Concepts of viral pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

Current Opinion in Neurology

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 303-307

  Meinl, Edgar ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF NEUROBIOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUS INFECTION; REVIEW; SEROLOGY; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS INFECTION;

HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRUS 6, HUMAN; HUMANS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; RETROVIRIDAE; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS;

EID: 0032803760     PISSN: 13507540     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019052-199906000-00009     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Ferguson B, Matyszak MK, Esiri MM, Perry VH. Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 1997; 120:393-399.
2. Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, Rudick R, Mork S, Bo L. Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:278-285.
3. Hohlfeld R. Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Principles, problems and perspectives. Brain 1997; 120:865-916.
4. Lucchinetti CF, Brueck W, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H. Multiple sclerosis: lessons from neuropathology. Semin Neurol 1998; 18:337-349.
5. Lassmann H, Raine CS, Antel J, Prineas JW. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: report on an international meeting held at the Institute of Neurology of the University of Vienna. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 86:213-217. This report expands on the heterogeneity of oligodendrocyte pathology between different multiple sclerosis patients.
6. Monteyne P, Bureau JF, Brahic M. Viruses and multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 1998; 11:287-291.
7. Hemmer B, Vergelli M, Pinilla C, Houghten R, Martin R. Probing degeneracy in Tcell recognition using peptide combinatorial libraries. Immunol Today 1998; 19:163-168.
8. Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL. Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 1995; 80:695-705.
9. Wekerle H. The viral triggering of autoimmune disease. Nature Med 1998; 4:770-771.
10. Miller SD, Vanderlugt CL, Begolka WS, Pao W, Yauch RL, Neville KL, et al. Persistent infection with Theiler's virus leads to CNS autoimmunity via epitope spreading. Nature Med 1997; 3:1133-1136.
11. Challoner PB, Smith KT, Parker JD, MacLeod DL, Coulter SN, Rose TM, et al. Plaque-associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:7440-7444.
12. Soldan SS, Berti R, Salem N, Secchiero P, Flamand L, Calabresi PA, et al. Association of human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) with multiple sclerosis: increased IgM response to HHV-6 early antigen and detection of serum HHV-6 DNA. Nature Med 1997; 3:1394-1397. This paper reports frequent occurrence of anti-HHV-6 IGM and of HHV-6 DNA in the serum of multiple sclerosis patients with relapsing remitting course of the disease. This suggests that reactivation of HHV-6 might be associated with disease development.
13. Ablashi DV, Lapps W, Kaplan M, Whitman JE, Richert JR, Pearson GR. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary report. Mult Scler 1998; 4:490-496.
14. Perron H, Garson JA, Bedin F, Beseme F, Paranhos Baccala G, Komurian Pradel F, et al. Molecular identification of a novel retrovirus repeatedly isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis. The Collaborative Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:7583-7588.
15. Nicholas J. Determination and analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of human herpesvirus 7. J Virol 1996; 70:5975-5989.
16. He J, McCarthy M, Zhou Y, Chandran B, Wood C. Infection of primary human fetal astrocytes by human herpesvirus. J Virol 1996; 70:1296-1300.
17. Albright AV, Lavi E, Black JB, Goldberg S, O'Connor MJ, Gonzalez-Scarano F. The effect of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) on cultured human neural cells:oligodendrocytes and microglia. J Neurovirol 1998; 4:486-494. This paper demonstates that HHV-6 can infect cultured oligodendroglia as well as microglia, and induces a cytopathic effect in these cells.
18. Mayne M, Krishnan J, Metz L, Nath A, Auty A, Sahai BM, Power C. Infrequent detection of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 1998; 44:391-394.
19. Secchiero P, Carrigan DR, Asano Y, Benedetti L, Crowley RW, Komaroff AL, et al. Detection of human herpesvirus 6 in plasma of children with primary infection and immunosuppressed patients by polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 1995; 171:273-280.
20. Luppi M, Barozzi P, Morris C, Maiorana A, Garber R, Bonacorsi G, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 latently infects early bone marrow progenitors in vivo. J Virol 1999; 73:754-759.
21. Rotola A, Ravaioli T, Gonelli A, Dewhurst S, Cassai E, Di Luca D. U94 of human herpesvirus 6 is expressed in latently infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells and blocks viral gene expression in transformed lymphocytes in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:13911-13916.
22. Drobyski WR, Knox KK, Majewski D, Carrigan DR. Brief report: fatal encephalitis due to variant B human herpesvirus-6 infection in a bone marrow-transplant recipient. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1356-1360.
23. Mackenzie IR, Carrigan DR, Wiley CA. Chronic myelopathy associated with human herpesvirus-6. Neurology 1995; 45:2015-2017.
24. Carrigan DR, Harrington D, Knox KK. Subacute leukoencephalitis caused by CNS infection with human herpesvirus-6 manifesting as acute multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996; 47:145-148.
