Sacks MS. Effects of mechanical fatigue on the bending properties of the porcine bioprosthetic heart valve. Am Soc Artif Intern Organs J 1999;45:59-63
63. Purinya B, Kasyanov V, Volkolákov J, Latisis R, Tetere G. Biomechanical and structural properties of the explanted bioprosthetic valve leaflets. J Biomech 1994;27:1-11
64. Simionescu D, Simionescu A, Deac R. Detection of remnant proteolytic activities in unimplanted glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardium and explanted cardiac bioprostheses. J Biomed Mater Res 1993;27:821-829
65. Simionescu A, Simionescu D, Deac R. Biochemical pathways of tissue degeneration in bioprosthetic cardiac valves. The role of matrix metalloproteinases. Am Soc Artif Intern Organs J 1996;42:M561-M567
66. Salgaller ML, Bajpai PK. Immunogenicity of glutaraldehyde-treated bovine pericardial tissue xenografts in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res 1985;19:1-12
67. Dahm M, Lyman WD, Schwell AB, Factor SM, Frater RW. Immunogenicity of glutaraldehyde-tanned bovine pericardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990;99:1082-1090
68. Rocchini AP, Weesner KM, Heidelberger K, Keren D, Behrendt D, Rosenthal A. Porcine xenograft valve failure in children: An immunologic response. Circulation 1981;64:II162-II171
69. Levy RJ, Schoen FJ, Howard SL. Mechanism of calcification of porcine bioprosthetic aortic valve cusps: Role of T-lymphocytes. Am J Cardiol 1983;52:629-631
70. Magilligan DJ Jr, Lewis JW Jr, Heinzerling RH, Smith D. Fate of a second porcine bioprosthetic valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983;85:362-370
71. Mitchell RN, Jonas RA, Schoen FJ. Pathology of explanted cryopreserved allograft heart valves: Comparison with aortic valves from orthotopic heart transplants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:118-127
72. Vyavahare NR, Chen W, Joshi R, et al. Current progress in anticalcification for bioprosthetic and polymeric heart valves. Cardiovasc Pathol 1997;6:219-229
73. Levy RJ, Schoen FJ, Lund SA, Smith MS. Prevention of leaflet calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves with diphosphonate injection therapy. Experimental studies of optimal dosages and therapeutic durations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987;94:551-557
74. Levy RJ, Wolfum J, Schoen FJ, Hawley MA, Lund SA, Langer R. Inhibition of calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves by local controlled-release diphosphonate. Science 1985;228:190-192
75. Levy RJ, Hawley MA, Schoen FJ, Lund SA, Liu PY. Inhibition by diphosphonate compounds of calcification of porcine bioprosthetic heart valve cusps implanted subcutaneously in rats. Circulation 1985;71:349-356
76. Johnston TP, Webb CL, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ. Assessment of the in-vitro transport parameters for ethanehydroxy diphosphonate through a polyurethane membrane. A potential refillable reservoir drug delivery device. Am Soc Artif Intern Organs J 1992;38:M611-M616
77. Johnston T, Webb C, Schoen F, Levy R. Site-specific delivery of ethanehydroxy diphosphonate from refillable polyurethane reservoirs to inhibit bioprosthetic tissue calcification. J Control Rel 1993;25:227-240
78. Chen W, Kim JD, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ. Effect of 2-amino oleic acid exposure conditions on the inhibition of calcification of glutaraldehyde crosslinked porcine aortic valves. J Biomed Mater Res 1994;28:1485-1495
79. Vyavahare NR, Hirsch D, Lerner E, et al. Prevention of calcification of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked porcine aortic cusps by ethanol preincubation: Mechanistic studies of protein structure and water-biomaterial relationships. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;40:577-585
80. 3 in rat subdermal model studies. Am J Pathol 1991;138:971-981
81. Courtman DW, Pereira CA, Kashef V, McComb D, Lee JM, Wilson GJ. Development of a pericardial acellular matrix biomaterial: Biochemical and mechanical effects of cell extraction. J Biomed Mater Res 1994;28:655-666
82. Courtman DW, Pereira CA, Omar S, Langdon SE, Lee JM, Wilson GJ. Biomechanical and ultrastructural comparison of cryopreservation and a novel cellular extraction of porcine aortic valve leaflets. J Biomed Mater Res 1995;29:1507-1516
83. Grabenwoger M, Grimm M, Ebyl E, et al. Decreased tissue reaction to bioprosthetic heart valve material after L-glutamic acid treatment. A morphological study. J Biomed Mater Res 1992;26:1231-1240
84. Lee JM, Pereira CA, Kan LW. Effect of molecular structure of poly(glycidyl ether) reagents on crosslinking and mechanical properties of bovine pericardial xenograft materials. J Biomed Mater Res 1994;28:981-992
85. Myers DJ, Nakaya G, Girardot MN, Christie GW. A comparison between glutaraldehyde and diepoxide-fixed stentless porcine aortic valves: Biochemical and mechanical characterization and resistance to mineralization. J Heart Valve Dis 1995;4:S98-S101
86. Vasudev SC, Chandy T. Effect of alternative crosslinking techniques on the enzymatic degradation of bovine pericardia and their calcification. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;35:357-369
87. Xi T, Ma J, Tian W, Lei X, Long S, Xi B. Prevention of tissue calcification on bioprosthetic heart valve by using epoxy compounds: A study of calcification tests in-vitro and in-vivo. J Biomed Mater Res 1992;26:1241-1251
88. Moore MA, Phillips RE. Biocompatibility and immunologic properties of pericardial tissue stabilized by dye-mediated photooxidation. J Heart Valve Dis 1997;6:307-315
89. Schoen FJ, Levy RJ, Hilbert SL, Bianco RW. Antimineralization treatments for bioprosthetic heart valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:1285-1288
90. R). Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999 (in press)
91. Cleveland DC, Williams WG, Razzouk AJ, Trusler GA, Rebeyka IM, Duffy L, Kan Z, Coles JG, Freedom RM. Failure of cryopreserved homograft valved conduits in the pulmonary circulation. Circulation 1992;86(Suppl.II):II-150-II153
92. Chen W, Schoen FJ, Levy RJ. Mechanism of efficacy of 2-amino oleic acid for inhibition of calcification of glutaraldehyde pretreated porcine bioprosthetic heart valves. Circulation 1994;90:323-329
93. Grunkemeier GL, Bodnar E. Comparison of structural valve failure among different 'models' of homograft valves. J Heart Valve Dis 1994;3:556-560
94. Hilbert SL, Luna RE, Zhang J, et al. Allograft heart valves: The role of apoptosis-mediated cell loss. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:454-462
95. O'Brien M, Stafford E, Gardner M, et al. A comparison of aortic valve replacement with viable cryopreserved and fresh allograft valves with a note on chromosomal studies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987;94:812-823