25. Novoa LJ, Nagra RM, Nakawatase T, Edwards Lee T, Tourtellotte WW, Cornford ME. Fulminant demyelinating encephalomyelitis associated with productive HHV-6 infection in an immunocompetent adult. J Med Virol 1997; 52:301-308.
26. Rieux C, Gautheret Dejean A, Challine Lehmann D, Kirch C, Agut H, Vernant JP. Human herpesvirus-6 meningoencephalitis in a recipient of an unrelated allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1998; 65:1408-1411.
27. Caserta MT, Hall CB, Schnabel K, McIntyre K, Long C, Costanzo M, et al. Neuroinvasion and persistence of human herpesvirus 6 in children. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:1586-1589.
28. Luppi M, Barozzi P, Maiorana A, Marasca R, Trovato R, Fano R, et al. Human herpesvirus-6: a survey of presence and distribution of genomic sequences in normal brain and neuroglial tumors. J Med Virol 1995; 47:105-111.
29. Merelli E, Bedin R, Sola P, Barozzi P, Mancardi GL, Ficarra G, Franchini G. Human herpes virus 6 and human herpes virus 8 DNA sequences in brains of multiple sclerosis patients, normal adults and children. J Neurol 1997; 244:450-454.
30. Sanders VJ, Felisan S, Waddell A, Tourtellotte WW. Detection of herpesviridae in postmortem multiple sclerosis brain tissue and controls by polymerase chain reaction. J Neurovirol 1996; 2:249-258.
31. Goodman AD, Mock D, Powers J, Mattson D, Epstein L, Blumberg B. Association of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) with demyelinating lesions [abstract]. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 90:66.
32. Knox KK, Harrington D, Carrigan DR. Active human herpesvirus type 6 infections are present in the central nervous system, lymphoid tissues, and peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis [Abstract]. Ann Neurol 1998; (Suppl):T172.
33. Coates AR, Bell J. HHV-6 and multiple sclerosis [Letter]. Nature Med 1998; 4:537-538.
34. Liedtke W, Malessa R, Faustmann PM, Eis Hubinger AM. Human herpesvirus 6 polymerase chain reaction findings in human immunodeficiency virus associated neurological disease and multiple sclerosis. J Neurovirol 1995; 1:253-258.
35. Wilborn F, Schmidt CA, Brinkmann V, Jendroska K, Oettle H, Siegert W. A potential role for human herpesvirus type 6 in nervous system disease. J Neuroimmunol 1994; 49:213-214.
36. Martin C, Enbom M, Soderstrom M, Fredrikson S, Dahl H, Lycke J, et al. Absence of seven human herpesviruses, including HHV-6, by polymerase chain reaction in CSF and blood from patients with multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. Acta Neurol Scand 1997; 95:280-283.
37. Fillet AM, Lozeron P, Agut H, Lyon Caen O, Liblau R. HHV-6 and multiple sclerosis [letter]. Nature Med 1998; 4:537. This study analysed 32 newly diagnosed patients without prior immunosuppressive treatment and found no significant association between activation of HHV-6 and multiple sclerosis.
38. Myhr KM, Riise T, BarrettConnor E, Myrmel H, Vedeler C, Gronning M, et al. Altered antibody pattern to Epstein-Barr virus but not to other herpesviruses in multiple sclerosis: a population based case-control study from western Norway. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 64:539-542.
39. Löwer R, Löwer J, Kurth R. The viruses in all of us: characteristics and biological significance of human endogenous retrovirus sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:5177-5184.
40. Andersson G, Svensson AC, Setterblad N, Rask L. Retroelements in the human MHC class II region. Trends Genet 1998; 14:109-114.
41. Garson JA, Tuke PW, Giraud P, Paranhos Baccala G, Perron H. Detection of virion-associated MSRV-RNA in serum of patients with multiple sclerosis [letter]. Lancet 1997; 351:33.
42. Brahic M, Bureau JF. Multiple sclerosis and retroviruses [letter]. Ann Neurol 1997; 42:984-985.
43. Conrad B, Weissmahr RN, Boni J, Arcari R, Schupbach J, Mach B. A human endogenous retroviral superantigen as candidate autoimmune gene in type 1 diabetes. Cell 1997; 90:303-313.
44. Murphy VJ, Harrison LC, Rudert WA, Luppi P, Trucco M, Fierabracci A, et al. Retroviral superantigens and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cell 1998; 95:9-11; discussion 16.
45. Löwer R, Tonjes RR, Boller K, Denner J, Kaiser B, Phelps RC, et al. Development of insulindependent diabetes mellitus does not depend on specific expression of the human endogenous retrovirus HERVK. Cell 1998; 95:11-4; discussion 16.
46. Lan MS, Mason A, Coutant R, Chen QY, Vargas A, Rao J, et al. HERVK10s and immunemediated (type 1) diabetes. Cell 1998; 95:14-16; discussion 16.
47. Conrad B. In response to Murphy et al., Lower et al., and Lan et al. [letter]. Cell 1998; 95:16.
48. Menard A, Amouri R, Michel M, Marcel F, Brouillet A, Belliveau J, et al. Gliotoxicity, reverse transcriptase activity and retroviral RNA in monocyte/macrophage culture supernatants from patients with multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 1997; 413:477-485.
49. Menard A, Pierig R, Pelletier J, Bensa P, Belliveau J, Mandrand B, et al. Detection of a gliotoxic activity in the cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients. Neurosci Lett 1998; 245:49-52.
50. De Keyser J, Zwanikken C, Boon M. Effects of influenza vaccination and influenza illness on exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1998; 159:51-53.
51. Miller AE, Morgante LA, Buchwald LY, Nutile SM, Coyle PK, Krupp LB, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of influenza immunization in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1997; 48:312-314.
52. Mookerjee BP, Vogelsang G. Human herpes virus-6 encephalitis after bone marrow transplantation: successful treatment with ganciclovir. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 20:905-906.